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"History of Chinese Journalism and Communication" "must memorize 38 words".Since its release, many friends have come to ask Xiao Tianxin if he has it"The new history of foreign countries must be memorized".
Oda's heart, which is responsive, must be:Arrangement!
Today, Xiao Tianxin has brought you 36 words that must be memorized in the new history of foreign history!
Oda Shin advises everyone.
Regardless of how well the new history part of the foreign history is Xi.
Prioritize memorizing these 36 words.
Of course, students who have more time still need to Xi.
All the knowledge points on Oda Shin's key notes
Below, let's lock down the easiest ones to get this yearThe new history of foreign countries must memorize 36 words to "save life".Let's do it!
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1.Newsletter
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, a newsletter is an informal publication with a simple form and concise style, providing information, advice, opinions, and other content to a specific audience. As a mass communication medium, the birth, evolution, decline, and revival of the early Western news letter lasted for several centuries, and can be roughly divided into three stages of development.
The first stage is the ancient Roman period, the birth and early development of the newsletter. Originating in ancient Rome in 500 B.C., news letters are the oldest form of handwritten news information dissemination, and at that time, as public and private letters mainly used to convey information, they were considered to be the oldest communication medium than newspapers.
The second stage was from the 16th to the 18th centuries, when the news letter developed rapidly and declined briefly. At that time, in Rome, Venice and other places in Europe, handwritten news letters became the fastest and most effective way to transmit political and military information. At that time, the names of the newsletters were rich and diverse, such as **visi, corantos, reporti, gazzette, ragguagli, etc. Thanks to the development of the postal system, some European countries, such as Italy, also established newsletter services, and ushered in a brief period of glory. As Western countries enter the era of newspapers, news letters are difficult to meet market demand due to the relatively thin amount of information they carry, and they gradually fade out of people's field of vision.
The third stage is that since the 20th century, news letters have ushered in a revival and popularization in Western society. With the revolution of media communication driven by emerging technologies, news letters, as a unique medium for Western ** institutions to meet readers' needs for specific news information, have been reborn again. With the development of the newsletter market, a large number of newsletter production platforms such as Substack, The Skimm, Buttondown, Lede, Revue, and Tiny Letter have emerged in the United States in recent years, and gradually have more complete social communication functions.
2."Daily Chronicle".
The Daily Chronicle is the world's first regular handwritten news, and it can actually be said to be the first bulletin. In 59 B.C., when Julius Caesar was consul of the Roman Republic, he issued a decree: "The report on the work of the Senate thereafter shall be published daily." Later generations called it Acta Diurna, and thus began the history of the dissemination of news by human writing. It is written on a plastered wooden plaque and placed in a public place. In addition to the minutes of the Senate meeting, there are also ** orders, war news, judicial cases, tax affairs, royal activities, and social news. In 44 B.C., Caesar was assassinated, and the Daily Chronicle was stopped. After establishing the Roman Empire in 27 BC, Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, revived the Daily Chronicle in 6 BC and wrote articles for it.
3.Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The full name of the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung" is "Neue Rheinische Zeitung, the organ of the democrats", which was founded by Marx in Cologne, Germany, and published on June 1, 1848. It was the militant organ of the proletarian wing of the democratic wing of the German revolution of 1848-1849.
Marx was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper, and among the editorial board were Engels and W. Wolfer. Most of the important articles and editorials in the newspapers were written by Marx and Engels, which expounded important views on the German and European revolutions, and heroically defended the interests of the revolutionary democratic movement and the proletariat. The maximum number of newspaper subscribers was about 6,000. Engels said that this was the only newspaper in the democratic movement at that time that represented the proletarian point of view. Thanks to Marx's insight and firm stance, the newspaper became the most famous newspaper in Germany during the revolutionary years.
The newspaper was forced to cease publication in May 1849 due to Prussia. The editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung said in the last issue, No. 301, published in red ink on May 19, 1849: "Their last words will always be, whenever and wherever they are: The emancipation of the working class!".In the decades that followed, the newspaper became a model for Marxist organs in various countries to study and Xi.
4.New York Sun
The Sun was founded in New York on September 3, 1833, as the world's first successful penny newspaper by Benjamin Day. It is a four-page tabloid newspaper that carries a lot of light-hearted and humorous social news, local news, and information about pornography and violenceThe text is popular, exaggerated and dramatic;Highlight the headline in large characters on the page, emphasizing sensational handling;The distribution is mainly street retail, with **1p per copy. The abundance of advertising brought in a wealth of revenue, and it quickly became the first independent, profitable, private newspaper enterprise in the United States that did not require the support of political parties and conglomerates. Although the Sun has innovated in content, format and distribution, it has not hesitated to fabricate sensational fake news in order to attract an audience. By 1950, the newspaper merged with Le Monde and The Telegraph to become the Worldtele Sun.
5."Yellow journalism".
"Yellow journalism" refers to the use of extreme exaggeration and fabrication to exaggerate news events, especially news stories about violence, crime, and pornography, to achieve the purpose of sensationalizing and expanding newspaper sales. Pulitzer and Hearst played a crucial role in the rise and development of this phenomenon. Typical features: Use of large incendiary headlines;Exaggerating and exaggerating less important news;Fabricating interviews and news reports, with ambiguous headlines and layouts;Extensive use of unauthorized or dubious authenticity**;The content of the report is superficial;flaunting sympathy for the "oppressed" and inciting social movements;Picking sensational events to report, and even fabricating horrific news. Hearst's newspaper was more vulgar in its approach to journalism, which led historians to call Hearst a "master of yellow journalism."
Yellow journalism is a type of low-quality, soulless journalism. Instead of upholding social justice and disseminating accurate information, it fabricates lies and corrupts people's souls.
6.Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize is also known as the Pulitzer Prize for Journalism. Founded in 1917 at the behest of American newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer, it has grown into one of the highest honors of American journalism in the seventies and eighties. Now, the ever-improving selection system has made the Pulitzer Prize a global award, known as the "Nobel Prize of the Journalism". For a century, the Pulitzer Prize has been a benchmark for journalism, which has lived with American society through the smoke of war, political scandals, and the intricacies of social issues. Originally a journalism prize, the Pulitzer Prize now includes a comprehensive prize for literature and the arts, and its influence has endured. The Pulitzer Prize consists of 14 categories for journalism and seven categories for creative work, and the winners of the journalism awards are of any nationality, but must have published work in the United States**. In the creative category, the award must be a U.S. citizen. The only exception to this is the Historical Writing Award, which is still available to an author who is a foreign national but writes about American history.
7.The New York Times
The New York Times was first founded in 1851 by Henry Raymond and others as the New York Daily Times. Raymond's editorial policy for him is: objective, impartial, and discreet. Subsequently, Jones, Ochs, Suzberg, Suzberg Jr. and others took the helm of the New York Times. The New York Times is now published in New York City by the "New York Times Company" and is the most influential newspaper in the United States. The content is detailed, the attitude is serious, the news at home and abroad are fully reported, and often publish important speeches and documents in full, known as the "archive record newspaper". As a representative of the serious press in the United States, it has long had good credibility and authority, and is sometimes nicknamed "the gray lady" because of its classical and serious style. Its readers are positioned as intellectuals and upper-class people in society. The New York Times has a wide range of pages, and the weekday edition is divided into four parts: ABCDInternational and national news and commentary;b.New York Local News;c.Economic News;d.Feature stories. He has won several Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting and was ranked No. 210 in the 2018 "Top 500 World Brands" list.
8.Wall Street**
The Wall Street Journal was published in New York by Dow Jones & Company in 1889. Mainly reporting economic news, a large number of news and comments on US finance, banking, investment, taxation, prices and other news, readers are mostly company managers and senior staff, and it is the first successful professional in the United States. Before 1940, the newspaper only reported financial news, but gradually expanded its content to major events in politics, society, culture, science and technology, entertainment, and other fields at home and abroad. Its news features often begin with a specific person or event, and then gradually lead to the theme, and the writing style is vivid, known as "Wall Street". In addition, the Dow Jones index, compiled by Dow Jones & Co., has become a bellwether for the rise and fall of the U.S. economy.
9.Time magazine
Time Magazine is the most influential news weekly in the United States, known as the world's "historical library", and is listed as one of the three major current affairs weekly in the United States along with Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. It was founded in March 1923 by Henry Luce and Briden Hatton. At its launch, it was stated that it aimed to enable "busy people" to fully understand world events. It mainly reports international and domestic news, and has a variety of columns, such as economics, education, law, sports, religion, medicine, art, people, book reviews and letters from readers. It is characterized by providing background materials and analyzing and interpreting major events at home and abroad. It was the forerunner of the "explanatory reporting" that became popular in the United States in the 30s. Its "cover story" and arrangement have been imitated by many news magazines at home and abroad. Since 1927, the journal has selected the previous year's "Man of the Year" at the end of each year. In addition to a large team of news reporters, it has also established a research and information department. In addition to the domestic version, there are also foreign versions in the Atlantic, Asia, Latin America, South Pacific, etc. Its readers are predominantly middle-class and intellectual. With the rise of China, Time Magazine has increased its coverage of China, focusing on different areas such as China's politics, economy, culture, and society.
10.cnn
Cable News Network (Cable News Network) was officially launched on June 1, 1980, founded by Ted Turner, and now CNN has become one of the world's major news and news companies, becoming the fourth broadcaster in the United States alongside the three major broadcasters. Turner's business philosophy is "grab the scoop and we'll beat any broadcaster" and has a 24-hour television news broadcast system. From the perspective of journalism theory, CNN's concept of journalism practice, such as the speed of reporting almost synchronously with facts, the practice of recording and reporting everything that is heard, and providing multi-party, even contradictory, news and feedback on the same issue, have all had an impact on the traditional concept of journalism. CNN's news programs cover a wide range of topics, but they lack in-depth coverage of events, and sometimes have some bad tendencies.
11.nhk
The Japan Broadcasting Association (NHK) is Japan's largest radio and television organization, and is a special legal organization established in accordance with the Japanese Broadcasting Law. NHK is home to Japan's largest radio and television network. NHK Radio was founded in 1925 and a television station in 1953. NHK Radio broadcasts three channels every day: general programs, educational programs and FM broadcasts, news and commentary programs abroad, and broadcasts to various regions, taking into account listeners' language, political dynamics, customs and Xi. NHK TV broadcasts on two channels: General and Education. Among them, the news report is timely and timeliness. In addition, NHK's radio and television stations never advertise, and their finances mainly come from listening and viewing fees. It is not for profit, but for the purpose of raising the cultural standards of the people through the production of news and entertainment programs.
12.Reuters
Reuters is one of the UK's largest news agencies and one of the world's largest news agencies. It was founded in 1850 by Paul Juliette Reuters in Aachen, Germany, and moved to London in 1851. At first, Reuters was nothing more than an economic communications agency that focused on rapid reporting, limited to publishing business news, and its subscribers were mostly bankers and brokers. From 1858 onwards, he obtained the cooperation of the London press and began to provide various news to the press. In 1865, Reuters expanded his private news agency into a large corporation. In 1870, Reuters signed an agreement with Hawas, Wolf, and the New York Associated News Agency, which jointly monopolized the world's news and communication business. In 1941, the society was reorganized and became the British newspaper's own cooperative communications business. Reuters has two main businesses: one is to provide newspapers, radio and television stations with current affairs news, which is known as "fast and capable" and covers a wide range of topics, mainly international news;The second is to provide economic news and business information to financial institutions and industrial and commercial enterprises around the world. There are three kinds of Reuters news: express news, emergency news and ordinary telecommunications, and the timeliness is decreasing in order, and the length is increasing in order: the express news is mainly aimed at business users, the express news is mainly applicable to ** agencies and electronic media subscribers, and the ordinary telecommunications mainly serve other news media subscribers. In addition, Reuters is actually the official news agency on behalf of the United Kingdom. It ranks first among the world's news agencies in terms of management, technical equipment, quality and quantity of reports.
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The 36 words of "life-saving" are only the "top priority" in the new historyStudents who don't have enough time to Xi can memorize these key nouns firstand then have time to continue memorizing other nouns;Students who have plenty of Xi time, in addition, alsoMemorize as much as you can
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