List of high-quality authors It is very important for diabetics to have regular check-ups. Through regular check-ups, patients can keep abreast of their blood sugar and other aspects of their body, so as to better control their condition and prevent complications.
First of all, regular check-ups can help patients detect fluctuations in blood sugar in time. The blood sugar level of a diabetic patient may be affected by many factors, such as diet, exercise, medications, etc. Through regular check-ups, patients can detect abnormal fluctuations in blood sugar in time, so as to adjust their lifestyle or regimen to better control blood sugar.
Secondly, regular check-ups can also help patients prevent complications. There are many complications in diabetic patients, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neurological complications, etc. With regular check-ups, patients can detect the signs of these complications early and take appropriate measures to prevent them and thus avoid worsening of their condition.
In addition, regular check-ups can also help patients better understand their physical condition. In addition to blood sugar control, diabetics also need to pay attention to other aspects of the body, such as blood pressure, blood lipids, etc. Through regular check-ups, patients can have a comprehensive understanding of their physical condition, so as to better develop a comprehensive ** plan.
In summary, it is very important for diabetic patients to have regular check-ups. Through regular check-ups, patients can keep abreast of their blood sugar status, prevent complications, and better formulate a plan. Therefore, diabetic patients should actively cooperate with the doctor's advice and have regular physical check-ups.
1. Blood test
The blood system examination of diabetes is like a bright light illuminating the dark night, providing a strong basis for diagnosis and efficacy. It is an indispensable and important examination for us, and it is by no means a passing fact. At a critical clinical juncture, choosing the right test items is like looking for a unique color in the vast crowd, which can help to detect the traces of diabetes early and continuously monitor the progression of the disease.
1. Blood glucose test
Fasting blood glucose (FPG).
In the basic state, the blood sugar level without dietary load is like a beacon that illuminates the important path of diabetes diagnosis. It not only reflects the patient's basal insulin level, but also serves as a key basis for doctors to understand the function of pancreatic islets, judge changes in the condition and adjust the dosage of medication. Fasting blood glucose, which is measured within 8-10 hours after the last meal, when no more calories are consumed. It is not only a mandatory item in the diagnosis of diabetes, but also an indispensable part of the diagnosis process.
2-hour postprandial blood glucose (P2HPG).
The 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, as a unique mirror of the pancreatic islet cell reserve function, can accurately reveal the ability of food to secrete insulin under the stimulation of pancreatic islet cells. It is like a probe that probes deep into the deep workings of pancreatic islet function.
Measuring blood glucose 2 hours after a meal, like looking for a glimmer of light in the dark night, can help us detect potential postprandial blood sugar elevations. In the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, many patients with type 2 diabetes have normal fasting blood glucose, but postprandial blood sugar is high, and if only fasting blood glucose is detected, it may lead to misdiagnosis in some patients.
The 2-hour postprandial blood sugar is like a fair referee, which can accurately reflect the effectiveness of diet and hypoglycemic drugs. This is irreplaceable by fasting blood glucose. When we understand the mystery of blood sugar 2 hours after a meal, starting from the first bite of food to measuring blood glucose at 2 hours, it not only reveals individual differences, but also provides a strong basis for us to adjust our diet and optimize our medications**.
2. Glycosylated hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin, this silent witness, silently recorded the blood sugar status of the past 2 to 3 months. It is not affected by instantaneous fluctuations, like a deep lake, turning every ripple of blood sugar into a silent wave. The measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin is like opening a window into the past, giving us a complete picture of past blood sugar control levels.
China's Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2020 Edition) has injected new vitality into the diagnostic criteria with its unique wisdom. It will glycosylate hemoglobin 65% is used as a cutting point, like a precise ruler, to assist doctors in diagnosing diabetes. This change, like a fresh wave in the ocean of medicine, is pushing our understanding of diabetes to new heights.
3. Blood lipids
Diabetes, the silent killer, quietly breeds in our bodies, not only causing blood sugar to rise, but also disrupting the overall metabolic balance. For sugar lovers, in addition to the burden of sweetness, it is often accompanied by lipid disorders. These hidden anomalies, like ambushes in the night, are always ready to detonate the chronic complications of diabetes.
In order to protect their health, diabetic patients need to pay close attention to the control of blood lipids. It was a delicate battlefield, and every indicator was like a red line that needed to be crossed cautiously. Total cholesterol needs to be kept low and kept at 45 mmoll or less;Triglycerides need to dance lightly, no more than 15 mmol liters. HDL cholesterol, which is the guardian of the body, needs to move forward and stay at 11 mmol liter or more. As for LDL cholesterol, the enemy of this dark night, should be suppressed at 25 mmoll or less;
In this fight against disease, every tiny number carries the hope and determination of sugar friends. I hope that every sugar friend can grasp the rudder of life, steer the boat of health, and sail to the other side of happiness.
2. Urine test
A urine test is an easy way to get a sample, and it can also be done in the lab or by the sugar friend himself. For this reason, urine testing is often the preferred test step in diagnosing diabetes. This test is not only simple and easy to perform, but also provides an important basis for diagnosis, which can help to detect and control diabetes early.
4. Urine glucose test
When the blood glucose concentration climbs to a critical point, the absorption capacity of the renal tubules can no longer cope, resulting in the glucose in the urine not being completely reabsorbed, and the urine glucose content increases, showing a positive reaction, which is marked with a "+" sign in medicine. Normally, the amount of glucose in the urine can indirectly reflect the status of blood sugar, however, the formation of glucose in the urine is not completely dependent on blood sugar, it is also affected by a variety of factors, and sometimes it is not completely synchronized with the change of blood sugar.
5. Determination of urine microalbumin
The early changes in diabetic nephropathy are like a tired old man, the glomerular basement membrane gradually thickens, the filter pores also expand silently, and the charge barrier quietly disappears. This acts as a weak line of defense, allowing the small molecular weight albumin in the plasma to easily penetrate the urine. Therefore, the urinary albumin excretion rate, which seems to be a trivial insignificant insignificance, is actually the gold standard for diagnosing the early stages of diabetic nephropathy. It is like a bright beacon, guiding us to early detection, early development, and bringing hope to patients.
3. Pancreatic islet function determination test
In order to gain a deeper understanding of the functional status of pancreatic islet cells, we need to conduct a detailed study of them to assist in determining the type of diabetes mellitus and formulating a corresponding plan. This usually involves a series of inspections and evaluations, which require us to use a professional and scientific approach.
6. Insulin release test
Clinical significance
Insulin concentrations of more than 25 milliliters on an empty stomach that remain high for 2 to 3 hours (often more than 100 milliliters) after sugar intake may be an early warning sign of insulin resistance. In people with diabetes, the pattern of insulin secretion may be shifted. Type 1 patients have a weakened ability to secrete insulin, and their secretion curves are flat. The situation is more complex in type 2 patients: a deficiency or resistance to insulin may lead to a decreased, normal, or increased secretion capacity, resulting in a varied secretion profile. Patients with reactive hypoglycemia have a noticeable lag in their insulin secretion response, like long-distance runners in a marathon, who are still struggling to catch up on the track when other runners have already crossed the line. Three hours after ingesting glucose, their blood sugar levels began to slip, becoming their distinctive mark. In the face of insulin resistance, we should start with dietary control, exercise and weight loss, and consider drugs such as biguanides or insulin sensitizers to improve insulin resistance. When insulin secretion is severely insufficient, insulin should be introduced in a timely manner**.
Tips: This test can be done at the same time as OGTT.
7. C peptide release test
The process of measuring C-peptides, which is unveiled without the intervention of insulin injections, provides us with a valuable insight into our own insulin secretion. This tiny molecule is like a mirror that reflects the secrets of our body. It is precisely because of this property of C-peptide that it becomes a useful aid in assessing the ability of insulin secretion and helps us distinguish the types of diabetes. In the differential diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, C-peptide plays an indispensable role and provides an important reference for doctors.
4. Pancreatic islet autoantibody test
Pancreatic islet autoantibodies mainly include: islet cell antibody (ICA), glutamate decarboxylase antibody (GADA), autoinsulin antibody (IAA) and IA-2 antibody. The presence of these antibodies is a hallmark of islet autoimmune disease, particularly ICA and IA-2 antibodies.
Type 1 diabetes has now been redefined as an autoimmune disease of pancreatic islets, which means that islet antibody testing is a key basis for diagnosing the condition. These antibodies act like the body's internal alarms, sounding the alarm when an abnormality is detected, providing strong evidence for diagnosis.
Normal people have negative antibody tests.
When a test result for these antibodies is positive, it may indicate the presence of islet autoimmune disease. The diagnosis is even more significant when two or more antibodies are positive, particularly for ICA and GADA, or IA-2 for GADA. However, the clinical significance of these antibodies varies.
ICA is closely associated with the onset of type 1 diabetes and has the highest detection rate among patients with new type 1 diabetes. Surprisingly, most people's antibodies will disappear within 2-3 years of the onset of the disease.
A positive result for GADA can be detected even 10 years before the onset of type 1 diabetes. Therefore, the measurement of GADA can be used as a method to screen patients with prediabetes type 1 and also provide strong evidence that diabetes is caused by autoimmune causes.
In patients with type 1 diabetes who develop under 5 years of age, the positive detection rate of IAA is high, about 50%. With the advancement of detection technology and the improvement of sensitivity, the detection rate of IAA in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes is expected to reach about 50%, especially in particularly susceptible populations.
It is important to note that due to the differences in diabetes testing methods and conditions in different medical institutions, the normal values of each indicator may not be the same. Usually, the normal reference values will be marked on the test sheet, and sugar lovers can refer to these reference values to determine whether the indicators are within the normal range. This differentiated setting of normal values is like a colorful picture that depicts the diversity and complexity of diabetes testing.