Pre-Qin history, whether it is the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, or even the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the limitations of the times, there are more or less mythological parts.
For example, Dayu shouted at the petrified daughter-in-law, "Return my son", the stone statue cracked, and Xia Qi was born.
For another example, Jiang Yan, the daughter of the Tai family, accidentally stepped on the footprints of giants, and became pregnant and gave birth to Houji, the ancestor of the Zhou people.
Even the ancestor of the Shang Dynasty that we are going to talk about today was born by his old mother Jian Di who accidentally ate a bird's egg.
During the period from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in order to create an atmosphere that everyone is an ancestor, people even arranged the three emperors and five emperors and the ancestors of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties into a family, and even the Confucianism and Mo families also shaped the Zen concession system, these doctrines basically monopolized the entire cultural circle at that time, so although we all know that this statement is unlikely, but thousands of years of historical materials have been passed on like this, and the truth is no longer verifiable.
Comparative materialist historical speculation suggests that the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, including Tang Yao and Yu Shun, were all independent tribes that belonged to the tribal alliance. The Zen concession system is essentially the superior system of the strong, the Zen concession is the appearance, and the strength is the essential driving force of the change of power.
But it should be said that the greatest historical contribution of this arrangement is to tell everyone that we are all a family, and the sense of Chinese national identity is born.
Therefore, for the part of the legend of the pre-Qin Dynasty, let's understand it as a kind of history and culture, not as a historical fact to raise the bar, history and culture do not need to be more true and cannot be more true, just like everyone knows that people die like lights out, but they are still sacrificing their ancestors during the New Year's holidays.
In the same way, all historical materials have their limitations, but they cannot be denied because of this, for example, in Sima Qian's historical records, there are many inconsistent records, which is precisely the objectivity of Sima Qian as a historian, because he could not distinguish the authenticity, so he recorded both situations for future generations to identify.
Historical Records: Taishi Gong Self-Introduction": The three generations of Wei are still in place, the age can not be examined, and the old news of the cover is taken from the spectrum, which is based on the Z, so it is slightly pushed and made the first of the three generations of the world.
He even took the initiative to admit in the article that his historical records are mainly to sort out the narratives that have been passed down from generation to generation, rather than subjective creation: "The so-called telling of stories and neat generations are not so-called works."
If you really want to be more serious, Journey to the West and Liao Zhai Zhiwei have to be taken off the shelves.
Straight to the point. The history of the Shang Dynasty can be divided into three stages: the pre-Shang dynasty, the early Shang dynasty, and the late Shang dynasty.
The first Shang Dynasty was still a tribe in the development stage. Before the soup is the first business, before the relocation of Yin is the early business, after the relocation of the Yin is the late business.
The Shang Dynasty began with the deed, according to the records of the historical records, belongs to the same period as Dayu, in the early years to assist Dayu to control the water, was sealed by Emperor Shun in Shang, the Shang here may not be Shangqiu, because according to the record of the "Shiben", the deed and his tribe continued to migrate, and then migrated to Shangqiu when he was a grandson.
Shiben Ju Chapter: Qi Ju Fan. Zhaoming Ju Stone, relocation businessman. Xiang migrated to Shang Qiu, the void of this 颛顼;
After the deed, it was passed on to the underworld through four generations of Zhaoming, Xiangtu, Changruo, and Cao Yu.
It is said that he was in charge of water conservancy during the Xia Dynasty Shaokang (the one who successfully restored the country), and invented the carriage during his reign (presumably for the convenience of work), and during the reign of Xia Shu, the son of Shaokang, he died because of water control. This statement comes from the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" of the Warring States period:
Emperor Shaokang ......Three years ......November. Make the Shang Marquis rule the river", "Emperor Zhu......Thirteen years. Shang Hou Ming died in the river. ”
Please note that the history of the Shang Dynasty, the cited materials come from the documents of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, such as the "Book of Rites", "Book of Songs", "Shiben", "Historical Records", "Bamboo Book Chronicles" and even "Qinghua Jian", etc., everyone can actually look at it with the idea of verifying the rationality while reading, but don't forget that the Shang Dynasty has unearthed more than 100,000 oracle bone inscriptions, so if the following information is quoted from the oracle bone inscriptions, the credibility is relatively high.
For example, the Confucian classic "Book of Rites" praises this god who died in the line of duty, saying that the merchant sacrificed the Ming and the four ancestors of Emperor Yu, Qi and Shang Tang side by side, and later generations even characterized him as the god of water, calling him Xuan Ming.
You will find that all the legends that can reflect the moral model in the emperor series will be written into the classics by Confucianism, such as the Five Emperors Chan Rang and Dayu to control the water, which is probably the reason why later generations often say that Confucianism is good at revising history.
Rites and Sacrifices": Yin people are in the suburbs, and the ancestral deeds are in the soup".
But in fact, the oracle bone divination records the son of the underworld, Hai, with more respect.
In the oracle bone inscription, Hai is the first monarch to be the king, the oracle bone inscription always uses "Wang Hai", "Gao Zuhai" to honorific titles, never just call him Hai, the oracle bone inscription about Wang Hai has more than 130 words, the number is the largest among the first merchants, not only that, the merchant also often asks Hai for rain in the sacrifice, as if this person has great divine power.
It is worth mentioning that during the reign of Shang Wanghai, the economy of the Shang tribe was already very strong, and the oracle bone inscription said that he used 50 cows for a sacrifice, "50 cows in Wanghai", which is very different from the dilemma of the Chu people stealing cattle and sacrificing overnight hundreds of years later.
Due to overproductivity, there are too many cattle and sheep, and the role of cattle and sheep is not only to meet the food, Hai began to domesticate cattle as animal power, using oxen to pull carts, loading surplus means of production and surrounding tribes to carry out bartering activities. From this point of view, Wang Hai had no intention of being a successful and qualified businessman.
Therefore, the descendants thought that the merchant tribe was good at business, so the person who did business was called a merchant.
Emperor Chu "Twelve years, the Marquis of Yin's son Haibin is easy to kill, easy to kill and released".
In 1810 B.C., Wang Hai and his younger brother Wang Heng set out from Shangqiu together, carrying goods, driving cattle and sheep, and traveled a long distance to Hebei's Yi family trade, never thought that the Yi clan leader Mianchen saw the wealth, brought a group of people to tie Hai, threatened the other party to hand over all the cattle and sheep, Wang Hai refused, so he was killed, and the cattle and sheep were also robbed.
The ancient book of bamboo books "There is a king of Yi, Mianchen killed and released", "Book of Changes": "mourning sheep in Yi".
The Youyi clan is roughly located in the area of today's Yi County, Hebei Province, and is said to have developed after the remnants of the Youhu clan who were defeated by Xia Qi moved north. This is probably the earliest ** conflict between the ancient Shangqiu people and the Guyi County people.
And the king of the Shang tribe also became a victim of this conflict.
After Wang Hai's death, his younger brother Wang Heng ascended the throne, and took the people to snatch the cattle and sheep back, after Wang Heng's death, his son Shangjiawei (or possibly Hai's son) ascended the throne, and four years later, he united with the Hebo clan to crusade against the Youyi clan, successfully took revenge and killed Mianchen.
The Ancient Book of Bamboo Chronicles": "The micro-false master Yu Hebo was easy to cut down, and he destroyed it, and then killed his monarch and ministers. ”
Shangjiawei is the most groundbreaking Shang king of the Shang tribe, and under his leadership, the Shang tribe has truly realized the transformation from having to strong.
Shangjiawei not only solved the threat of the Yi clan, a strong neighbor in the north, but also solved the internal contradictions of the Shang tribe through strong means, quelled the rebellion of the siblings, and can be called the master of Zhongxing of the Shang tribe.
Qu Yuan's "Tianwen": "Faint and obedient, there is Di Buning." Why are the birds and thorns, and the negative sons are wanton?The dizzy brother is also lewd, and the brother is endangered. What changes to deceive, heirs and grow?”
There are more than 1,100 records about Shangjiawei in the oracle bone inscriptions, ranking first among all the Shang kings......"Start with the article.
This is just like the ancients who often used to write articles "from Gaozu to the throne and raise troops", and the significance of Shangjiawei to the Shang tribe is self-evident.
After the death of Shangjiawei, the five Shang kings of Bao B, Bao C, Bao Ding, Zhu Ren, and Zhu Gui ascended the throne successively. Report to Ding, and report to Yili. Report the second pawn, and the son report the second step", which contradicts the oracle bone inscription unearthed later, and the common view is now that it is the former.
After all, merchants like to use the heavenly stem to name it, according to the order of A, B, C, D, the order of lineage in the historical records is also worth **.
When the timeline came to the leader of the Shang tribe of the main generation, the power of the Shang tribe had expanded to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and became a dominant Fang country.
Next, the Shang tribe only needs to fight steadily, just wait for the Xia Dynasty to be in chaos, and then realize the first change of dynasty in China's hereditary dynasty.
And the ultimate historical mission will be completed by the son of the Lord Gui, Shang Tang, whom we are familiar with.
From the deed to Shang to the destruction of Shang Tang, there have been fourteen generations of leaders in the middle, so "Chinese Zhou Yuxia" commented: "King Yun is diligent in business, and four out of ten are prosperous." ”
The above is the development stage of the rise of the Shang Dynasty - the pre-Shang period, what do you think, welcome to exchange in the comment area, and in the next part, we will continue to ** The early Shang stage of the history of the rise and fall of the Shang Dynasty.