1. The planning concept of a compact city1. Concept: It is the concept of urban sustainable development proposed for the disorderly sprawl and development of the city. The form of the compact city depends on the density of population and buildings in the city, emphasizing a strategy of mixed land use and intensive development, and advocating that people live closer to their workplaces and the services necessary for daily life. Compact city is a new thinking based on the efficient use of land resources and the refined development of cities, which is embodied in three aspects: compact function, compact scale and compact structure. 2. Main concepts: (1) High-density urban developmentCompact city theory advocates the use of high-density urban land use development mode, which believes that on the one hand, it can curb urban sprawl to a large extent, so as to protect the open space in the suburbs (rural areas, green spaces, etc.) from development, and on the other hand, it can effectively shorten the traffic distance, reduce people's dependence on cars, encourage walking and bicycle travel, so as to reduce energy consumption, reduce exhaust emissions and even curb global warming!In addition, high-density urban development can accommodate more urban activities within a limited urban area, improve the efficiency of public service facilities, and reduce the investment in urban infrastructure construction. This is in line with the principle of economies of scale (2) Mixed land use compact city theory advocates a moderately mixed urban land use, arguing that the mixed layout of residential land with work, leisure and entertainment, public service facilities, etc., can provide more jobs in a shorter commuting distance, not only reduce transportation demand and energy consumption, but also strengthen the connection between people, which is conducive to the formation of a good community culture and the creation of a diverse and vibrant urban life. (3) The theory of giving priority to the development of public transportation compact cities argues that the low-density development of cities increases people's transportation demand, increases the commuting distance, and over-relies on cars in terms of travel mode, resulting in excessive automobile exhaust emissions. Therefore, the theory emphasizes the need to prioritize the development of public transport and create a convenient and fast urban public transport system that reduces dependence on cars, reduces tailpipe emissions, and improves the urban environment. 2. The pros and cons of big data in urban planning1. Concept: Big data: refers to the collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed by conventional software tools within a certain time frame, and is a massive, high-growth rate and diversified information asset that requires new processing modes to have stronger decision-making, insight and process optimization capabilities.
2. The advantages of big data: 1) Urban planning research will shift from fragment statistics to dynamic evolution Using the rich data in the era of big data, urban planning research can find more changes in the traditional statistical cycle and study the operation mode of the city in a shorter period of time, and is no longer subject to the data statistical cycle;The movement and mobility of urban flow can be studied more, and it is no longer limited to the place of spatially fixed land use2) Urban planning research will shift from rough sets to fine individualsBefore the era of big data, urban planning was more inclined to analyze the collective behavior of research sets at the macro level, and make relatively rough sets of research objects, and the complex behaviors of individuals with limited computing power and difficult to analyze. The abundant data and emerging data processing technologies in the era of big data, such as the popularization of smartphones, the promotion of in-vehicle GPS, and the application of the Internet of Things, will provide individual-based high-precision temporal and spatial data for the study of cities at the micro level, and provide the possibility to dig deeper into individual behavioral differences and their impact on ensembles. 3) Urban planning research will shift from relatively simple observation to more complex model simulation, using the abundant data in the era of big data, urban planning research can more fully verify the assumptions in current urban research, use more complex models to analyze urban systems, simulate the results of multiple variables, and even develop new theories. 3. Disadvantages of big data: 1) It is difficult to protect the privacy of the publicUrban planning must study social groups and individual citizens, which inevitably touches on the problems of social group discrimination and personal privacy exposure, and these problems are more prominent in the era of big data. Big data has natural "pro" and enterprise characteristics, the concentration of data power is amazing, if these centralized powers are not checked, it will lead to the abuse of big data, bringing great injustice, because big data has very high precision, very wide coverage and very rich variety, it is difficult to hide personal privacy in the era of big data 2) The disconnection between theory and practice and the times Urban planning needs in-depth thinking and new research methods in the era of big data, that is, "big data needs big theory," However, urban planning and related research are far behind the development of the era of big data, and even the processing and analysis of basic structured data and unstructured data are lacking corresponding research, and urban planning research is still in its infancy in exploring the methods of big data. 4. Summary: In the era of data, the theory and practice of urban planning have encountered new challenges and opportunities, and only by actively promoting the research of big data can we better grasp the opportunities and customer service challenges and promote the new development of urban planning. 3. The application of big data in the research and planning of smart cities in the era of big data1. Concept: 1) Big data: refers to the collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed by conventional software tools within a certain time frame, and is a massive, high-growth rate and diversified information emerging ecology that requires new processing modes to have stronger decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities, so as to achieve comprehensive and thorough perception, broadband ubiquitous interconnection, intelligent integration of applications, and user innovation, open innovation, mass innovation, Sustainable innovation characterized by collaborative innovation, and combined with the latest mobile client public platform to achieve more comprehensive intelligence. Two Research and application: 1) The multi-plan collaborative urban development of China is carried out under the leadership of a variety of planning guidance and multi-department, and the smart city spatial planning system is based on the comprehensive analysis of the impact of various big data on urban space in the process of urban development, that is, the behavior of the main body of urban development, and is the key application of big data to ensure the scientific and reasonable development of smart city space, which can be more objective and reasonable in the allocation and layout of urban space resources, and realize the breaking of boundaries between departments and multi-plan coordination。 2) Spatial planning with big data analysis as the coreSmart city spatial planning is the core link of smart city planning, and every goal of smart city development is ultimately implemented through the allocation and layout of spatial resources. In the face of the overlapping planning content, the limitation of planning results, and the lagging concept of planning implementation, we should make full use of the statistics and analysis of urban big data to build a spatial planning system for smart cities based on the spatial development strategy, evaluation and evaluation of cities. 3) Institutional innovation system and mechanism innovation guaranteed by the implementation of big data is an important guarantee for the effective implementation of smart city planning, a key link in the construction and management of smart cities, and a major part that is different from traditional city management and gives full play to the advantages of smart cities. The design of the intelligent system or mechanism needs to be based on the determination of the city's annual development plan and key construction projects, supported by big data, through the comprehensive mining and analysis of urban residents' activity data, enterprise operation data, and management data, and put forward a simple and efficient institutional or mechanism framework that is conducive to the intensive utilization of urban resources, the effective operation of capital, and the organization4. The impact of GIS on urban planning1. Concept: Geographic information system (GIS), sometimes known as "geographic information system", is a particularly important spatial information system, which is a technical system for collecting, storing, managing, calculating, analyzing, displaying and describing the relevant geographic distribution data in the entire or part of the earth's surface (including the atmosphere) space with the support of computer software, hardware and software. GIS is a computer-based tool that analyzes and processes spatial information (the mapping and analysis of phenomena and events that exist on Earth).GIS technology integrates the unique visualization and geoanalysis capabilities of maps with general database operations such as queries and statistical analysis. 2. Role Impact: 1) Information services: The geographic information public service platform is a public geographic information infrastructure, through the platform to share the geographic information data content, through the Internet, to provide the public with timely digital maps, information query and other public geographic information services. Through real-time spatial positioning technology and its integrated application, digital communication technology, obtain geospatial data, carry out network management, distribution and application services, establish a geographic information service platform in the mobile environment and its integration with geographic information services, which can be applied to public security information system, logistics information system, urban integrated pipe network information system. intelligent transportation and traffic information services, etc. 2) Decision-making serviceIn the process of rapid urbanization, urban planning is faced with a series of problems such as environmental pollution, traffic congestion, resource shortage, and employment environment tension. The backbone is supported by accurate geographic data, and scientific geographic information analysis methods are adopted. Through two-dimensional, three-dimensional, spatio-temporal dynamic multi-perspective regulation and planning, to help relevant departments establish a crisis support mechanism, according to the needs of dealing with emergencies to provide geographic information and corresponding technical services in a timely manner, in Wenchuan and Zhouqu rapid decision-making work has played an important role. 3) Public Participation ServiceGIS Service makes public participation to ensure social justice more effective through advanced technical means. **Formulating an urban planning policy or doing an urban planning project, from setting, investigation and research to feasibility demonstration, listening to expert opinions, and then to public feedback, it takes a considerable amount of time. The 21st century is the age of information, to comprehensively implement public participation in urban planning, at present, we can use advanced information technology to broaden the breadth of participants, facilitate government management, and improve the efficiency of public participation: the use of visualization technology to establish a bridge of communication between planners and the public, improve the feasibility of public participation. 5. The application of ecological planning in territorial spatial planning1. Concept: 1. Ecological planning: Under the conditions of environmental capacity, natural resource teaching capacity and ecological suitability, ecological planning actively seeks the best regional or urban ecological niche, constantly develops and occupies the vacant ecological niche, so as to fully exert the potential of the ecosystem and strengthen the ability of human control of future ecological change trends, improve the quality of regional and urban ecological environment, and promote the construction of ecological zones 2. Territorial spatial planning: Territorial spatial planning is the guide of national development space, the spatial blueprint for sustainable development, and the basic basis for all kinds of development and construction activities. 2. Application: 1. "Double evaluation" of territorial spatial planning: double evaluation is the evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and environment and the suitability of territorial spatial development, which is the premise and basis of territorial spatial planning, and is also an important component of a series of research and analysis in the process of territorial spatial planning. As the preliminary work of territorial spatial planning, the scientific evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and environment and the suitability of territorial spatial development, and the control of land development in ecologically sensitive areas are conducive to protecting the background of resources and environment and retaining Jinshan Yinshan. 2. The delineation of three zones and three lines of land space: the general principle of the three districts and three lines planning is ecological priority, and the demarcation of three zones and three lines is conducive to changing the pattern of long-term development of industry at the expense of farmland. 6.Characteristics of a digital city1. Concept: Digital City: In the context of the development of "digital earth", "smart city", mobile Internet and even artificial intelligence, the concept, method and technology of urban design have been comprehensively developed, and it is a new type of urban design based on "human-computer interaction".
2. Characteristics: a) "Ecological priority" as the forerunner of the city's refined developmentThe city is an artificial nature, an urban artificial giant system based on human nature, and adheres to the guidance of "ecological priority", which is the coordination of the physical space environment and non-construction land in urban design under the new normal. Building a harmonious coexistence between man and nature and realizing the organic and sustainable development of cities and human beings is the top priority to promote the green development of cities and improve the use of land resources. b) In order to support the development of urban intelligence, the "digital platform" integrates and processes the basic urban information that originally belonged to different systems of society, culture, economy and nature on a shared digital platform, and combines the design creativity of "experiential grasp of the whole chain space", urban design can overcome the crisis of subjective decision and implementation failure in the past, better reflect the advantages of contemporary system collaboration, and will enter a new era of development in which the urban design discipline gains strength through collaboration, and realize the leapfrog development of urban design. c) "People-oriented" inclusive urban planning ideas people-centered is the main theme of urban and rural work under the new normal, pay attention to the needs of diverse groups of people in the city, only to carry out a bottom-up mobilization and full participation in order to make the urban physical examination work from the perspective of people's needs, so that the interaction of the city, rather than blindly carried out. 7.How to improve the utilization rate of urban construction land under the new urbanization1. Concept: new urbanization; It is urbanization with the basic characteristics of urban-rural co-ordination, urban-rural integration, industrial interaction, intensive conservation, ecological livability and harmonious development, and is the coordinated development and mutual promotion of large and medium-sized cities, small towns and new rural communities. 2. Measures to improve the utilization rate of urban construction land: China's urbanization construction is in the process of shifting from an "extensive, GDP-led", unsustainable, and high-speed growth model to a medium-to-high-speed development oriented by ecological priority, sustainable urban development, and compact development. In the process of dynamic planning, the state has delineated: "three zones and three lines", and the implementation of "double evaluation" as a prerequisite for territorial spatial planning before the establishment of territorial space. All of them provide a powerful means for how to improve urban construction land measures in the context of new urbanization. The main manifestations are as follows: 1) Ecological priority development - sustainable development of urban resources, people-oriented, and improvement of human settlementsThe historical problems of China's dual urban development have become increasingly prominent with the rapid development of cities. To change the process of urbanization and industrialization at the expense of farmland and the ecological environment, the state has adopted top-down reform methods, first changing the extensive and low-cost unsustainable economic growth model to the planning concept of giving priority to the protection of the ecological environment, and providing the most fundamental principles for all kinds of development and construction activities. In the premise of territorial spatial planning, the first thing to carry out is the application of "double evaluation", that is, to evaluate the carrying capacity of the natural environment and the suitability of the territorial space before carrying out all activities, the core of which is to take the example of China's urban transformation to ecological transformation into the pursuit of quality, improve the ecological environment of the city, people-oriented, improve the new idea of urban development of human settlements. 2) Rigid control and flexible development - delineating the boundaries of urban growth and optimizing the urban pattern Under the influence of China's previous rapid growth, cities often spread out in a disorderly manner, and even encroached on rural land near cities, changed their land use functions, demarcated three districts and three lines, or implemented the overall planning of each city, all strongly determined the boundaries of urban development. It is used to limit the sprawl of the city and evacuate the population of the city to alleviate the burden of the city's transitional functions (e.g., the Beijing Master Plan (2017-2035)). The demarcation of the urban boundary line makes the city pay attention to the extension of development to the optimization of the internal structure of the city, and the process of urbanization is transformed from the pursuit of speed to the pursuit of quality, which is also conducive to the city to improve the sorting and renewal of the internal area of the city under the rigid control boundary restrictions, and more reflects the people-oriented and caring for the living environment of the residents in the city. 3) Revitalizing the stock space - In the process of improving the compact development of the city and the efficient use of resources, there are also outdated and relatively lagging industries or regions in the urbanization process. In the process of urban development, it is necessary to focus on identifying such areas and revitalizing the negative space of the city with stock planning. In the case of rigid urban boundary demarcation, optimize the structure of the city, improve the compact development of the city, and realize the economical, intensive, and efficient use of resources. 8.Community renewal strategies from the perspective of stock planning and development1. Background: With the process of urbanization in China, China's social contradiction has turned into a contradiction between the yearning for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. The speed-seeking and extensive urban growth model is no longer suitable for the next urban process, and the development of cities should shift from sprawl to the connotation improvement under constraints, and the excavation, trustworthiness and sorting out of urban stock space. Among them, community renewal and governance under the people's beautiful living life have become an important part of planning in the new era. 2. Definition: Stock planning: refers to the planning of optimizing the spatial structure of urban construction land mainly through the excavation, renewal and optimization of stock land under the condition that the urban space does not expand.
3. Strategy: 1) The transformation of planning ideas, to change quantity to quality, and optimize the pattern of human settlements and living environment in the transition period of China's urban planning, the people's growing needs for better needs are not one-to-one policy correspondence, but the adjustment of overall planning policies and the reform of the planning system. It is an important prerequisite to create a harmonious and livable environment to change the economic development model of "developing by quantity and striving for the rapid development of the city" to a people-oriented, caring for and the needs of the main body of the city, and governing the community environment and optimizing the pattern of human settlements. 2) Establish an open road pattern to alleviate the pressure of urban trafficWithin the living circle, service facilities and public spaces can be comfortably and conveniently walked, which has an important relationship with the road grid bureau. The large road spacing and excessively wide road width are not conducive to microcirculation and pedestrian safety, which further affects the comfortable accessibility of public facilities by residents. Therefore, the living circle needs to build an open and safe road pattern as a spatial foundation. 3) Establish a safe and comfortable walking network, promote low-carbon and safe travel in the community, take public transportation stations or public activity centers as the core, and encourage appropriate space and opportunities for nearby employment. It should advocate for multi-level public transportation, TOD-oriented station development, reasonable parking facilities, and a complete pedestrian network based on a system of "small blocks and dense road networks". 4) One of the ways to improve the quality of human settlements is to improve the quality of public service facilities and establish convenient and accessible high-quality regional services and multi-level community service systems. It will help meet the needs of different groups of people, encourage travel and enhance the vitality of the community. 5) Create a green, open, dynamic and pleasant public space, build an urban public space with diverse forms and content services, which can be more dynamic in the neighborhood, meet the daily recreation and leisure use of residents, enhance the communication and interaction of the community, and increase the overall identity of the community. It can also be pocket parks with different themes (such as sports parks, children's parks, etc.) and street green spaces to meet the needs of residents for leisure and recreation. 9.From the perspective of township construction, the key issues affecting the development of rural revitalization and the problems existing in township planning are discussed1. Background: As China's urbanization level enters the end of the accelerated stage, the economic construction model of rapid urbanization has gradually transformed from a new development strategy that prioritizes ecology and integrates urban and rural areas to support urban and industrial development, which is dominated by traditional GOP and sacrifices rural areas and farmland. In this context, the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in the context of new urbanization, put forward the strategy of rural revitalization, marking a new stage of China's urban-rural relations. In the new context, how to summarize the problems existing in the past township planning and further develop rural revitalization, so as to break the dual structure of urban and rural areas in the past, and a series of social problems brought about by the three rural issues. 2. Key issues in the development of rural revitalization 11 Top-level problem: The top-level design of rural revitalization is to strengthen the top-level design of policies and systems, to change the traditional leading to give full play to the role of market players, through reform and innovation, to eliminate the development of policies and institutional bottlenecks that are unfavorable to agriculture and rural areas, and to form a strong joint force of all walks of life to support the development of rural agriculture. 1.2 Extension problems: a. Format: Homogenization of rural industries, uneven product quality In recent years, the homogeneous development of rural industries has become increasingly serious, and there have been blind imitation of successful cases of rural development, and vigorously promote rural e-commerce, rural tourism and other phenomena. They are Xi to the traditional exchange method of "up and down", lack of in-depth understanding of the market and professional skills training, and are unable to provide products and high-quality services demanded by customers and markets. b. Ecology: The awareness of ecological protection is weak, the awareness of ecological protection in villages with fragile and sensitive environment is weak, the relevant laws and regulations are not perfect, and the residents' living behavior is not constrained. In addition, the construction of gray infrastructure in the village is not perfect, and sewage and garbage are disposed of at will, and the environment is gradually deteriorating. c. Culture: Copying the urban development model, the lack of inheritance of rural context, the construction of villages is still based on urban construction, the lack of self-excavation and utilization of rural connotation, the traditional buildings in the countryside are gradually demolished, and the tangible and intangible cultural heritage is being lost. The protection of rural culture is urgent. d. Liveliness: There is a big difference between urban and rural infrastructure, and the lack of rural vitality is huge, and the difference between urban and rural development is huge, mainly in education, medical care, pension, public service facilities, infrastructure, etc., resulting in the continuous outflow of rural population, and the gradual hollowing out of rural areas, and the lack of vitality. 3. Problems in rural planning: a. Ideas: From the perspective of the city, the urban development model is bluntly adopted: China's township planning has always been overforced, and the rural problem is not separated from the inherent development of the urban model, and the rural revitalization is simply believed to be a single financial support, real estate to the countryside, short-term high-intensity capital injection, etc., which does not cover the countryside and focus on farmers. B. Implementation: Rigid indicators, ignoring against the will of farmers: sometimes because of the forced index requirements, against the will of farmers, forcibly withdraw from the village and relocate, thinking that to improve the quality of life of farmers, is to force farmers to go upstairs, resulting in the loss of their original cultural context in the countryside, and has become the touchstone of capital operation. C. Management: strong and leading, detached from the rural main body of farmers' feelings: the implementation of urban planning is not in line with the actual situation in the countryside, detached from the wishes of farmers, and simply aims at economic and political performance10 Briefly describe the general requirements of rural revitalization and talk about what should be done for rural revitalization under territorial spatial planning? 1. Background: On October 18, 2017, the rural revitalization strategy was first proposed in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The report pointed out that the issue of agriculture and rural peasants is a fundamental issue that has a bearing on the national economy and the people's livelihood, and we must always regard the solution of the "three rural" issues as the top priority of the whole party's work. In the context of territorial spatial planning, rural revitalization should start with village planning, and comprehensively carry out research on rural revitalization in terms of rural production, life, ecology, and governance. 2. The general requirements of rural revitalization include five aspects: industrial prosperity, ecological livability, rural civilization, effective governance, and affluent life. Among them, industrial prosperity is the cornerstone of rural revitalization; Ecological livability is ecological energy storage: accumulating high-quality development momentum under ecological advantages and improving the ecological security system. On the basis of the national ecological redline scope, other ecological regions such as reservoir management, farmland protection, forest land protection, and infrastructure corridors have been integrated to form a map of global management and control, and strict control measures have been formulated. Accumulating ecological momentum. Innovate the ecology into a new form of expression, so that more people don't want to leave, and they still want to come; Attract the power of innovation through ecological advantages, and realize the value of ecology at a higher level; Finally, through the integration of science and technology, talents, industry and ecology, the development momentum will be improved. Create eco-efficient transformations. Equal services: Make up for the shortcomings of rural services in the construction of micro-livelihoods, actively promote the integration of infrastructure, and strive to improve infrastructure construction and service levels. Shorten the gap between urban and rural infrastructure construction, make up for the shortcomings of rural construction, and actively carry out the construction of public service facilities such as rural medical care, education, elderly care, and new infrastructure. Efforts will be made to implement inclusive livelihood projects, and the urban micro-livelihood brand will continue to sink and extend to the countryside. Mechanism innovation: accelerate the two-way flow of urban and rural elements in mechanism innovationFrom the perspective of "people", let local villagers "get up", let people who go out "return to their hometowns", and "bring in" diverse talents, so that multiple subjects in the whole society can participate in rural construction. From the perspective of "land", we should deepen the reform of the "separation of three rights" of contracted land, explore the realization form of "separation of three rights" of homesteads, help the integration of rural industries through point land supply, and continuously reform and innovate the land system. From the perspective of "money", on the one hand, financial incentives and subsidies are inclined to rural areas; On the other hand, we should extensively guide and leverage all kinds of capital to invest in rural areas and form a multi-capital co-construction mechanism. 4. Summarize that rural revitalization is the focus of national work at this stage, and in the context of territorial spatial planning, rural revitalization can be helped through multiple perspectives such as regional coordination, industrial promotion, ecological energy storage, service equality, and mechanism innovation.
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