On June 17, China's "Fujian Ship" was successfully launched amid applause, and this large conventionally powered aircraft carrier independently developed by China and equipped with electromagnetic catapult devices marked a new step in China's national defense strength.
The news of this news made every Chinese feel extremely proud and proud, and at the same time, they were deeply emotional. In the distant past, China was a poor and weak country, but now, under the leadership of the party, it has become the second largest country in the world in terms of overall strength, and this achievement is undoubtedly a miracle.
Looking back at China's 100-year history, we can truly feel the bitterness and pain behind these changes. Leaving aside the national mourning before the founding of the People's Republic of China, we have also experienced many external crises since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
In the past years, China had close exchanges with Tsarist Russia in the north, which made the conflict between the two countries caused by the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations in the sixties and seventies the most serious moment.
Even *** once said: "* Leaders don't concentrate in Beijing!" For China at that time, the "Battle of Yaksa" during the Qing Dynasty and the continuous activities of Tsarist Russia in the northwest and northeast of China in the late Qing Dynasty undoubtedly became an unforgettable national shame.
However, since the overthrow of Tsarist Russia by the "February Revolution" and the Soviet power that followed the "October Revolution" raised the banner of the Red Revolution, the Chinese people's confidence in resisting foreign aggression and fighting for national independence has also increased.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Sino-Soviet relations have become the most important diplomatic relations in China, and we hope that with the help of the Soviet Union, we can quickly get rid of the status of a backward agricultural country.
However, since the death of Stalin, the newly appointed Khrushchev became arrogant and arrogant, and gradually embarked on the path of hegemonism, which gradually moved Sino-Soviet relations in a new direction.
Since the successful development of the atomic bomb by the United States, nuclear power has become an important guarantee for a country's survival. At that time, the newly established New China desperately hoped that the Soviet Union would help in the nuclear field.
At first, the attitude of the Soviet Union was positive, and a series of technical cooperation agreements were signed with China. However, they have always had reservations about China, not only not allowing Chinese scientists to take notes while they are in attendance, but also slow to fulfill their promise to provide promised materials and samples.
Although *** was dissatisfied with the arrogance of the Soviets, he still tried to maintain relations between the two countries. However, in the 1958 year, the Soviet Union succeeded in creating the first nuclear-powered submarine.
In order to ensure communication between the ships and the base, the Soviet Union planned to build a long-wave radio station on Hainan Island. If radio stations were to be built in the Soviet Union, the quality of communications would be difficult to guarantee and costly.
Therefore, the USSR turned to Hainan Island. In April of that year, the Soviet Ministry of Defense sent a telegram to our Minister of Defense, suggesting that China use its long and narrow coastline and weak naval strength to build a joint fleet and build a military long-wave radio station on Hainan Island.
The Soviet proposal attracted *** attention, but he also saw through the intentions of the Soviet Union, which wanted to control China's military power by building radio stations and a combined fleet.
** Resolutely defended national sovereignty, rejected the unreasonable demands of the Soviet Union, and all costs were borne by China, but the use of sovereignty must be completely owned by China. However, the Soviet side was unhappy with this and insisted on sharing, which was rejected by China.
Khrushchev was outraged by this, so he began to make things difficult for China on the issue of military aid. In 1959, the Soviet Union unilaterally announced a two-year postponement of the supply of atomic bomb samples to China on the grounds of international nuclear disarmament.
In July 1960, Khrushchev recalled all Soviet scientists in China, took all the experimental data with him, and completely stopped the aid to China with two bombs.
Only 17 days after the evacuation of Soviet experts, China's first domestically produced ballistic missile, Dongfeng-1, was successfully launched, much to the joy of the Chinese people. In this regard, ** warned Qian Xuesen, "You still have to be self-reliant, rely on foreign aid, and if people don't give it, you won't have it." ”
Although the withdrawal of aid from the Soviet Union dealt a heavy blow to China's two-bomb undertaking and forced China to embark on the path of completely independent research and development, it was a dangerous road full of challenges, but it was not a hopeless and hopeless road.
Because we have outstanding scientists such as Qian Xuesen, Deng Jiaxian, and Yu Min, who are China's king of missiles, the heroes of the atomic bomb, and the father of the hydrogen bomb. It was their selfless dedication and perseverance that enabled China to successfully launch atomic and hydrogen bombs in 1964 and 1967, breaking the West's nuclear monopoly and mitigating the threat of nuclear blackmail.
Only with reliable means of nuclear delivery and sufficient nuclear reserves can we truly deter the enemy. The Soviet Union succeeded in the atomic bomb in 1949, but its atomic bomb technology did not make a qualitative leap forward until 1951 and mass production began.
For example, in 1961, the Soviet Union tested a hydrogen bomb called "Tsar", the power of this super hydrogen bomb is equivalent to 50 million tons of TNT explosives, which directly caused the Eurasian continent to be translated by nine millimeters, and its electromagnetic pulse caused a global radio outage of up to one hour.
Despite the horror of the "Tsar" hydrogen bomb, in the original design concept of the Soviets, the design yield of the Tsar Bomba could even reach 100 million tons. In contrast, the nuclear bombs that China built at that time were much more modest, with a yield of only tens of thousands of tons.
Moreover, our country's nuclear ** cannot catch up with the USSR not only in terms of quality, but also in quantity. The Soviets already possessed more than 4,000 nuclear bombs and more than 1,000 intercontinental missiles in the sixties, while China's nuclear warheads are only a few hundred officially released today, and China did not have intercontinental missiles capable of hitting Moscow at that time.
This means that in the sixties, China still faced serious external threats. The Soviet Union, with its powerful force, constantly provoked China, deploying twenty-five divisions on China's northwestern border alone, maintaining a threatening posture against China.
To the northeast, something disturbing happened on Zhenbao Island in Hulin County, Heilongjiang Province. From 1964 to 1969, the Soviet Union crossed the border sixteen times, preventing patrols by Chinese border guards, and several clashes broke out between the two sides.
In particular, on January 5, 1968, the Soviets crossed the border to harass the island of Qiliqin, triggering clashes between fishermen and them, and some people were injured. During this period, the Soviets not only created friction on the border with China, but even threatened our stability and homeland security.
As early as the end of the Qing Dynasty, the weak and incompetent Qing ** signed the "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty" with Tsarist Russia, according to international practice, the eastern section of the border between the two countries is usually based on the center line of the main channel of the river and the point of the mountain riding line as the standard, but the Soviet Union changed it without authorization and invaded the territory of China.
Ignoring conventions, the Soviet Union forcibly designated the Ussuri River and the Heilongjiang River as inland rivers, and occupied more than 800 islands with a total area of more than 1,000 square kilometers, and even arrogantly said that China's northern border should be bounded by the Great Wall.
However, at that time, China was poor and weak, unable to go head-to-head with superpowers like the United States and the Soviet Union, and could only oppose the unreasonable behavior of the Soviet Union through ** and negotiations. Regrettably, the Soviet Union did not rein in because of this, and the conflicts on the eastern section of the Sino-Soviet border became more and more frequent, and many soldiers and civilians were attacked and provoked by Soviet border soldiers in the normal course of operations and patrols.
The old man Cao Jianhua recalled the past and was full of emotion: "The atrocities of the Soviet army are unacceptable, and their cruelty is unbearable. Only by experiencing their atrocities first-hand can we truly understand what it feels like to be unbearable. ”
However, the Soviets forgot that poverty does not mean weakness, and concession does not mean cowardice. Although China has been bullied for more than 100 years in modern times, when this nation is cornered, it will inevitably show incomparable courage and determination, just like the "Historical Records" said, "A husband is angry, and blood is splashed in five steps".
In the year that followed, the conflict escalated, and finally the Shenyang and Beijing Military Regions had to be ordered to launch a targeted counterattack against the invading Soviet troops at the right time.
In March 1969, the Soviet army invaded Zhenbao Island in an attempt to suppress our border guards with the support of aircraft, tanks and armored vehicles. However, our border guards showed no weakness and put up a heroic resistance.
After fierce fighting, the Soviet army wounded more than 50 people, of which 48 were killed, 8 were wounded, 4 armed vehicles of various types were destroyed, and many ** equipment including a T-62 tank were captured.
Our side also paid the price, ** fifty-four people, of which twenty were sacrificed. This is the "Zhenbao Island Incident" that shocked China and the rest of the world. It is worth mentioning that the wrecked T-62 tank played an important role in the conflict on Zhenbao Island.
When the tank was blown up in the battle and lay down, he personally called Xiao Quanfu, who commanded the battle on the front line, and instructed him to take it back. ** Emphasize that this has not only military significance, but also political significance.
The recapture of this tank demonstrated to the whole world the strong determination and resolute stand of our country and forcefully countered the provocative acts of the Soviet Union.
The witness of this history is that China started from the reverse research and development of tanks, which promoted the progress of China's tank technology. Today, the tank is still on display at the Museum of Chinese Affairs.
However, the defeat in that conflict angered the Soviets, who sent 1.1 million troops and more than 3,400 planes to the Chinese border. On August 28, 1969, the Washington Star prominently published a headline titled "Soviet Union Plans Surgical Nuclear Strike on China."
"According to reliable sources, the Soviet Union intends to use medium-range ballistic missiles with millions of tons of nuclear warheads to carry out surgical nuclear strikes on China's important military bases - Jiuquan, Xichang launch bases, Lop Nur nuclear test bases, as well as important industrial cities such as Beijing, Changchun and Anshan," the article mentions. ”
The situation is tense, and how will China respond at such a critical moment?
As early as 1964, the leaders of the first and other countries were concerned about how to deal with the impact of a sudden attack on China's economic construction. To this end, ** has written a report on the unfavorable factors such as excessive industrial concentration in China, overpopulation in large cities, easy destruction of transportation facilities such as railway hubs, and poor emergency flood discharge capacity of reservoirs.
After reading the report, on May 27, 1964, the chairman said to *** and others: "In the period of the atomic bomb, you can't do without the rear. We need to solve the problem of the imbalance in the industrial layout of the whole country, and strengthen the defense through the strategic layout of the first, second, and third lines and the construction of the third line to guard against the invasion of the enemy. ”
A few days later, at the work conference, it was again emphasized: "As long as imperialism exists, there is a danger of war. Although we are not the chief of staff of imperialism and do not know when they will start a war, we propose to establish a third-line industrial base and develop some military industries in the first and second lines. First of all, it is necessary to establish the Panzhihua Iron and Steel Industrial Base and combine it with its related transportation, coal and power facilities. Build quickly, but don't get frizzy. If the construction of Panzhihua is not carried out, I will not be able to sleep! ”
Originally, ** planned to solve the problem of food and clothing for Chinese in the Third Five-Year Plan, but as the situation changed, ** and other ** leaders had to change their original intentions and began to consider more urgent problems of survival and survival.
After the incident in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, the United States brazenly invaded Vietnam, and on the night he received the news, he stayed up all night on the statement of the United States' aggression against Vietnam: "War may come, and our actions need to be reconsidered. ”
Against this background, a task force headed by the leader of the Group was set up and a program was drawn up called "Report on How to Prepare for a Surprise Attack by the Enemy in the Construction of the National Economy."
The core content of this report is to relocate and split domestic factories, schools, and scientific research institutions, and disperse them to second-tier and third-tier and other backering and hidden places to deal with possible war threats.
To accomplish this plan, the whole of China was mobilized. The basic conditions in the third-tier areas are poor, and even basic housing and roads cannot be guaranteed. However, our third-line builders have shown a fearless spirit, they have opened roads in the mountains, built bridges and bridges in the water, and built bridges and telephone poles in the mountains, built factories and scientific research institutions, and laid a solid foundation for China's economic development.
When the Liuzhi Coal Mine was built, the workers did not have enough housing, so they had to live in caves and sleep every night to the roar of wild beasts.
During the construction of the Chengdu-Kunming Railway, the PLA faced the steep mountains of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and had no large-scale equipment, so they could only rely on shovels, carts and air guns to carry out the construction.
It was an uphill struggle, and its dangers were evident, such as the 1968 mudslide accident in the Salamu Tunnel, which killed more than 80 soldiers.
In the face of difficulties and challenges, our soldiers have built industrial bases and national defense centers such as Panzhihua Iron and Steel, Liupanshui Coal, Xichang Satellite Launch and Xiangxi Ordnance with blood and sweat.
These achievements are a testament to the foresight of a generation of leaders who have gone to great lengths to find opportunities for the survival and development of their country. A few years later, the Zhenbao Island conflict brought Sino-Soviet relations to a freezing point.
In the face of the crisis, the leaders immediately set about building anti-aircraft facilities, including underground shelters and bomb shelters. In order to prepare for war, prepare for famine, and for the people, ** called on the people of the whole country to "dig deep holes, accumulate grain, and not seek hegemony!" ”。
Do! For the sake of people's livelihood, this celebration must be held. ”
* Leaders disperse the station, so as not to wipe out enemy aircraft! Therefore, according to the chairman's instructions, the itinerary of the leaders after the celebration was planned, including going to Hubei, Jiangsu, and Dong Biwu to Guangdong.
Although the Soviet side expressed its willingness to negotiate peace, it is difficult to determine whether it had ulterior motives. After all, the Soviet armaments never let up. Therefore, although ** agreed to peace talks after the National Day, he remained vigilant.
The celebration was presided over by **, who evacuated several airfields near Beijing, erected runway barriers, and strengthened the alert of troops in the border areas. ** Even the flood discharge of the Miyun Reservoir was considered to prevent the Soviet army from blowing up the dam, resulting in the flooding of the capital, which shows the severity of the situation at that time.
Although there was no danger at the ceremony, the actions that followed showed our determination. ** After the celebration of the second 10th anniversary with the people, a widespread evacuation operation followed.
On October 14, ** left the celebration site and went to Wuhan. ** Large-scale evacuations have also begun among the leadership and the military, with evacuation exercises beginning in large and medium-sized cities across the country, and nearly a million troops alone have been evacuated.
All colleges and universities were suspended, all personnel were evacuated, and all important state archives were transferred to the southwest for preservation, all in anticipation of the upcoming Sino-Soviet negotiations and possible consequences.
Since October 20, China and the Soviet Union have been engaged in border negotiations. In the course of the negotiations, our side showed its strength at the right time. On October 27, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) completed a medium-range ballistic missile firing test from Shuangchengzi to Lop Nur, which carried a 20,000-ton yield nuclear warhead to demonstrate our military's long-range strike capability.
Earlier, on September 23 and 29, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) also conducted underground nuclear explosions of 3 million tons of hydrogen bombs, and these actions are being discovered by the outside world.
This series of nuclear tests not only made the Soviet Union feel our determination, but also caused tension in the countries of the world, which feared that an uncontrollable nuclear war would break out between China and the Soviet Union.
There are no eternal enemies, no eternal friends, only eternal interests. When the flames of the October Revolution burned on the land of Russia, it brought hope to the Chinese people in the Far East, and the Chinese nation and the Slavic nation also spent a sweet period of common struggle.
When the Soviet Union, once an anti-imperialist fighter, became an imperialist, everything seemed to lose its meaning. The Soviet Union turned its back on revolutionary ideals, which was also the inevitable result of the fall of the red flag.
In this shocking struggle, we have to express our admiration for the courage and wisdom of the revolutionary mentors represented by ***. They always look at problems from a high level and are always ready to respond to crises before they are in full swing.
The construction of the third line is an important strategic layout in China, which has laid the foundation for the balanced development of the economy in various places. Looking back on this history now, we are still filled with emotion and gratitude to our great forefathers.