After the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea began, the Chinese People's Volunteers and the Korean People's Army carried out three successive offensive campaigns in a short period of more than two months, annihilating more than 70,000 enemies.
Not only did it recover all of Korea's territory, but it also pushed back the "United **" from the Yalu River to near the 37th parallel, and captured Seoul, the capital of South Korea.
On 1 July, the vanguard of the 24th Division of the U.S. Army entered South Korea to fight. All of this took only six days, and Truman did something earth-shattering.
What made Truman even more proud was that he skillfully bypassed the intervention of the US Congress, evaded the Soviet Union's veto in the Security Council, and manipulated the UN Security Council to pass a resolution to send troops to Korea.
On February 1, 1951, less than a month after the end of the Third Campaign of the Chinese People's Volunteers, Truman used the United Nations voting machine he manipulated to pass an illegal resolution proposed by the United States to slander the People's Republic of China as an "aggressor."
This is the most typical despicable act of beating a rake. Obviously, it was the United States that sent troops to invade the DPRK first, and the Chinese volunteers, in order to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend their homeland and the country, were forced by the United States to have no choice but to aid the DPRK and resist the US aggression.
As a result, they became the aggressors, which is ridiculous.
China must respond by further mobilizing the strength of the whole country to deal a greater and more severe blow to the United States, otherwise Truman will not give up.
On February 18, he called on the whole country to further launch the Movement to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, saying: "It is necessary to continue to carry out the propaganda and education campaign to resist US aggression and aid Korea throughout the country, and to carry out it in depth for those who have already implemented it, and popularize it for those who have not carried it out, so that everyone in every part of the country can receive this kind of education." ”
In accordance with the instructions of the People, the People's ** published an editorial pointing out: As long as the 475 million Chinese people are united, the US imperialists who invaded Korea can be completely defeated.
On March 1, ** proposed that the Volunteer Army adopt the policy of taking turns to fight. He said: "There is a possibility that the Korean War will be prolonged, and we should prepare for at least two years. ”
** Prior to the issuance of this directive, nine corps had been transferred from the northwest, southwest, and north China to form a second combat unit.
On May 26, based on the experience of previous campaigns, he put forward instructions on how to fight against the American and British forces.
It can be seen from the instructions of *** that he is aiming at the Achilles heel of the United States that has a long front, insufficient troops, and fear of death, and gives full play to the advantages of a large number of volunteers and the support of the broad masses of the people, and is ready to work with the United States for a long time.
First of all, the people of the whole country should be thoroughly mobilized, and the whole people should rise up and devote themselves to the Movement to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.
In addition, the powerful reserve forces of the Chinese Volunteers were organized into multiple groups, which fought in turns, and did not rush to achieve success, annihilating more than a dozen battalions of the American and British armies at a time, and using the methods used in the past to fight the Japanese army, and turning small victories into big victories.
Look at how many people in your United States have filled this bottomless pit, and see how much strength you have in the United States to compete with the great Chinese people for a long time!
After a contest of real swords and guns, the Chinese People's Volunteers beat the American soldiers to the point of losing their armor and being driven south of the 38th parallel.
On December 2, 1950, MacArthur presented a four-point proposal to the US Joint Chiefs of Staff to expand the war: (1) blockade of China's coast;(2) Bombing China's military industry with naval and air force bombing.
3) Dispatch Taiwanese Kuomintang troops to join the Korean War;(4) Ask Chiang Kai-shek to command his army to carry out a pincer attack on Chinese mainland.
When the staff officer of the General Staff War Room sent this information to the general staff, he threw it away and laughed out loud: "Our opponent is really not clever enough, and he has come to play this old trick again." The leaders of the United States, an upstart who made his fortune by making war money and picking up foreign money by relying on world wars, are all guys who jump at the touch of a button, and there is nothing remarkable about it. ”
The words of Truman and MacArthur were all frightening, and the result of blackmail by expanding the war and using the atomic bomb could only make the United States more isolated and shoot itself in the foot. ”
The *** present said: "If Truman really wants to fight a nuclear war, I'm afraid those of his partners will not die with him." ”
Sure enough, the threat that the United States was going to use the atomic bomb and expand the war frightened their own people.
Fierce anti-war sentiment has emerged within the US ruling circles and in society, and they are very disgusted by the US rhetoric of advocating an expanded war.
Many newspapers and magazines published articles asking, "Is this a private war?""Expressing serious dissatisfaction with Truman.
More than 100 members of the Labour Party in the House of Commons of the British Parliament signed the **.
They said that if Attlee acquiesced to Truman's statement that he wanted to use the atomic bomb, they would quit the Labour Party and cross the stage.
The British right-wing caucus, which has always been active, proposed to end the war and demanded that Britain and the United States hold negotiations to limit joint military operations in Korea.
Many well-known figures in the British government and opposition were afraid that the United States would suddenly intensify the Korean War and trap the main military power of the West in the Far East, but would be unable to protect Europe.
Churchill warned Attlee in Parliament: "We and our allies should not be bogged down in the problems of China, for the danger of Europe at present is undoubtedly the greatest problem facing us." ”
It is clear that Truman is saying that without the support of Britain, France, and other countries, the United States will not only be more politically isolated if it fights alone in Korea, but it will also be unable to afford it militarily and economically.
Under the pressure of various voices at home and abroad, the United States ** Truman was in a dilemma, and he was made to be a person inside and out.
The constant bad news on the battlefield in Korea made his heart tremble;What's worse is the backyard**, which keeps him restless day and night.
The ** he leads is in a state of infighting between the two factions, and the opposition is unstoppable. At this time, the Republican Party won the congressional election, and Truman lost the foundation of his power.
Among the unsuccessful senators were three of his strongest supporters in Congress. On the contrary, the Republican Party has added some strong ** factions and pro-Taiwan figures to Congress.
Richard Nixon was one of them. They blamed Truman for the "loss" of China in 1949 and wanted to clean up the United States.
These men strongly supported MacArthur's idea of expanding the war. Due to repeated defeats in the Korean War and policy inconsistencies, Truman** was also criticized and opposed by many people in the Democratic Party.
Against such a chaotic political backdrop, Truman could only seek a dignified truce in Korea without expanding the war against China.
In order to implement the above-mentioned policy, the United States has actively expanded its military strength at home, expanded the scope of conscription, extended the period of service, increased the number of troops on active duty, and stepped up the increase in troops and the delivery of various war materials to the DPRK.
Li Qiwei, the newly appointed commander of the Eighth Group Army, stepped up the laying of a deep defensive line, adjusted deployments, stepped up reconnaissance, and prepared to launch a new offensive as soon as there was an appropriate opportunity.
After the end of the third campaign, the Volunteer Army defended south of Seoul with part of its forces, covering the rest of the main force on the second line.
However, as soon as the main force of the Volunteer Army was transferred to rest for a week, the "United **" began to carry out a tentative offensive.
As a result of the investigation, it was found that due to the extension of the transportation line and the difficulty in supplying food and ammunition, the volunteer army had reached the point where it could not fight effectively.
MacArthur's eyes lit up and he was pleasantly surprised: Haha!Thank God, the opportunity came, and a way out of the defeat was finally found.
He wanted to take advantage of the fatigue of the squadron and the difficulty of supply, and launch an offensive to re-attack the "38th parallel".
Beginning on January 25, 1951, the "United **" launched a large-scale offensive on the entire front.
In light of this change in circumstances, it was decided to stop recuperating and proceed to the fourth campaign. This campaign differed from the previous three in that it was not an offensive, but a mobile defense.
In order to prevent being divided and surrounded by the Volunteer Army, the US military has adopted the tactics of advancing in unison and fighting steadily and steadily, striving to echo the east and west, supporting each other, and maintaining a continuous and complete front.
At the same time, in view of the inferior equipment of the volunteers and the fact that they relied entirely on foot, they adopted "sea of fire tactics" and "magnetic tactics" to stick to the fierce firepower of the volunteers and maintain high pressure on the battlefield, so as to increase the consumption of the Chinese and North Korean troops.
When the enemy is attacking on a large scale, the fatigue of the volunteer army has not yet been improved, and the losses of attrition have not had time to be replenished.
According to this policy, Peng De decided to adopt the campaign policy of "topping the west and letting go of the east" and use a part of his troops to defend on the western front and contain the enemy's main offensive group.
On the Eastern Front, let the enemy go deeper, and then concentrate the main forces to counterattack, strive to destroy 1 or 2 divisions of the enemy, and then attack the enemy in depth, threaten the enemy's flank and back on the Western Front from the flank, shake its disposition, and stop its offensive.
Beginning on 25 January, four divisions of the US Army, two brigades of the British Army, two divisions of the South Korean Army, and the Turkish Brigade on the Western Front, supported by a large number of aircraft, launched a fierce attack on the Volunteer Army.
Relying on field fortifications, the Chinese and DPRK armies stubbornly resisted and repeatedly fought with the enemy for every position, and the battle was very fierce.
By February 4, the defensive positions of the Volunteers and the People's Army on the Western Front had been broken through by the enemy, and the Chinese and North Korean armies south of the Han River were in an unfavorable situation of fighting on their backs.
As a result, in addition to leaving a part of the volunteer army to hold the bridgehead position on the south bank of the Han River, the main force withdrew to the north of the Han River to organize defense.
The 38th Army continued to fight the enemy on the south bank of the Han River in order to attract the enemy's main forces and support the campaign counterattack of the Central Group.
On the Eastern Front, the 2nd and 7th Divisions of the US Army, the 187th Airborne Regiment, and five South Korean Divisions attacked in the direction of Topyong-ri, Hoengseong, and Yangyang.
The 125th Division of the 42nd Army of the Volunteers and the 5th Army Corps of the People's Army blocked the attack one after another, and fought and retreated.
On 9 February, the enemy advanced to the lines of Topyeong-ri, Hoengseong, Ooyang-ri, and Gwangcheon, and advanced to the South Korean Army north of Hoengseong.
8. The Fifth Division's outstanding posture and scattered forces are conducive to our counter-assault.
As a result, it was decided to launch a counterattack against the advancing enemy with the cooperation of the central group and the eastern group.
At 17 o'clock on February 11, the 124th Division of the 42nd Army of the Volunteer Army quickly opened a breakthrough in the counterattack and developed an offensive in depth with the enemy.
The 117th Division of the 39th Army, which was attached to this army, broke through the breakthrough opened by the 124th Division, outflanked it from west to east, cut off the retreat of the 8th South Korean Division and the 2nd US Division in the Hakgok-ri and Haeil-ri areas west of Hoengseong, and surrounded the enemy with the cooperation of the 66th Army in the front.
The 118th Division of the 40th Army was inserted into the area of Taebong and Gwangjeon northwest of Hoengseong, cutting off the deployment of the 8th Division of the South Korean Army.
The units of the Volunteer Army immediately launched an attack on the 8th Division and the 2nd Division of the US Army, completely annihilating 3 regiments of the 8th Division of the South Korean Army and 1st and 4 artillery battalions of the 2nd US Division in one fell swoop.
3. One division of the fifth division, a total of 1More than 20,000 people, including more than 7,800 prisoners.
The brilliant results of this counterattack can be confirmed from Ridgway's memoirs: "In the face of the attack of the squadron, the 2nd Division of the US Army once again bore the brunt of the attack and suffered heavy losses, especially the loss of artillery. If the CCP soldiers with rubber soles on their feet suddenly appeared on the position of the South Korean ** team, they would always scare many South Korean soldiers into running for their lives without looking back. ”
In his memoirs, Ridgway admitted that the US Second Division "suffered heavy losses", which can be regarded as telling the truth.
However, as a high-ranking American general, his character is not very noble and generous, and he repeatedly blames the failure of the US military on the hasty retreat of the South Korean ** team, which inevitably gives people a sense of shirking responsibility.
Second, why do senior US commanders always ask the ROK ** team to take the lead and deploy them on the front line or flanks to protect the security of the US military?Americans know this in their hearts.
Although the Volunteer Army won the victory of the Hengcheng counterattack, it failed to crush the enemy's powerful offensive on the whole front, so it was decided to switch to mobile defense on the whole line and gain two months to wait for the newly entered 3rd Corps and 19th Corps to enter the "38th Parallel" area, and then launch a new offensive campaign.
The enemy transferred four divisions, including the 1st Cavalry Division and the 1st Marine Division, to attack the victorious volunteers who counterattacked in the Hengcheng area, leveling the eastern and western fronts, and then launching an attack on the entire line of the Chinese and North Korean troops.
Under the conditions of insufficient food and ammunition, extreme fatigue of the troops, and a large number of troops, the Chinese and North Korean armies launched a mobile defensive war combining resistance and counterattack against the attacking enemy.
On March 15, the enemy recaptured Seoul, and the volunteers continued to block the enemy while shifting alternately.
On April 21, the Chinese and North Korean troops moved to the vicinity of the "38th parallel" and finally stopped the enemy on the line of Kaesong, Golangpuri, Samkwan-ri, Munhye-ri, Hwacheon, Wontong-ri, and Gongseong.
At this time, the enemy discovered the Volunteer Army.
3. The 19th and 9th Corps had reached the area north of the "38th Parallel" and immediately ceased their offensive.
At this point, the fourth campaign ended.
From January 25 to April 21, the Chinese and North Korean armies destroyed a total of 7 enemies in 87 days of defensive operationsMore than 80,000 people, including 8,984 captured enemy (1,214 domestic and American soldiers), 13 tanks, 619 automobiles, and 288 guns of various kinds were captured.
In the course of almost 3 months, the enemy advanced less than 100 kilometers and had to pay an average of more than 900 people per day before advancing.13 km. And not long ago, when the Chinese Volunteers attacked south. The same distance was fought in only 8 days.
In defensive operations, because the enemy adopted "magnetic tactics" and "sea of fire tactics" and closely maintained contact with the mid-term army, a large number of planes in the air bombed and strafed in turn, and a large number of tanks on the ground covered the continuous attacks of the infantry, carrying out endless wars of attrition, so that the defensive war of the Chinese and North Korean armies was very difficult and relatively large (the Chinese People's Volunteers in the whole campaign**4.).20,000 people).
However, because the Chinese and DPRK armies carried forward their courageous and tenacious fighting style, they managed to fight the enemy for nearly three months, exchanged a smaller space for more time, and covered the newly entered DPRK troops to complete preparations for battle in areas close to the front line, thus creating favorable conditions for the next campaign.