Life is inherently a death in a hundred years, and no one in the powerful and rich and commoners Li Shu can escape this ending, and the Chinese have been thinking about life and death since a long time ago, and some people have great awe of this ending.
For example, there is a great terror between life and death; Some people lament that life is short, for example, the deceased is like a husband, reluctant to give up day and night.
Under the mixture of many emotions such as awe, emotion, reluctance, fear, etc., people have created many words describing death, and using these words full of emotions to describe the deceased and remember the deceased.
Attentive people may notice that the words "all year round" and "old age" sometimes appear in those words that describe death.
For ordinary people, "year-round" and "year-round" are not difficult to understand, both have the meaning of representing the age of the deceased, but the details of it, when, under what circumstances, for whom the death, with the year-round or the year-round, most people are not very clear.
Chinese characters, which have a long history of thousands of years, are one of the oldest surviving scripts in the world, and the only ancient writing system still in use.
For example, ancient knotted ropes, Cangjie characters, pictorial notes, and so on.
But no matter which way it is said, it recognizes the development and evolution of Chinese characters from form and meaning to form and sound, from pictographic to symbolic.
From ancient times to the need to describe ideologies and inherit ideas, the Chinese nation created and appeared in writing, and now Chinese characters carry Chinese culture and popularize the world, and for thousands of years, there are too many contents of the Chinese nation's history, evolution, culture, economy, politics and folk customs.
Each Chinese character can tell a story, tell a legend, and write a thick book, especially the combination of Chinese characters and words, each word will not only have a specific meaning, but also contain political ideas, cultural evolution, and folk etiquette in the historical background of the time.
Therefore, the words of Chinese characters are not only a simple permutation and combination of literal meanings, but also a combination and collision of ancient culture and thought, and the appearance of many specific words itself represents the creator's control and management of national politics, as well as the understanding and continuation of folk culture.
For example, the first female emperor Wu Zetian created the word "Cao" for herself, which was created to set off Wu Zetian's wisdom and martial arts, and to be above board, so a combination of the sun and the moon was taken to entrust Wu Zetian to hope that his position in history would be long-lasting and eternal.
The emergence of "曌" is a typical national ruler out of political needs, and through the extension of culture, folk customs, etc., to recreate Chinese characters.
On the one hand, Wu Zetian hopes that he can have a unique representative text, and on the other hand, Wu Zetian is afraid that the innovation of words that is too unique will make it impossible for the people to understand and remember.
Therefore, in the selection of characters and the innovation of glyphs, the most common Chinese characters are used to facilitate the recognition and understanding of the public.
On the separate character of "曌", even descendants who have never seen or know each other can immediately understand the general meaning of this character when they see "曌", and to a certain extent, understand the direction of use and the ceremonial status of the word "曌".
And this is one of the infinite charms of Chinese characters, one word into a text, one word into a book, and one word into a story.
In the history of Chinese writing, there are many words and phrases like "曌", for example, the Southern Han Emperor Liu during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period created a character " as his own unique name.
And the Chinese characters used in this " character are also the dragon and the sky that the people are very familiar with, which means that the dragon flies in the sky, supreme and exclusive in the world.
Emperor Liu of the Southern Han Dynasty is not a very famous emperor in Chinese history, but because he coined the word "", it is often mentioned by descendants who study Chinese history and Chinese culture.
From this point of view, the Southern Han Emperor Liu's purpose of creating characters can be regarded as achieved.
In addition to the words created by the rulers of the country, more Chinese characters and words are created by people according to their needs in daily life and production.
For example, in the Qing Dynasty's ** "Strange Status Quo Witnessed in Twenty Years", there is an obituary description of his father's death, which uses the words "Spring and Autumn Forty-five Years Old", and the author's explanation is that his father died at the age of forty-five, and it is inconvenient to write "Xiangshou".
The use of "enjoy the year" and think that the year is not enjoyable, some words do not express, and the use of words such as "denian" is not very respectful, so the use of the word "spring and autumn" not only vaguely the problem of age, but also seems simple and generous.
Here, because of the age of his father at the time of his death, the author first denied the use of the word "longevity" in the obituary.
Secondly, the author does not recognize the word "enjoying the years", and other words are not very suitable, and finally after careful consideration he uses the word "spring and autumn" that is not very appropriate, but the author feels good about himself.
What happened to this incident is actually a very typical case of word making and word use.
Due to the lack of scientific knowledge in ancient times, the ancients were very in awe of many natural phenomena that could not be explained at that time, so in life and production, many customs and etiquette were also produced, and the ancients would adjust the etiquette and words because of some taboos and preferences in the specific implementation.
After this situation has been passed down for a long time, many similar but different words have appeared, just like the words "year-round" and "enjoyment" often appear in memorial texts, obituaries and other texts.
In the long-term inheritance and use of Chinese characters, the use methods and internal meanings of the two words "year-round" and "enjoyment" are similar and different, plausible but not true, due to the user's identity, status, preferences, habits and other reasons.
Although it cannot be said that the misuse of the two words will cause much harm or impact, the misuse of the two words will also reflect the user's mastery and personal knowledge of Chinese characters, and it will also show the user's respect and intentions for the deceased.
From this point of view, the use of the terms "year-round" and "enjoyment" should be valued and distinguished.
The words "year-round" and "longevity" mostly appear in memorial texts, obituaries and other texts about death and death, so in the environment in which the words are used and the use of the words, they carry the understanding and concept of human life and death in Chinese culture.
Its words and sentences are very serious in the feudal society with strict etiquette, and they also contain the identity and status of the deceased and the emotional expression of the mourners.
In ancient times, due to the standard of living, human life was very short, when the ancients lived to a certain age, all aspects of the body's function and health will decline, so that people suffer from various diseases.
Therefore, in the thinking of the ancients, there was the idea of life and sorrow, death and suffering, and the concepts and views on life and death were equal in a certain cognition - people should pay attention to etiquette when they live, and they should not lack etiquette when they die.
Under this general understanding of life and death, Confucianism, which occupies the dominant position of ideology in feudal society, also has a lot of content and regulations on the etiquette of death for the purpose of cultural power and ideological control.
If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand, Confucianism attaches great importance to the importance of etiquette, and the regulations on death etiquette in life and death are also very strict and strict.
In the mourning rites advocated by Confucianism, the specific provisions on the "fierce rites" in terms of funerals and disasters are generally divided into five types, funeral rites, desolation rites, condolence rites, juniper rites, and compassionate rites, which correspond to death, rebellion, calamity, siege, and rebellion.
In Confucianism and culture, these etiquettes, which have been carefully prescribed and concretely arranged, are especially careful in the choice of words and sentences, and through these tedious and profound cultural uses, the identity and status of Confucian scholars are distinguished from ordinary people.
The difference between the social and cultural status of the deceased and the mourners is manifested in the process and cost of funeral rites on the one hand, and in the writing of memorial texts and obituaries that have been passed down to future generations on the other hand.
It is recorded in the Book of Rites: Qu Lixia: "The death of the Son of Heaven is said to collapse, the princes are said to be dead, the doctors are said to be dead, the scholars are said to be Bulu, and the people are said to be dead."
This practice of adopting different names for the different social status of the deceased was very common in ancient feudal rites and funeral rites.
Moreover, in ancient times, there was no text.
First, there is no second martial arts, and the literati are very keen to compare and compete in terms of personal knowledge and cultural literacy.
Therefore, many literary extensions and innovations have been made in life, death, and reminiscence, which has also led to the ancient literati using many words and paying attention to the psychological perception and emotional sustenance based on the concept of life and death.
This expansion and penetration of Confucianism and Confucian culture in folk etiquette is also an important part of Chinese culture.
Through words such as "year-round", "year-round", "spring and autumn", and "death", in addition to a set of relatively fixed funeral rites, the nobility of the identity of the deceased, as well as the literacy and literary style of the writer.
This practice of looking at the big picture in a small place and listening to thunder in a silent place is exactly what Confucianism has used and admired for a long time.
Therefore, the writers of ancient characters will emphasize the use and function of words such as "year-round" and "year-end".
From the perspective of the use of modern words, the difference between "enjoying the year" and "year-round" does not seem to be very big, but there is a big difference between the two words in Chinese culture.
In an ancient memorial text, the memorial once wrote: Another ten years, cultivated as a straight bachelor of Longtu Pavilion and a scribe of the Ministry of Langzhong, stayed in Nanjing, and Mrs. Tai finally died at the age of seventy.
Those who enjoy it, offer also; The term "longevity" used here represents the respect of the descendants for the ancestors, and belongs to the use of honorific descriptions of the life span of the ancestors.
In other words, the sense of the word "longevity" is respect, not respect, if the mourner or the person who wrote the essay is equal to the deceased, or the social status of the deceased is ordinary, then this word is generally not used.
In addition, the word "longevity" also has the meaning of describing the long-term existence of the person, and when expressed in this regard, it means to praise an event or thing.
For example, it is recorded in the Book of Sui, Art Biography, Yu Jicai: "King Wu of the former Zhou Dynasty set the world in February Jiazi and died at the age of 800. What is expressed here is the sigh and admiration of later generations for the long duration of the Zhou Dynasty.
In Chinese culture, there is the idea that the deceased is great, and the remembrance, remembrance, praise, and comments of the deceased will basically be added to the half-grade or first-class.
After years of long-term evolution, the use of the word "longevity" in funeral writing is now not only based on status, but also on age.
In general, for those who have passed away over the age of 60, it is appropriate for mourners to use the word "old age" to describe the age of the deceased.
Year-round, the term is used in many directions in ordinary life, for example, "Mozi Jieyong" wrote: "The long one lasts all year round, and the fast one lasts for several months";
For example, Tang Luo Bingwang wrote in "Zhang Sima Qi of Shangyanzhou": "Fang wants to close the door but sweep, and raise clumsy to live all year round";
For another example, as written in "Water Margin", Lei Heng once said: "After the younger brother sends his mother to the end of the year, he will come to the same place";
These have the meaning of the whole year, the end of the year or until death, and there is not much difference in terms of color, but as a unit of measurement or measurement.
However, when it comes to the use of memorial texts, obituaries, etc., the use of the word "year-round" when describing the age of the deceased is higher than words such as "died in", but slightly lower than words such as "enjoying the age".
The word year-round has a certain emotional meaning, this feeling is not praise or depreciation, but a kind of sigh with regret, a kind of reluctance to leave the world, but also a kind of respect for human life.
With the development of the times and social progress, many of the funeral rites and words in feudal etiquette have been no longer used.
However, for the advantages of the ancestral customs and culture, future generations should still inherit them, and the advantages of these customs and culture are not only the inheritance of China's thousand-year-old ritual music, but also the embodiment of Chinese civilization's respect for the old and social progress.
In ancient China, when it comes to the question of life and death, it will always make people feel uncomfortable, and the attitude of Confucianism towards life and death is relatively vague.
However, this attitude of vaguely blurring the concept of life and death does not affect the play of Confucianism in rituals and religions.
"Etiquette" is the core of Confucianism, in Confucius thought or the mainstream thought of ancient China, etiquette not only needs to be observed in personal words and deeds, but more importantly, in social activities must also be observed.
Therefore, under the control of Confucianism, in the event of human death, there is the existence of "rites" everywhere, and there are manifestations of "rites" everywhere.
The ancients expressed their emotions in life and death through the nuances of etiquette and words in the text, and at the same time continued the inheritance of Confucian culture and promoted the social order of etiquette, rather than advocating extravagant funerals to reflect the feelings of the living for the dead.
This kind of thinking of governing the country and the people through etiquette is one of the manifestations of the advanced nature and integrity of the Chinese civilization, and is also one of the important factors in the enduring and continuous development of the Chinese civilization.
The ancient etiquette and religious ideas represented by the words "year-round" and "year-end" are Chinese culture, social traditions, and the human feelings and worldliness that the Chinese have upheld for thousands of years.
[1] "Language Construction".Baoyu Pillar. "All year round" and "all year round".Year 2001. Issue 07. p. 30