1. Development background, development process and classification of agricultural parks(1) Development backgroundIn the early 90s of the last century, the level of development of China's agricultural productive forces was greatly improved, which required the reorganization of the factors of production and a breakthrough in the form of organization. The modern agricultural system means modern equipment, modern science and technology, modern development concepts and modern farmers, and the country's economy at that time was still dominated by small farmers and **, how to transform the traditional agricultural system of the small peasant economy into a modern agricultural system? They urgently need a new form of organization, as well as a new science and technology to drive and demonstrate, and the agricultural park is such a new oneForm of organization。With the implementation of the household responsibility system and the development of the market economy, the original agricultural science and technology extension system urgently needs to be reformed. The emergence of agricultural demonstration parks has found a way for the promotion of new agricultural technologies and the close integration of agricultural science and technology with the rural economyEffective way。The agricultural science and technology park is the product of the impact of the world's advanced agricultural facilities and high technology on China's traditional agriculture. The development of agricultural science and technology parks is a realistic choice for bringing China's agricultural products into line with the international market and coping with the challenges of the WTO. With the acceleration of economic development and urbanization, the people have spiritual needs such as sightseeing, leisure and tourism, and the agricultural science and technology park is also the product of urban leisure and tourism agriculture. (2) Development historyAfter analysis and induction, I divide the development of modern agricultural parks into four stages:1.Start-up exploration phase (1994-2000). The mode of agricultural production has gradually transitioned from traditional to modern intensive; It is marked by the Beijing Sino-Israeli Demonstration Farm and Shanghai Sunqiao Modern Agricultural Development Zone, which were established around 1994. 2.Normative development stage (2001-2009). In 2001, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Agriculture were entrusted to take the lead, and the six ministries and commissions jointly implemented the national project of agricultural science and technology park. Through the introduction of a series of policy documents and management measures, the agricultural park has gradually entered the track of standardization and development; Since then, a large number of different types of parks have appeared, such as sightseeing agricultural parks, fruit and vegetable picking gardens, animal husbandry parks, agricultural and sideline product processing parks, leisure agricultural parks, resorts, folk tourist villages, ecological farms, and agricultural product logistics parks. 3.Maturity and Improvement Stage (2010-2015). During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China has generally entered a critical period of accelerating the transformation of traditional agriculture and taking the road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics. Marked by the creation of national modern agricultural demonstration zones, a series of national modern agricultural demonstration zones and provincial modern agricultural demonstration zones have been built in the country, and as of 2015, China has identified a total of 283 national modern agricultural demonstration zones. 4.Breakthrough promotion stage (2016-present). The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed for the first time to implement the rural revitalization strategy and adhere to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas. After the "13th Five-Year Plan", with the creation of a national modern agricultural industrial park as a symbol, special emphasis is placed on the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries to drive farmers and revitalize the countryside, focusing on the integration of industry and city, industry and town, and integration of industry and village. (3) Main functionsIn terms of the functions of agricultural parks, the traditional functions of agricultural parks are mainly high-quality production, processing, demonstration and driving functions, education functions and leisure and sightseeing functions. With the improvement of people's consumption and living standards and the changes in the organizational form of the entire agricultural production, in order to better integrate with international standards, the functions of the agricultural park have been further expanded, and a series of "centers" have been established: production centers (land, varieties, technologies, talents, production materials, etc.), incubation centers (R&D, innovation, entrepreneurship, one-stop services), investment promotion centers (business activities, marketing activities), and logistics centers (sorting, packaging, distribution, and traceability). At present, the modern agricultural park has the role of promoting the development of regional modern agriculture, demonstrating and promoting modern agricultural technology, cultivating new professional farmers, promoting the effective connection between farmers and the market, and expanding multiple functions of agriculture. (4) Main typesThe agricultural park is a concentration area for agriculture-related projects with a specific purpose and theme. China's agricultural parks mainly include (but are not limited to) the following types, each of which involves different competent departments or implementing entities: agricultural science and technology parks (Ministry of Science and Technology), agricultural demonstration parks, modern agricultural industrial parks (national and provincial and municipal agricultural departments), agricultural comprehensive development demonstration zones (agricultural comprehensive offices), sightseeing agricultural parks, modern agricultural estates (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tourism Bureau, General Administration of Agricultural Reclamation, private enterprises), agricultural ecological demonstration parks (various types of private enterprises), agricultural characteristic towns (provincial agricultural departments), pastoral complexes National Demonstration Park for the Integrated Development of Rural Industries (** fromInternational agricultural parksThere are four types combed through:demonstrate farm: Demonstration farms with the theme of promoting advanced and applicable technologies; 2. holiday farm: Holiday farms with the theme of agricultural tourism and leisure; 3. agri.&tech.parkWith the theme of science and technology display, demonstration and industrial incubation, focus on the demonstration, industrial development and training of agricultural high-tech; 4. educational farm: With young students as the main service object, it provides agricultural cognition, experience and related teaching services. 2. Theoretical basis for the development of agricultural parks(1) Relevant theoriesSince the development of agricultural parks, many theories have provided support for them, and the following theories are closely related to the development of agricultural parks: 1Agricultural location theoryTaking the city as the center, dividing different agricultural types according to the distance from the city has a very important guiding significance for the spatial layout and production division of the park. The theory places special emphasis on designing the functions and positioning goals of the park according to the distance of the city. 2.Development Pole TheoryEmphasizing the role of the central city as an industrial center and market hub. It is emphasized that agricultural parks should become the growth poles of the regional agricultural economy, and that agricultural parks should promote the development of surrounding rural areas through agglomeration and diffusion of new agricultural technologies. 3.Agroecological agriculture theoryThis theory holds that the agroecosystem is composed of subsystems such as agricultural organisms, agricultural environment and resources, and agricultural technology and economy. These subsystems work together to promote the development of complex ecological agriculture as the core and promote the sustainable and stable development of the park. 4.High-tech transformation of traditional agricultural theoryThis theory emphasizes the penetration of high and new technologies into all stages of traditional agriculture, and it is necessary to use high and new technologies to extend the industrial chain and expand related industries. It puts forward clear requirements for the target positioning, development direction, operation means and business mode of the construction of modern agricultural parks, and has a good guiding role. 5.Agricultural Interface Engineering TheoryTheory of agricultural high-tech industrialization(2) The "four causes" theory of the planning and construction of modern agricultural parksThe theory emphasizes that in the process of planning and construction of modern agricultural parks, it is necessary to fully study the basic conditions, combine the development trends and policy conditions at home and abroad, rely on important key figures, and clarify the main problems to be solved, so as to plan and build the park well. The theory can be summed up in 16 words, that is, "adapt measures to local conditions, guide according to the situation, achieve things according to people, and see coincidences because it is difficult". 
The theory of "four causes" has been well applied in different links or chains such as investment, planning, operation and later maintenance and management of agricultural parks. 3. The main operation mode of the modern agricultural park(1) The concept of park operationPark operation, that is, the development and operation process of the park includes three major links: planning and design, construction and investment promotion and operation of the park. Operation organization refers to the relevant organization involved in the investment and development, operation management, and industrial participation of the park. The main body of the organization mainly includes the competent authorities, industrial entities (enterprises, cooperatives, family farms, farmers, etc.), scientific and technological support units, etc. According to different standards, the operating model is classified differently:1According toInvestment entities and operating entitiesThe situation is divided into agricultural parks: ** leading, enterprise operation mode; Autonomous operation mode of enterprises; Hospital-local cooperation model; Government-enterprise joint model. 2.According toDivision of labor and chain participation of industrial entitiesThe agricultural park can be divided into: the whole industry chain type, leisure and sightseeing type, three industry integration type and science and technology leading type. 3.Other categories: degree of industrial agglomeration, land use status, competent authorities, etc. (2) Operation mode (classified according to the industrial chain).Whole industry chainThe whole agricultural industry chain is an organic whole that is closely related, effectively connected, coupled and coordinated with the main body of agricultural R&D, production, processing, storage and transportation, sales, brand, experience, consumption, service and other links. Therefore, in order to build a complete and complete agricultural industry chain park, it is not only necessary to extend the industrial chain, but also to focus on large-scale leading industries, build standardized raw material bases, develop refined comprehensive processing, build a systematic logistics network, carry out brand marketing, and promote socialized full service. In addition, in order to be able to drive the development of the surrounding areas, it is required to improve the interest connection mechanism as a link to promote the extension of the chain, the supplement chain, the strong chain, and the excellent chain; It is also necessary to improve the support system, integrate the innovation chain, optimize the first chain, improve the value chain, and smooth the capital chain. Taking Shandong Surabaya Modern Agriculture (Sweet Potato) Industrial Park as an example, the county's perennial sweet potato planting area is 150,000 mu, and the surrounding counties, districts and cities are planted with 600,000 mu. In 2021, the total output value of the industrial park will be 271.6 billion yuan, the per capita disposable income of farmers in the park is higher than that of the county 387%。In April 2022, it was shortlisted for the 2022 National Modern Agricultural Industrial Park Creation List. The park is set "Seedling breeding, green planting, fresh storage, deep processing, brand marketing, culture and leisure"The development pattern of the whole industry chain in one. Typical practices are: (1).The faucet drives to increase the added value of sweet potatoes。11 at the municipal level, 1 at the provincial level and 1 at the national level. （2）**Leading, building a regional brand。Participate in agricultural exhibitions, agricultural fairs, agricultural fairs, and brand promotion meetings organized across the country. From 2019 to 2021, three consecutive sessions of the (Surabaya) Sweet Potato Industry Development Conference have been held. （3）Linking agriculture with agriculture stimulates the vitality of the main body of prosperity。The "Implementation Opinions on Deepening Rural Revitalization and Accelerating the Development of Industries to Enrich the People" has been formulated and promulgated, and the county finance has set up a special fund of 10 million yuan for the development of industries to enrich the people every year; The "Several Measures to Support the Construction of Sweet Potato Industry in Surabaya County" has been formulated and promulgated, and the county's sweet potato enterprises, cooperatives, family farms and large farmers have been rewarded and subsidized. （4）Wisdom empowerment gives the industry "digital wings".。Use mobile phones, computers, etc. to guide production through clients such as agricultural technology extension apps. 2.Leisure and sightseeingExpand the construction content and planning scope in the park, increase the number of different forms of industrial monomers, give full play to the advantages and interaction between various forms of agricultural science and technology, combine with leisure and tourism, and show the new look of modern urban agriculture and new leisure and tourism industry. Area development model。Relying on the natural and beautiful rural scenery of the region, the comfortable and pleasant fresh climate, the unique geothermal hot springs, and the environmentally friendly and ecological green space, combined with the surrounding pastoral landscape and folk culture, leisure and entertainment facilities are built and leisure services are provided. Popular science education model。Agricultural science and technology education base, sightseeing, sports and leisure education, children's education agricultural base, agricultural expo park. Folk customs tourism model。With rural customs and folk culture as tourist attraction, we will fully highlight the characteristics of farming culture, local culture and folk culture, and develop leisure tourism activities such as farming displays, folk skills, seasonal folk customs, festivals, folk songs and dances. Leisure farm or tourist farm mode。Experience the style of modern agriculture, participate in agricultural work, fishing, and recreation. 3.Three-industry integration typeWith the basic formation of a new pattern of complete industrial chain, diverse functions, rich business forms, close interest connection, and more coordinated integration of industry and city, it is urgent to develop the integration of various industries in agricultural parks, so as to accelerate the adjustment of agricultural structure, extend the agricultural industrial chain, expand multiple functions of agriculture, vigorously develop new agricultural formats, continuously improve the level of integrated development of rural industries, and guide the development of industrial agglomeration. 4.Technology-ledThe science and technology-led park is a centralized experiment, demonstration, training and display of new varieties, new agronom, new materials, and new planting models in a given area. China is striving to build agricultural science and technology parks into an innovative highland for the cultivation, transfer and transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, the core carrier of agricultural high-tech industries and their service industries, an important position for rural mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and a demonstration model for the integrated development of production, towns and villages and comprehensive rural reform. FourthProblems and countermeasures in the construction of the park(1) There are problems1.The problem of homogenization is serious, and the construction is repeated at a low level。The industrial characteristics of the agricultural park are not obvious, and the regional industrial advantages are not prominent; The primary business is the mainstay, the assimilation is serious, and the competitiveness is insufficient; The theme of agricultural leisure is not clear, and there is a lack of products with high added value, strong participation, and catering to the tastes of tourists. 2.The system and mechanism are not smooth enough, and the management of the park needs to be strengthened。The governance structure is flawed, and the park is not worthy of its name; Lack of experience management and lack of professional management team; Conservative operation and management. 3.Lack of long-term planning and unclear market positioning。The short-term development of the park cannot be combined with the long-term development; The development direction of the park is not focused, the industrial scale is small, and the industrial chain is short; Product development lacks market appeal. 4.Factors (land, capital, science and technology, talents) are not in place, and policy support needs to be strengthened. (2) Policy recommendations1.Clarify the positioning and build and improve the industrial park system。Clarify the positioning of agricultural parks, closely integrate with long-term regional development, and form a modern agricultural industrial park system that basically covers national leaders, provincial backbones, city and county leading and characteristic industries; build a modern agricultural industrial system, production system, and management system; Lead the construction of a high-quality model, a green development model, and a construction management model for farmers and rich farmers in the agricultural belt. 2.Cultivate the main body and stimulate the vitality of the park's industry。Cultivating a strong faucet. Explore the "chain master system" and lead the "chain team" and "chain farmer"; Nurturing new farmers. Adopt methods such as internal education and external introduction, open cooperation, etc., to guide entrepreneurs such as "Tian Xiucai", "soil experts" and "township makers" to enter the park; Attract high-level talents. Give full play to the role of "strong magnetic field" of talents in the park and attract high-level professionals to settle in the park. 3.Innovation and empowerment to enhance the development momentum of the park。Improve the level of material equipment. the application and promotion of advanced agricultural facilities and equipment, the whole process of food mechanization, "machine substitution", etc.; Improve the level of science and technology services. Explore effective mechanisms for the maturation and application of scientific and technological achievements, and establish a public service platform covering agricultural product quality traceability testing, agricultural technology training, agricultural information services, agricultural product e-commerce, warehousing and logistics, etc.; Improve the level of digital intelligence management. Promote the digital transformation of agriculture. 4.Mechanism innovation to improve the quality and efficiency of the development of the park。Adhere to the "first stage, diversified investment, market operation, industrial park"; Improve and improve the management mechanism, and clarify the main body of construction and operation; the implementation of financial guidance and diversified investment; Carry out performance management, dynamic evaluation, etc.
The author of the article is Wang Xiang, a researcher at the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and this article is based on the second phase of the annual series of activities of the 14th China County Modern Agricultural Development High-level Conference: "Seminar on the Construction and Operation Management of Modern Agricultural Parks". 
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