Sacrificing Jiangxinpo, the territory exchange between China and Myanmar, who benefits
The Dulong ethnic group, a unique ethnic minority, was forced to cross the border due to the "Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar" signed in history, forming today's status quo.
The ethnic minority known as the Dulong in China is known as the Riwang in Myanmar. After the signing of the Sino-Burmese Border Treaty in 1960, the undemarcated Jiangxinpo in the southwest of China was officially assigned to Myanmar.
In exchange, our country gave up this homeland of mountains and rivers with an area of about 27,000 square kilometers, but recovered the Pianma, Gulang and Gangfang areas in the hands of Myanmar.
Why, then, did China make such a territorial exchange decision after the founding of the People's Republic of China? Having given up 27,000 square kilometers of land and only returning to the three areas of Pianma, Gulang and Gangfang, what is the situation of our country?
One detail that draws attention to the fact that we use the word "repossession" when referring to the exchange of territories. This is because the historical roots of areas such as Jiangxinpo can be traced back to the Ming and Qing dynasties, when they were all part of China's territory.
From the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, China's territory continued to expand. During the Ming Dynasty, there was an emperor named Ming Chengzu Zhu Di. He pacified the grasslands, built canals, sent Zheng He to the West, and compiled the Yongle Canon.
Zhu Di, the Yongle Emperor, has won widespread praise for his indomitable spirit and firm determination. He adhered to the country, regarded death as his home, and resolutely opposed peace, reparations, land cession, and tribute.
Under his rule, the "Three Propaganda and Six Consolation" were established in southwest China, including the Burma Propaganda Division, whose sphere of influence covered almost all of Burma, and even had access to the Indian Ocean.
During this period, most of the territory of Burma was within the territory of the Ming Dynasty. However, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to the distance of Burma from the national capital, the Ming Dynasty neglected to manage it, which led to the establishment of the Donghu Dynasty in this area and began to invade the territory of Yunnan.
Although the Ming Dynasty tried to resist, Burma eventually broke away from the Ming Dynasty due to the gradual weakening of the country's power.
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Burmese Xuanwei Division belonged to the Qing Dynasty. At that time, the Yongzhiya Dynasty frequently invaded Yunnan, triggering the Qing-Burma War. In the face of the powerful Qing Dynasty, the Yongzhiya Dynasty finally chose to submit to the Qing Dynasty and became a part of the Qing Dynasty, and swore that "the world will submit and be obedient".
However, due to the Qianlong Emperor's policy of closing the country to the rest of the country, the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy became the mainstream at the time, and Myanmar was unable to gain more development opportunities from it.
In the wave of the Industrial Revolution, the Qing Dynasty chose to retreat and fell into a situation of self-blindness. This has made Comrade *** profoundly realize that only by persisting in reform and opening up can the country continue to develop and become strong while seeking truth from facts.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the four-year-old Guangxu Emperor ascended the throne, and Cixi took control of the country. Although Emperor Guangxu had ideals and ambitions, and even shouted the slogan "I don't want to be the king of the dead country", he was not able to change the pattern of the late Qing Dynasty because of his ambition and talent and the fact that his power was controlled by Cixi.
The period of Cixi's reign was the darkest period in modern Chinese history.
During that humiliating and humiliating period, the Dulong inhabitants were forced to sign numerous unequal treaties. And Cixi even said something like "measure the material resources of China and form a friendship with the country".
Britain took the opportunity to provoke a war with Burma, which became its colony. In July 1886, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the Sino-British Treaty of Burma with the British, permanently losing this territory.
However, the British did not stop there, they set their sights on Jiang Xinpo. After three years of negotiations, the Qing ** had no choice but to give in, making a large area of land covered by primeval forests a "land of Outu".
In Jiangxinpo, you can see many unspoiled natural landscapes, clear waters, pristine jungles, and abundant wildlife. China's Lisu, Jingpo, Dulong and other ethnic minorities live here, and their villages are unique.
The Dulong people have a unique custom, they would tattoo cyan totems on their faces in the late Qing Dynasty and wear unique clothing. They revere animism and believe in the existence of ghosts and gods in the world.
In 1941, there was a "1941 line" on the border between China and Burma that was determined by experts and scholars. At that time, China was facing intertwined internal and external challenges, and was busy resisting the invasion of the Japanese invaders.
Even on December 23, 1941, China established the Chinese Expeditionary Force to assist the British in their fight against the Japanese invasion of Burma. Countless heroic officers and soldiers of the expeditionary force left their lives on the land of Burma, from the Savage Mountains to the Burma Highway, and they paid with their precious lives in resisting the Japanese invaders.
After the end of World War II, in January 1948, Burma officially declared its independence from the British Commonwealth, became the Union of Burma, gained independence, and adhered to a non-aligned foreign policy.
On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. As early as January of that year, ** mentioned to the commissioners sent by Stalin that China's foreign policy was "clean the house before inviting guests", which meant that whether it was the "Sino-British Burma Treaty" or the "1941 line" during the ** period, for the new China, it was necessary to "start over".
However, the issue of China and Myanmar is not so simple. First of all, at this time, Myanmar had already gained basic independence, and New China had just been founded, both its international status and internal and external troubles had not yet been resolved, and the country's strength was not strong enough.
Secondly, Myanmar is a socialist country. If China were to pursue a "one-sided" policy, it would be impossible for it to have any other plans against a socialist country. Otherwise, China's diplomatic image will collapse on a global scale.
In 1949, the chairman, the prime minister and Mr. Soong Ching Ling took a group photo. In 1953, the Prime Minister proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
Prior to the Geneva Conference of 1954, ** made it clear:"China does not invade other countries. "At the same time, the capitalist countries, led by Europe and the United States, are eyeing China and want to include the already independent Myanmar into China's territory.
Once there is such an idea, not only will it erase the prestige of *** and China in diplomacy, the Soviet Union will not be able to support China, and other countries such as the United States will also take this opportunity to balance China.
Therefore, Myanmar's independence is a certainty. The only thing that can be done is to solve the Sino-Burmese border"Unbounded"Issue.
The Geneva Conference in April 1954 was the first time it appeared on the international stage. At the Bandung Conference of the same year, the key word peace was once again raised.
At the conference, some capitalist countries incited a few countries to point the finger at China, and although it was a conference without the participation of the colonialist countries, some countries regarded China as a threat and were hostile to China.
From discussions against colonialism to disputes against China, China faces a grim diplomatic situation. In order to win the recognition and respect of other countries and prepare for China's re-entry into the United Nations, ** proposed"Seek common ground while reserving differences"It has shown China's friendly side and won the respect and praise of many countries.
** Immediately after the conclusion of the Bandung meeting, the Sino-Myanmar border issue was addressed, and the core point of contention was the 27,000 square kilometers of land in Jiangxinpo.
Since 1956, he has met with the leaders of Myanmar many times, emphasizing that China and Myanmar, as socialist countries, should work together in the new era and adhere to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, which is the first time that China has dealt with the border issue and an important step to demonstrate the charm of China's diplomacy.
During this period, ** engaged in many deliberations and silent diplomatic wars with Burmese leaders, and finally signed the Sino-Burmese border treaty with Burmese Prime Minister U Nu in Beijing in 1960.
However, the treaty has been widely discussed in China.
** On the surface, China suffered a big loss, 27,000 square kilometers of territory were occupied by Burma, and the land west of the 1941 line was ceded to Burma.
However, the total area of the three regions of Pianma, Gulang and Gangfang obtained by China through exchange is only 153 square kilometers. In addition, the Nam Khan region allocated to Myanmar is the largest grain producer in northern Myanmar, and Jiangxinpo is a treasure trove of resources, with more than 95% of the world's jadeite produced from northern Myanmar to Jiangxinpo.
Jiangxinpo is not only rich in jadeite resources, but also rich in biological resources, and is an important passage from China to southern Tibet, and its value is immeasurable. However, in the long term and broader interests, China is the ultimate winner.
Some people may be confused by this, but the reason is very simple, that is, the national conditions at that time. Under the blockade of capitalist countries such as Europe and the United States, China urgently needs to open up its diplomatic situation"Weak countries have no diplomacy"It is a profound lesson that China has drawn from the setbacks of history.
** is a wise and decisive decision"I can't bear to let the child trap the wolf"。
In 1963, a visit to Africa had a profound impact on the diplomacy of the time and today's Belt and Road policy. He broke diplomatic isolation, enhanced China's influence in the world, and promoted exchanges and cooperation with Asian and African countries.
These achievements are not something that can be achieved by simple calculations. Although China has gifted Myanmar a piece of land, it has won the respect and recognition of countless Asian and African countries.
The value of these respects cannot be measured in numbers. For example, at the 1976 United Nations Conference on October 25, 1971, the People's Republic of China restored all its lawful seats in the United Nations.
The classic ** "Joe's Laughter" at the United Nations General Assembly records the history of the expulsion of Chiang Kai-shek's deputies at the United Nations. In this vote, China received 76 votes in favor and 35 votes against.
A total of 28 countries in Asia participated in the vote, and China received 18 votes in favor in Asia, with only Japan, Cambodia, the Philippines and Saudi Arabia against.
In Africa and Europe, China won more than 50 votes, most of which were developing countries with which China has good diplomatic relations. This is the embodiment of the wisdom of diplomacy, and his sincere concept of peaceful development has won the recognition of the international community.
Although Jiang Xinpo was handed over to Myanmar, his sincerity and concept of peaceful development have touched countless countries.
On February 21, 1972, the Chancellor and Nixon raised a glass at a welcome dinner. Although the United States tried to use the Burma issue to play its role, it did not succeed.
So far, Myanmar has been an important partner of China's Belt and Road Initiative. This practice reflects the importance of striving for the principle of peaceful coexistence with all countries in the world, and is also a powerful counterattack to China's diplomatic isolation planned by the United States and other countries.
Although there were losses at the beginning, they were eventually compensated. After the signing of the Sino-Burmese border treaty, Myanmar has become an important breakthrough for China to the outside world and the largest port in the southwest border.
So, after the signing of the treaty, how has the lives of the Dulong people living in Myanmar changed?
In September 1973, Pompidou bid farewell to France at Shanghai Hongqiao Airport, writing a new chapter in Sino-French friendship. However, the two closest villages on the border between China and Myanmar, which are only a five-minute walk away, have very different living conditions due to the existence of boundary pillars.
In 1948, Myanmar declared independence, but the country was also in the midst of internal and external troubles. While China is vigorously promoting rural revitalization programs, the Dulong people in Myanmar do not have access to even the most basic water and electricity facilities.
Located in Myanmar's closest village to China's Dulong Township, villagers can only walk to Dulong Township to buy daily necessities. They live in simple grass huts and wooden huts, and they all hope to marry on this side of China.
Although they belong to the same ethnic group, under the coverage of the national poverty alleviation policy, because Mukega village does not belong to China, it is impossible to provide them with corresponding help.
Although national borders separate the two peoples, family ties and friendships are inseparable. In unique festivals, they can always come together, support each other, help each other, and pursue a better life together.
Recall the diplomatic wisdom of ***, and always get new inspiration from it. But some people only see the surface, ** have already planned for the future. What seems to be a losing decision is actually the key to breaking China's conspiracy and changing the diplomatic situation.
This kind of wisdom, only by thinking deeply, can we truly understand the wisdom of *** and China's **!