From 1966 to 1970, there were only 4 films that could be released in the country, and none of them were feature films, but there was one military education film that became the top at that time, which was "Tunnel War".
As of today, on a certain petal, 68,488 people have also given a rating, and "Tunnel War" 60 years ago has a score of 8With an average score of 3, the war film with a stable pressure of 93% won 9 on station B, which is dominated by young audiencesA high score of 8 is second only to "The Destruction of the Empire" in war-themed and historical-themed movies.
In 1962, Bayi Film Studio's "Mine Warfare" was a great success, but limited by the length of the 75-minute film, many real war examples did not have their turn to appear, which made people deeply regrettable, inspired by this, in 1963, the General Staff asked Bayi Factory to make a "militia revolutionary traditional education film", to reflect the idea of the people's war, but also to teach some basic military knowledge, but also to have traffic, to Bayi Factory Shoot in the form of a feature film", which is purely both necessary and necessary.
At this time, the creative team was choked enough, and at the beginning, the creative team went to the central Hebei region to conduct interviews, and then found two staff officers of the engineering unit to write an outlineSo it didn't pass the review twice. Dragged on to the end of 1964, the factory found a professional screenwriter to write the script, but I didn't expect it to be as good as the staff officer of the army, the screenwriter spent more than 20 days and wrote more than 30,000 words, and he didn't even write the word "authentic" ......
Until March 1965, the script was not taken out, and seeing that the delay was imminent, the factory could only let the director Ren Xudong play freely, this director Ren was nominally a director, but he enlisted in the army in 1939, participated in the War of Resistance against Japan, and also participated in the War of Liberation"Squad Attack", "Platoon Attack", "Company Attack", "Assassination", "Tank Training", "Capture Prisoners Across the Sea", "Military Cableway Bridge", "Surprise Attack on Wuling Bridge", "Visit the Dungeon", "Tunnel Warfare"., to this day, when those directors who can only make literary films see him, it is estimated that their legs and stomachs will cramp.
Under the direction of Ren Xudong, "Tunnel War" was launched on May 20, 1965, closed in September, and copied on December 30.
On January 1, 1966, "Tunnel Warfare" was officially released, and it was a great success, not only in China, but also presented to North Korea, Albania, Cuba, Vietnam, Laos and other countries. However, in China, "Tunnel Warfare" was almost taken off the shelves after just a month of screening - in February 1966, someone suddenly criticized more than ten films by name for being "problematic", including "Mine Warfare" and "Tunnel Warfare", which caused a great turmoil.
It was the troops who came forward to argue on the basis of reason, saying that "Mine Warfare" and "Tunnel Warfare" are military teaching materials for the training of engineering troops and militias, not feature films, and have nothing to do with your cultural department. She saw that the crowd was angry, so she changed her words and said:I just think that you generals only know how to fight, not art, and the artistic level of the film is poor and the lines are too thick, not that there is anything wrong with them。However, she still insisted that the original title must be cut and marked as a military teaching film before it can continue to be screened. As a result, the opening of "Mine Warfare" is very simplified, and there is even a typo in the opening credits of "Tunnel Warfare":
In any case, fortunately, it was fooled in the past, and it was able to continue to be screened in the following ten years and became an eternal classic.
The story is very depressing at the beginning, the militia and the women's team gather in a panic under the bronze bell, which is the most impressive "peripheral" for the audience in the tunnel warfare, but it is actually made of paper later, and the bell is added later. Although it can be seen that the situation is urgent, the old branch secretary Gao Laozhong still commanded Ruoding, and asked the ** militia captain "Dakang" to take the militia to the north of the village to defend against the Japanese army that might appear.
The future Buddha and Tong Xiangyu are his father.
The old village chief he carried back was obviously mortally injured, and the village chief's lines have also been made into countless stalks by all the industries that feel that the sky is about to fall in the past few years.
The background of the tunnel war is the May Day Sweep in 1942, as the peak moment of the Japanese army's control of North China, as early as before the start of the sweep, the Japanese army has begun to carry out a lot of exploratory attacks on the marginal villages of the base area, from January to April 1942, only responsible for the western half of the central Hebei Belt The 110th Division of the Japanese Army invading China has fought 2025 times with the military and civilians in the base area. Get intel to prepare for the sweep. Therefore, as soon as the meeting that the village chief went to attend, he was surrounded by the Japanese puppet army, but fortunately, before the village chief died, he still brought back the ancient treasure of the resistance army to Gao Laozhong: "On Protracted War", and at the same time, he also brought back vital information - the May Day sweep was about to begin.
Source**: North China Public Security War
According to the "North China Public Security War" compiled by the Japanese side after the war, before the May Day Sweep began, our army did obtain preliminary information in advance, and from April 26, it carried out a preemptive strike on the weak areas of the Japanese army, showing excellent intelligence capabilities. However, the information we received was incomplete, and it left out two important details: First, the Japanese army invested an extraordinary number of troops this time, with 18 infantry brigades of the 41st Division as the main force, and the number of infantry alone was 170,000 people, and a flying team cooperated with the secret service, and the total number of troops participating in the battle was not less than 50,000, while the regular army of the Jizhong sub-district was only 1With 40,000 people, the level of equipment and training is far weaker than that of the Japanese army, and the vast plain is convenient for the movement and aerial reconnaissance of large Japanese troops.
More seriously,Since March 1942, the code of our army has been deciphered by the Japanese army, and it was not discovered until 5 days before the sweep, and although it was urgently replaced, a large amount of information has been leakedTherefore, the advantages of the devil can be imagined;
Second, there was a major mistake in our army's counter-sweeping strategy. In the past, the sweeps of the Japanese army were all gusts of wind - the first stage was divided into combined attacks, and the second stage was headless flies. The main force of our army can "change guards" with the enemy, and it will attack us in the base areas, and I will fight it in the occupied areas, while the local troops, with the cooperation of the guerrillas and militia, will persist in the struggle in the base areas, and the main force of the devils cannot find the main force of our army, and they will be beaten by the local armed forces three times a day, and they will not be able to deliver food and ammunitionOn the contrary, many strongholds have been wiped out by our army, so in the past, the more they were swept away, the stronger the Eighth Route became, and the larger the base area became, and it was inevitable that our army would have a mentality of underestimating the enemy. In addition, the Pacific War had already broken out, and the higher authorities were still vigorously propagating the slogan of "defeating Hitler this year and defeating Japan next year." Therefore, the preparations for the counter-sweep in the Jizhong base area were seriously insufficient.
And this time, the Japanese army just learned its lesson.
Not only has it assembled overwhelmingly superior forces to hold the existing occupied areas, but it has also added a third stage on the original basis, extending the sweeping time from about 10 days to more than two months, staying in the base area for a long time, destroying the military and civilian organizations in the base area, and concentrating troops to be responsible for repeatedly searching and encircling the main force of our army. On 23 May, the troops of the 6th Division, which thought that the counter-sweep had been victorious and happily returned to the base area, were suddenly surrounded, and the Japanese army's war history says: "On the 24th, considerable results were obtained. At the same time, the outer line operations of the Jizhong Military Region were also not going smoothly, and the troops of the Seventh Division attacked the towns and communication lines in the occupied areas three times, and the first time they attacked Dingxian, but they were unsuccessfulAs soon as the second time he set out, he was surrounded by the Japanese army and fought fiercely until duskThe third time was also surrounded by the defenders of several Japanese strongholds, and was forced to retreat.
Unable to fight, it was okay to go, but the Eighth Division Headquarters was surrounded by the Japanese army on June 8, and the commander and political commissar both died. On June 12, even the head of the Jizhong base area led by Lu Zhengcao was surrounded by the Japanese army in Xingtaiwei County, and almost capsized in the ditch, but fortunately he was not chaotic in the face of danger, and adopted the tactic of "showing weakness", and only used rifles, grenades and light machine guns to resist all morning, so that the Japanese army thought that there were no big fish here, and attacked half-heartedly, and at dusk, Lu Zhengcao suddenly sacrificed heavy machine guns and mortars, which caught the Japanese army by surprise, and killed more than 300 Japanese soldiers at the cost of **46 people, breaking through the encirclement.
In the process of transferring, other units also encountered greater or lesser troubles and suffered heavy losses. In addition, the Japanese army began to carry out political purges, focusing on undermining the unity of the army and the people in the base areas, and while building roads, building blockhouses, and dividing the base areas on a large scale, they also made great efforts to search for our cadres, dig up hidden materials, and establish pseudo-organizations, which caused great damage to the grassroots organizations in the central Hebei region. The base areas were unprepared for this, and the upper and lower levels, left and right lost contact, the lineup was in chaos, and the support that the troops received from the masses was greatly weakened.
The Japanese army combined continuous raids with dragnet sweeps, which greatly reduced the space for our army's activities. On June 20, part of the Japanese troops withdrew, and the 41st Division was highly dispersed in the central Hebei region, repairing pillboxes, building roads, digging ditches, and began to implement long-term occupation. According to the statistics of the Japanese army, our army "9,098 corpses and 5,197 prisoners", while the Japanese army only "killed 161 and wounded 323", this figure is of course not credible, the devils in North China Xi are accustomed to killing good and risky merits, and often change the common people into military uniforms, acting as the eight roads of live capture, our army itself counts 4,671 commanders and fighters, more than 5,300 guerrillas, 560,000 people killed and captured, 1 3 cadres above the district level, corresponding to "killed 3,891 Japanese puppet troops, 7,521 people were wounded, and a Japanese captain was killed.
Although the casualties were comparable, the problem was that after the main force was forced to withdraw, the Jizhong Plain was divided into pieces, and the Japanese army built more than 1,700 strongholds, watchtowers, and pillboxes through planned construction of strongholds, highways, and blockade ditches, built more than 5,250 kilometers of new roads, and dug 4,150 kilometers of blockade ditches, dividing the Jizhong base area into 2,670 small pieces, each of which was under the blockade of fire nets and troops. In this case, will Jizhong still insist on it?How to persevere?
Historically, the essence of any anti-guerrilla operation lies in the fact that the masses of the people must be separated from the resistance organizations, and if there is no political separation, there must be physical separation. They controlled the destruction of inconvenient marginal villages, concentrated them in large villages, allowed labor and activities during the day, and curfewed at night when it was convenient for the guerrillas to operate, combined with the system of protecting the armor and the system of good citizenship, one person resisted Japan, and ten families were buried alive, mainly in collusion with traitors, relying on the intelligence system, regular night raids, checking good civil certificates, and the traitors should cooperate with the outside world, and the guerrillas needed to hold meetings, eat, rest, and obtain food in the village, and they could not avoid this kind of blow, and they would inevitably be wiped out after a long time.
More importantly, guerrilla warfare is a struggle that shows its existence, as long as the resistance army can appear often and suppress traitors, the common people will have hope, and they would rather suffer a little more to let the soldiers be fed, you will not appear for a long time, but the common people have to deal with devils and traitors every day, no one gives them anger and decision-making, and no one asks for help when they are oppressed by traitors and devils. Otherwise, we will give the enemy a productive plain, and if we are like those guerrillas in South America and Southeast Asia, we usually hide in the mountains and come out from time to time to carry out activities, and the final result will be to gradually break away from the masses.
Even if the number of people supporting the resistance is reduced from 90 to 50 percent, and 20 percent of them are forced to cooperate with the occupying forces, guerrilla warfare risks collapse.
Therefore, there must be a way for the people's armed forces to stay in the occupied and guerrilla areas strictly controlled by the enemy.
First of all, since the enemy uses raiding villages as the main means of warfare, then it is necessary to let each village defend itself, so that the enemy has a price every time he comes, whether it is to kill or injure an enemy, or even kill a few horsesSecond, the terrain of the plains is not good for us, and we must have support to fight the opponent, and if we can't resist, we must also be able to move or hide, as long as we can hide and walk, the enemy is a headless fly. If we pull the so-called sweep a few more times, people will not be able to catch it, food will not be grabbed, and we will have to lose our heads, and the devils will be afraid and will not even dare to enter the villages, and our military and political management will be carried out in the guerrilla areas and even in the enemy-occupied areas, and they will gradually be restored to base areas.
To achieve this goal, tunnels are the most important means.
Today, it seems that it is very difficult to find an inventor for tunnel warfare, because it was originally the invention of the masses.
According to the records of the struggle of the Jin-Cha-Ji militia, because the enemy often adopted the tactic of encircling the village at night or at dawn, it was quite dangerous for the guerrillas and village cadres to sleep in the village. In the first few months, this method was still useful, but after the temperature dropped, every morning, the sleeping hole sprayed water vapor out, and the target was very obvious, so it was still necessary to move to the village. At the beginning, the village only dug a single hiding hole for the village cadres, and there were still very few holes in two or three mouths, but with the deepening of the control of the Japanese puppet army, the sweep was strengthened, and the struggle between the two sides was sharp, and the villages generally began large-scale tunnel construction.
It can be seen in the film that the tunnels of Gaojiazhuang have made significant progress compared to the May Day sweep: from the isolated hiding hole, it has become a tunnel system connected to every household, and there is also a large mouth and a small mouth design, like this small mouth, people can only drill over, and then dig a bunker next to it, and the militia can hold it with a hammer, which basically solves the problem of anti-drilling, because the mouth is small, once the enemy smokes, it can also be quickly blocked, and the "five defenses" of anti-drilling, anti-poison, fire prevention, waterproof, and anti-digging proposed in the tunnel war in Jizhong Historically, by 1943, more than 50% of the villages in Jizhong were tunnels that could accommodate the entire population.
How did the tunnel planing drawings that continue to appear in the tunnel war come out, it has always been considered to be a miraculous skill, and there are many friends who ask in the barrage of the film, you might as well guess it in the barrage of the group seat, in fact, the method is so simple that it is outrageous, at the beginning, the film crew only found a good tunnel dozens of meters long, and was ready to find a piece of land, and excavated it into a tunnel section according to the data, but the cost was too high to calculate, and only one tunnel type could be displayed after digging, which could not be drawn at all. Later, I came up with a good way to build several floors with wooden boards in the studio, cover the wooden boards with plastic sheets, create traces of hoe digging soil, and then spray the soil color, and the lighted floor is the tunnel;The unlit floors are the soil layers between the tunnels, and these interior scenes have been turned into tunnels that are more authentic than tunnels through the photographer's ingenious techniques and editing methods.
The tunnel of Gaojiazhuang has been improved to 2Version 0 is indeed a big success, but at the same time it leads to another problem: the area of a village is always limited, and the depth of the tunnel that manpower can dig is also limitedThe Gaojiazhuang militia relied on this tunnel, which could only hide in the tunnel, and the militia would obviously encounter the first round of the contest with the Japanese puppet army.
Don't underestimate the puppet army. In 1941, there were a total of 14 "group infantry regiments" in North China, with more than 50,000 troops, and each "group" had more than 3,000 troops, equipped with 54 light machine guns, 8 heavy machine guns, 8 mortars, and more than 2,400 Czech-style rifles, which were very suitable for anti-guerrilla warfare. The combat effectiveness of the black-skinned dog is stronger than that of the yellow-skinned dog, and it can even independently run into the depth of the base area, and it is the great enemy of the military and civilians behind the enemy.
Due to the superiority of the Japanese army, the raid on the village will generally get the information cooperation of traitors and landlords, and they will roughly understand the location of the tunnel entrance and let them find it slowly, which is obviously not a way, because the Gaojiazhuang militia only hides and does not fight, so that the enemy can do whatever he wants on the head, and soon the Japanese puppet army dug up two holes. Fortunately, the Japanese puppet army was not well prepared, one did not bring a pump, and the other did not bring a poison gas cylinder, so they could only rely on burning straw and carrying buckets to attack, which delayed a lot of time, but the tunnel mouth was dug twice, and the people in Gaojiazhuang were left with only the exit of the stove dug by the women's team. Fortunately, the devil who blocked the stove and prepared to cook the chicken made a fatal decision to drive away the puppet army.
Originally, there were two devils, a puppet army, Gao Chuanbao himself had a single pout, and temporarily took one of Lin Xia's, the so-called single pouting is a single one, and it has to be broken and reloaded after a shot, so it will not be able to beat three people anyway, if the puppet army is present, Gao Chuanbao will be in danger, but in order to eat more chicken, the devil actually drove the puppet army out, which is understandableIn pre-World War II Japan, chicken had always been a luxury. At 1921 prices, a bowl of ramen was sold for 0For 1 yen, a sea bream costs 015 yen, while a chicken sells for 36 yen. Most Japanese people may not be able to eat a bite of chicken during the New Year's holidays. Many Japanese soldiers only really tasted the taste of chicken after coming to Chinese mainland, so it is understandable that he wants to eat it alone, but the reason why there is a rule that the seeer has a share is because eating alone will be punished.
A classic scene. If there is only one enemy and enjoys the free perm, it is okay for Gao Chuanbao not to shoot, but there are two enemies, and it is really uncertain not to shoot, so it is a last resort. At the same time as the entrance to the cave was opened, the district commander Zhao Pingyuan, the future commander of the Southern and Northern Expeditions, Shao Jianbo of the Democratic Alliance Army, and the commander of the reconnaissance company of the Volunteer Army, led the militia within ten miles around to rush to reinforcements and fought a sparrow war on the periphery.
There is a detail here that is not easy to find, District Chief Zhao said that the Japanese army surrounded Gaojiazhuang and Zhaozhuang, and the militia who came to support the periphery of Gaojiazhuang obviously could not come from Zhaozhuang, which was difficult to protect itself, and before the Japanese puppet army set off, Commander Tang swore to Captain Yamada that in addition to Gaojiazhuang and Zhaozhuang, maintenance associations had been established nearby, and they wanted to be obedient to Taijun, so where did these militiamen come from?This involves an important strategy of the anti-Japanese struggle behind enemy lines: two-faced regimes, which we will talk about again in the analysis of "Grain" in the follow-up, and will be skipped here. The most important thing is that Yamada, who feels that the world is under control, has a serious miscalculation, since only Zhao Zhuang and Gaojiazhuang are still resisting, then the militia killed from the periphery can obviously only sneak out of the village, so is it still useful to insist on digging soil in the village?
Therefore, the militia of several villages swaggered into a daze, which not only shook the determination of the Japanese puppet army to besiege, but also distracted the enemy. Gao Chuanbao saw the opportunity and created a little trouble for Captain Yamada's buttocks, and the luck for Yamada was that Gao Chuanbao used a 38 big cover, and the bullet hit the buttocks, probably creating a penetrating wound.
came to the settlement interface, the first battle between the Gaojiazhuang militia and the Japanese puppet armyCommand: Comrade Gao Laozhong of our side sacrificed;Enemy Captain Yamada was beaten in the ass;At the combat level, we have nothing else**, and a little ammunition and firecrackers were consumed;On the Japanese puppet army, due to the grenade thrown by Old Man Gao, there were at least five people;However, because the people of Gaojiazhuang went down the tunnel too hastily, the grain and livestock must have been robbed a lot, most of the houses were burned down, the living conditions deteriorated greatly, the turret was only 8 miles away from Gaojiazhuang, if the Japanese army was so repeatedly tossed, the struggle would definitely not be able to continue, fortunately, with the growth of crops, the green gauze tents everywhere were raised, and the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians had breathing space, and the men, women and children of Gaojiazhuang, after learning and Xi in the war, will soon usher in the second round of the competition with the Japanese army, which is the content of the next issue.