China is one of the four major ancient civilizations in the world, and it is also a country with a splendid culture. In ancient China, in addition to being famous for its poems and articles, mathematics was also far ahead of the world for a long time.
So today, let's take a look at the ten most famous mathematicians in Chinese history, let's take a look!
Note: This ranking is an unofficial ranking and is for reference only.
10. Zhu Shijie (1249-1314), known as Hanqing, Songting, Han nationality, Yanshan (now Beijing), was a mathematician and educator in the Yuan Dynasty, and devoted his life to mathematics education. He is known as "the greatest mathematician of the medieval world".
Zhu Shijie developed the "Quaternary Technique" on the basis of Tianyuan at that time, that is, the method of listing the higher order polynomial equations of the Quaternary and the method of eliminating the element. In addition, he also created the "stacking method", which is the summation method of higher-order difference series, and the "trick technique", that is, the method of higher-order interpolation.
His main works are "Enlightenment of Arithmetic" and "Quaternary Jade Jian". Zhu Shijie clearly put forward the multiplication rule of positive and negative numbers in "Enlightenment of Arithmetic", gave the concept and basic properties of reciprocal numbers, summarized a number of new multiplication formulas and radical operation rules, summarized a number of multiplication and division shortcut formulas, and applied the method of setting auxiliary unknowns to solve linear equations.
The main content of the Quaternary Jade is the quaternion, that is, the method of establishing and solving multivariate higher-order equations. Qin Jiushao's numerical solution method of higher order equations and Li Ye's Tianyuan technique were both included.
Among the mathematical elite of the Song and Yuan dynasties, Zhu Shijie's work was of special significance. If many mathematicians are compared to mountains, Zhu Shijie is the tallest and most majestic mountain.
If you stand at the height of Zhu Shijie's mathematical thought and look down on traditional mathematics, you will have the feeling of "seeing all the mountains at a glance". The significance of Zhu Shijie's work is to summarize the mathematics of the Song and Yuan dynasties and make it reach a new height in theory.
This is mainly manifested in the following three areas: first of all, equation theory, in terms of column equations, Jiang Zhou's method of deduction has made preparations for Tian Yuan Shu, he already has the idea of finding equivalent polynomials, Dong Yuan Ma and Xin Dao are the pioneers of Tian Yuan Shu, but their derivation of equations is still bound by geometric thinking, Li Ye basically got rid of this shackles, summed up a set of fixed Tian Yuan Shu procedures, so that Tian Yuan Shu entered the mature stage.
In terms of solving equations, Jia Xian gave the method of increasing and multiplying, and Liu Yi used the positive and negative method to find the positive root of the quadratic equation, and Qin Jiushao solved the numerical solution problem of the higher order equation on this basis. So far, the establishment and solution of the unary higher-order equation have been realized. However, linear equations have existed since ancient times, so they have the conditions for the generation of multivariate higher-order equations.
Because Li Dezai's dualism and Liu Dajian's ternary technique appeared one after another, Zhu Shijie's quaternary technique is the summary and improvement of dualism and ternary technique. Since the quaternary has filled up the up, down, left and right of the constant terms, the development of equation theory has obviously come to an end. From the perspective of the types of equations, the equations before the creation of Tianyuan were all integral equations.
9. Mei Wending (1633-1721), the name Dingjiu, the number Be'an, Han nationality, Xuanzhou (now Xuanzhou District, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province) native. An astronomer and mathematician in the early Qing Dynasty, he was the "first master of calendrical calculation" and "the ancestor of the mountain" in the Qing Dynasty, and was praised by the world science and technology history community as the "three world scientific giants" on a par with Newton in Britain and Guan Xiaohe in Japan.
Mei Wending devoted his life to reviving traditional Chinese astronomical and arithmetic knowledge and promoting the integration of Chinese and Western astronomy. In his writings, Mei Wending once again clarified the lost ancient calendar.
Many methods in traditional astronomy, he also wrote books such as "Jiaoshi", "Seven Politics", and "Five Star Guanjian" to introduce Tycho-style Western astronomy. In another work, "Calendar Questions", Mei Wending discussed the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western calendars, and incorporated a lot of Western astronomical knowledge into the ancient Chinese academic system, such as he called the "five belts of the earth's cold and warm" in Western learning, that is, the "Seven Balances and Six Chambers" in the "Zhou Ji Sutra".
His self-authored Bibliography of the Be'an Calendar contains more than 70 kinds of astronomical and mathematical works, including more than 20 kinds of mathematical works. The Compendium of Mei's Books is 60 volumes, including 13 kinds of mathematical works in 40 volumes.
Mei Wending wrote many books during his lifetime, most of which were astronomy, calendrical calculations and mathematical works. His works on astronomical and mathematical calculations can be roughly divided into five categories: first, the examination and revision of the ancient calendar, and second, the elaboration of the new Western law and the Chinese calendar; the third is to answer other people's questions and lecture notes; fourth, the investigation and explanation of astronomical instruments; The fifth is the study of astronomical knowledge in ancient chronicles. There are 66 types in total. There are 26 kinds of mathematical works, smelting Chinese and Western mathematics in one furnace, integrating ancient and modern Chinese and foreign mathematics, and the general name is "Chinese and Western Arithmetic".
Mei Wending devoted himself to the study of astronomical mathematics, he systematically investigated the ancient and modern Chinese and foreign calendars, and introduced European mathematics, and comprehensively studied the Chinese and Western calendars, Mei Wending played an important role in introducing and developing mathematical knowledge from the West. It has had an impact on future generations.
Mei Wending's most important contribution was in mathematics, and he wrote more than 20 mathematical works. The integration of Chinese and Western mathematics played a role in promoting the development of mathematics in the Qing Dynasty.
After his death, his descendants compiled his calendar and mathematical works into the "Compendium of Mei's Books". Poetry and miscellaneous works are published as "Ji Xuetang Notes" and "Ji Xuetang Poems".
List of works: "Draft of the Ming Historical Chronicles", "Calendar Questions", "General Examination of Ancient and Modern Calendars", "Outline of Flat Triangle", "Outline of Arc Triangle", "Geometric Supplement", "Trench Measurement", "General Solution of Geometry", "Circumferential Ruler", "Calendar of Branches", "Bibliography of Be'an Calendar".
8. Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), the character Zixian, the name Xuanhu, Zhen Wending, a native of Shanghai, Wanli Jinshi, the official to the Chongzhen Dynasty Rites Department of Shangshu and Wenyuan Pavilion University Scholar, Cabinet Assistant.
Xu Guangqi's achievements in astronomy were mainly presided over the revision of the calendar and the compilation of the Chongzhen Almanac.
The compilation of the calendar has always been a major event related to the people's livelihood in ancient China, and it "gives the people time", so it has received great attention in all dynasties. Because most of the ancient Chinese calendars advocated being based on actual measurements, and attached great importance to the relationship with mathematical calculations in the preparation of legislation, the ancient Chinese calendars were still relatively accurate. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, due to various reasons, the calendar began to show a clear backwardness.
The "Great Unification Calendar" implemented in the Ming Dynasty was actually only a continuation of the "Calendar of Time" in the Yuan Dynasty, and after a long time, there was a serious inaccurate situation. Since the Chenghua period, some people have proposed to revise the calendar, but those who suggest it have been rejected at least and punished at worst on the grounds that "the occupation law cannot be changed lightly" and "the ancestral system cannot be changed". It was not until the second year of Chongzhen that Xu Guangqi calculated the solar eclipse in May with precise Western law, and the Ministry of Rites realized that the old calendar was not accurate, so it asked to open a calendar bureau, and the calendar change work was passed, and Xu Guangqi was ordered to supervise the revision of the calendar, but later due to the invasion of the Qing Dynasty was shelved, and the calendar change work was not actually completed in the Ming Dynasty.
In terms of the astronomical calendar, Xu Guangqi introduced the two geocentric theories of ancient Ptolemy and contemporary Tycho, and presided over the compilation of the Chongzhen Almanac through the integration of Chinese and Western calendars. The book uses the Tycho system. However, this system still regards the Earth as the center of the solar system, and believes that the sun, moon, and stars all move around the Earth, and the five stars move around the Sun.
In addition, Xu Guangqi's greatest contribution to mathematics is the translation of the Geometry Prima (the first 6 volumes) with Matteo Ricci. Xu Guangqi put forward the idea of practical "degree science", and also wrote two books, "Pythagorean Meaning" and "Similarities and Differences in Measurement". Xu Guangqi first used the word "geometry" as a technical term in mathematics. The translation of Geometry has greatly influenced the original habits of mathematics study and research in China, changed the direction of the development of mathematics in China, and is a major event in the history of Chinese mathematics.
7. Jia Xian, a mathematician of the Northern Song Dynasty in China in the first half of the 11th century. Jia Xian was an outstanding mathematician in the first half of the 11th century (Northern Song Dynasty) in China. He once wrote "The Yellow Emperor's Nine Chapters of Algorithm Fine Grass" (nine volumes) and "Ancient Collection of Algorithms" (two volumes), both of which have been lost. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", Jia Xian studied astronomy and calendrical calculations under the mathematician Chu Yan, and wrote books such as "The Yellow Emperor's Nine Chapters of Algorithm and Fine Grass" and "The Book of Interpretation and Calculation".
Jia Xian's works are no longer available, but his important contributions to mathematics have been preserved by the Southern Song Dynasty mathematician Yang Hui. Yang Hui's "Detailed Explanation of the Nine Chapters of Algorithm" (1261) contains a diagram of "the origin of the method of opening the prescription", indicating that "Jia Xian used this technique". This is the famous "Jia Xian Triangle", or "Yang Hui Triangle". "Detailed Explanation of the Nine Chapters of Algorithm" also records Jia Xian's "multiplication method" for high-power prescription.
Jia Xian's main contribution is to create the "Jia Xian Triangle" and the "Multiplication and Opening Method". The multiplication method is the positive root method of finding the higher power. At present, the principle and procedure of comprehensive division in secondary school mathematics are similar to it.
The multiplication method is neat and simple than the traditional method, and it is more procedural, so it is especially superior when opening the high power. The method of multiplication and multiplication is roughly the same as that of the European mathematician Horner (1819 AD), but 770 years before him.
6. Qin Jiushao (1208-1268), the word Daogu, Han nationality, ancestral home of Lu County (now Fan County, Henan Province), was born in Puzhou (now Anyue County, Ziyang City). A famous mathematician in the Southern Song Dynasty, he was known as the four masters of mathematics in the Song and Yuan dynasties together with Li Ye, Yang Hui and Zhu Shijie.
In October of the second year of Shaoding (1229), Qin Jiushao was promoted to the county lieutenant of Yun County, in August of the fourth year of Shaoding (1231), Qin Jiushao participated in Wei Weng to suppress the barbarians in Luzhou, and the city tower of the city tower was a pheasant, and in the fifth year of Shaoding (1232) in August, Qin Jiushao met Wu Qian when Wei Liaoweng led Wu Qian and others to supervise Tongchuan Fu Road and Chengdu Fu Road, and Wei Liaoweng and Wu Qian went with Qin Jiushao to visit Xu Yi who was sick.
In January of the third year of Duanping (1236), Qin Jiushao was promoted to Qizhou, Hubei (now Qichun County, Hubei), and in the autumn of the first year of Jiaxi (1237), Qin Jiushao Zhihe Prefecture (now Hexian County, Anhui).
In the second year of Jiaxi (1238), Qin Jiushao returned to Anding's father's worries, Qin Jiushao found that it was very inconvenient for the masses on both sides of Xixi to cross the river in Hangzhou, and designed and built a bridge on Xixi, named "Xixi Bridge", mathematician Zhu Shijie named the bridge "Daogu Bridge" in honor of Qin Jiushao.
In the third year of Jiaxi (1239), after Qin Jiushao dealt with his father's funeral affairs in Hangzhou, he returned to the mansion prepared by his father in his early years with his mother and wife outside the West Gate of Huzhou to continue to worry about his father. Qin Jiushao made friends with Wu Qianzhi of Zhiqing Yuanfu (Ningbo, Zhejiang) during the period of Ding's father's worries in Huzhou, and began to rebuild the residence prepared by his father. In June of the third year of Chunyou, Wu Qian returned to Huzhou to worry about his mother, and Qin Jiushao had a closer relationship with Wu Qian, who was seized of office. In the fourth year of Chunyou (1244), Qin Jiushao served as the general judge of Jiankang (Nanjing) Prefecture with Tong Zhilang, and in November, Qin Jiushao Ding was worried about his mother, dismissed the official and left office, and returned to Huzhou to guard filial piety for his mother who was nearly eighty years old.
When he was filial piety to his mother, he compiled the mathematical knowledge and research he had accumulated for a long time, wrote the famous masterpiece "Nine Chapters of Mathematics", and created the "Great Yan Qiu Yishu". It is known as the "Chinese remainder theorem". Among them, the "positive and negative prescription technique" he discussed is also called the "Qin Jiushao procedure".
At this time, Wu Qian was also worried about Ding's mother in Huzhou, and the two had a very good relationship. In the eighth year of Chunyou (1248), the "Nine Chapters of Mathematics" was recommended to the court.
In the ninth year of Chunyou (1249), the bibliographer Chen Zhensun consulted Qin Jiushao when compiling the bibliography, and in the tenth year of Chunyou (1250), Qin Jiushao stepped down as the general judge of Jiankang and served as the governor of Suzhou. In the second year of Baoyou (1254), Jiu Shao served as the prefect of Jiangning (Nanjing, Jiangsu) and the senator of the Department of Preparation and Development along the Yangtze River, managing the grain roads of the ten prefectures in the south of the Yangtze River, and Baoyou left office in four years.
In the sixth year of Baoyou (1258), Qin Jiushao was recommended by Jia Yidao to Li Zengbo to guard Qiongzhou, and he went to it for a few months. In October of the first year of Kaiqing (1259), Wu Qian entered the prime minister for the second time, and Qin Jiushao had Jiangdong (Nanjing, Jiangsu) to remove the tabernacle. Except for Si Nongcheng, who went to Pingjiang (the government is in present-day Suzhou City) to buy rice dumplings, they all took care of it. In the first year of Jingding (1260), Qin Jiushao knew the Linjiang Army (West Linjiang Town, Qingjiang County, Jiangxi, and the Linjiang Army in the Southern Song Dynasty, with jurisdiction over Qingjiang, Xinyu, and other counties).
In June of the second year of Jingding (1261), Qin Jiushao was the governor of Meizhou, Guangdong. In February of the fourth year of Xianchun (1268), Qin Jiushao had been in charge of Meizhou for nearly six years, and learned that the imperial court had recovered Juelu for Wu Qian, but he died in Meizhou at the age of sixty-one.
In 1247, Qin Jiushao completed the work "Nine Chapters of the Book of Numbers", in which the great derivation method (the solution of the problem of a congruent system of equations, which is now called the Chinese remainder theorem), the three-oblique quadratic algorithm and the Qin Jiushao algorithm (the numerical method of finding the positive root of the higher order equation) are important contributions of world significance, and express an algorithm for solving the numerical solution of the unary higher order polynomial equation - positive and negative square operation.
Qin Jiushao's contributions in his life can be regarded as one of the rare strange people in terms of mathematics in China and even in the world. History has described him as a "great mathematician".
Major Achievements: Qin Jiushao Algorithm - Qin Jiushao Algorithm is a polynomial simplification algorithm proposed by Qin Jiushao, a mathematician in the Southern Song Dynasty of China. In the West, it is known as the Horner algorithm. It is also one of the algorithmic theories of Qin Jiushao, a famous and great mathematician in ancient China and a master of mathematics in the Middle Ages---.
Qin Jiushao's algorithm is an algorithm that transforms the evaluation problem of a one-dimensional n-order polynomial into n one-dimensional equations. Its solution method greatly simplifies the entire calculation process, and even in modern times, when using computers to solve polynomial evaluation problems, Qin Jiushao's algorithm is still the best algorithm.
5. Zu 暅 [gèng] (456 - 536 years), a work of Zu 暅zhi, the word Jingshuo, was a native of Fanyang Xuan County (now Laishui, Hebei). He was a mathematician and astronomer during the Northern and Southern Dynasties of China, and the son of Zu Chongzhi. Together with his father Zu Chongzhi, he successfully solved the problem of calculating the area of the sphere, obtained the correct volume formula, and proposed the famous "Zu Huang principle" accordingly.
Zu Chongzhi's father and son summarized the relevant work of the famous mathematician Liu Hui in the Wei and Jin dynasties, and proposed that "if the power potential is the same, the product cannot be different", that is, if the horizontal cross-sectional area of any height is equal, then the volume of these two dimensions is equal, which is the famous Zu Huang axiom (or Liu Zu's principle).
After Zu Chongzhi's death, he wrote three times in the third year of the Liang Dynasty (504 AD), the eighth year, and the ninth year, suggesting that his father's "Da Ming Calendar" be adopted, and finally his father's last wish was realized.
Zu Hui's main job was to repair and edit his father's mathematical work, The Art of Fixation. He developed his father's research using the principle of Zu Xuan and the opening circle technique created by him, and skillfully proved the formula for the volume of the sphere.
Zu Xuan applied this principle to solve Liu Hui's unsolved formula for the volume of the sphere. This principle was not discovered in the West until the 17th century by the Italian mathematician Bon**Entura C**alieri, more than 1,100 years later than Zu Xuan. Zu Wei is one of the greatest mathematicians in ancient China.
Zu also made many other scientific discoveries, such as the affirmation that the North Star is not really at the North Celestial Pole, but deviates by more than one degree. These results are inseparable from his rich mathematical knowledge.
Due to his family history, Zu Yu also studied mathematics since he was a child. When he reads and thinks, he is very single-minded, even if there is the sound of thunder, he can't hear it. Once, while walking, he was thinking about math problems, and as he walked, he actually bumped into Xu Mian, a servant who came from the opposite side. "Servant" is a very high official, Xu Mian is an important person in the court, but he was touched enough by this young boy, and he couldn't help but scream. At this time, Zu Xuanzhi woke up. The Liang Dynasty fought a war with the Northern Wei Dynasty and failed, and Zu Xuanzhi was detained by the Wei side and arranged to live in a post station, where he was treated very favorably.
Zu Yu also got acquainted with an astronomy enthusiast, Xin Dufang, and the two often studied astronomy and mathematics together, which was very speculative. Zu Yuzhi taught his knowledge to Xin Dufang without reservation, which made him make great progress. Zu Yuzhi also made significant achievements in science, and it was because of his advice that the "Great Ming Calendar" was adopted by the Liang Dynasty. Some records say that the "Fixation" has his research results.
Although he came up with the formula for calculating the volume of a sphere for the first time, it was nearly a thousand years later than Archimedes, but it was a kind of wisdom because it was derived from the original method used by his father Okiyuki. He also developed a variety of precision observation instruments such as Tongrigui and leaky pots.
Zu Hao, the son of Zu Xuan, continued to pass on his family education, and later became a mathematician. Zu Xuan passed on his knowledge of mathematics to Xin Dufang, Mao Qicheng, and his son Zu Hao, all three of whom later became mathematicians.
4. Zhang Qiujian, a native of Qinghe County of the Northern Wei Dynasty (now Qinghe County, Xingtai City), is a famous mathematician in China. He is the author of 3 volumes of "Zhang Qiu Jiansuanjing". Later scholars of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Zhen Luan, and Tang Li Chunfeng successively annotated the book. Liu Xiaosun wrote a fine grass for the Sutra. It is a masterpiece in the history of ancient Chinese mathematics and a heritage in the world's mathematical database.
Biography: Zhang Qiujian, a native of Qinghe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (now Qinghe County, Xingtai City), was a famous mathematician in China.
He was smart and studious from an early age, and loved arithmetic. He has been engaged in mathematical research all his life and has a deep attainment. The "Hundred Chickens Problem" is a typical problem for the solution of positive integers of indefinite equations in the Middle Ages, and Qiu Jian has superb and unique views on it. He is the author of 3 volumes of "Zhang Qiu Jiansuanjing". Later scholars of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Zhen Luan, and Tang Li Chunfeng successively annotated the book. Liu Xiaosun wrote a fine grass for the Sutra. It is a masterpiece in the history of ancient Chinese mathematics and a heritage in the world's mathematical database.
Character works: "Zhang Qiu Jiansuanjing".
Written between 466 and 485 AD, Zhang Qiu Jiansuan consists of 93 questions in three volumes, including calculations in surveying, textiles, exchanges, taxation, smelting, civil engineering, and interest. It is a masterpiece in the history of ancient Chinese mathematics and a valuable heritage in the world's mathematics database. Later scholars such as Zhenluan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Li Chunfeng of the Tang Dynasty successively annotated the book. Especially in the Tang Dynasty, it was annotated and sorted out by Li Chunfeng in the Taishi Order, and included in the "Ten Books of Calculation", which became a must-read list for Mr. Shuxue at that time.
There are 92 questions in the current edition of Zhang Qiujian's Calculations, and the more prominent achievements include the calculation of the greatest common divisor and the least common multiple, the solution of various equal difference series problems, and the solution of some indefinite equation problems. The Hundred Chickens Problem is a world-famous indefinite equation problem in the Zhang Qiu Jian Sutra, which gives the solution of a system of indefinite equations consisting of two equations of three unknown quantities. The problem of 100 chickens is: there is one chicken today, which is worth five; The hen is one, and it is worth three; Three chicks are worth one. Where you buy 100 chickens for 100 dollars, ask the chickens and their mothers. According to the meaning of the topic, it is solved.
Since Zhang Qiujian, Chinese mathematicians have continued to deepen their research on the problem of 100 chickens, and the problem has almost become synonymous with indefinite equations, and the mathematical research on the problem of 100 chickens has made good achievements from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.
3. Zu Chongzhi (429-500), a famous mathematician and astronomer during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Zu Chongzhi's ancestral hometown is Fanyang County (now Laiyuan, Hebei), in order to avoid war, Zu Chongzhi's grandfather Zuchang moved from Hebei to Jiangnan. Zu Chang once served as Liu Song's "master craftsman", in charge of civil engineering; Zu Chongzhi's father was also an official in the court, and he was knowledgeable and respected.
Zu Chongzhi was born in Jiankang (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) in 429 AD. The ancestral family has studied the astronomical calendar for generations, and Zu Chongzhi has had the opportunity to contact astronomy and mathematics since he was a child. In his youth, Zu Chongzhi won a reputation for erudition and talent, and after Emperor Xiaowu of Song heard about it, he sent him to the "Hualin Province" to do research work. In 461 A.D., he was engaged in the Assassin History Mansion in Southern Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and successively served as the History and Gongfu of Southern Xuzhou to join the army.
In 464 AD, he was transferred to Lou County (northeast of present-day Kunshan, Jiangsu) as a county commander. During this period, he compiled the Great Ming Calendar and calculated pi. At the end of the Song Dynasty, Zu Chongzhi returned to Jiankang to serve as a servant, and after that, until the fall of the Song Dynasty for a period of time, he spent a lot of energy on the study of mechanical manufacturing.
Between 494 and 498 AD, he served as the captain of Changshui in the Southern Qi court, and was awarded the title of Captain of Changshui. In view of the continuous wars at that time, he wrote an article entitled "Anbian Treatise", suggesting that the imperial court should reclaim wasteland, develop agriculture, stabilize people's livelihood, and consolidate national defense. In 500 AD, Zu Chongzhi died at the age of 72.
Zu Chongzhi's main achievements are in the three fields of mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical engineering. In addition, Zu Chongzhi is proficient in music and rhythm, good at playing chess, and also wrote ** "Narrative Differences". Zu Chongzhi wrote many books, but most of them have been lost.
Zu Chongzhi is a rare erudite and versatile figure. Zu Chongzhi's son, Zu Xuan, was also a famous mathematician in ancient China. In honor of this great ancient scientist, people named a crater on the far side of the moon "Zu Chong no Crater" and asteroid 1888 "Zu Chong no Asteroid". Zu Chongzhi's contribution to the astronomical calendarMost of Zu Chongzhi's achievements in the astronomical calendar are contained in the "Da Ming Calendar" compiled by him and the "Rebuttal" written for the "Da Ming Calendar".
2. Zhao Shuang, also known as Ying, the word Junqing, his life is unknown (about 182---250). Chinese mathematician. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms period, Wu was born. He was a famous mathematician and astronomer in the history of our country.
It is reported that he studied Zhang Heng's astronomical work "Lingxian" and Liu Hong's "Qianxiang Calendar", and also mentioned "arithmetic". His main contribution was the in-depth study of the Zhou Ji around 222, the oldest astronomical work in China, which was renamed the Zhou Ji Sutra in the early Tang Dynasty, with a preface and detailed annotations.
The book concisely summarizes the esoteric principles of ancient Chinese Pythagorean arithmetic. One of the 530-word "Pythagorean square diagrams" is an extremely valuable document in the history of mathematics. He explained in detail the Pythagorean theorem in the "Zhou Ji Sutra", and expressed the Pythagorean theorem as: "The Pythagorean theorem is multiplied by each other, and it is a string." Divide the square by the string. ”。A new proof is given: "According to the string diagram, it can be multiplied by Pythagorean to become Zhu Shi 2, and times it is Zhu Shi 4, and the difference between Pythagorean and Pythagorean is multiplied by Zhong Huang Shi, and the difference is added to become a string." ”。The words "also" indicate that Zhao Shuang believes that the Pythagorean theorem can be proved by another method.
1. Liu Hui (c. 225-c. 295), Han nationality, a native of Zouping City, Binzhou, Shandong, was a great mathematician during the Wei and Jin dynasties, and one of the founders of classical Chinese mathematical theory. He has made great contributions to the history of Chinese mathematics, and his masterpieces "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Notes" and "Island Arithmetic" are the most valuable mathematical heritage in China.
Liu Hui is quick in thought and flexible in his methods, advocating both reasoning and intuitiveness. He was the first person in China to explicitly advocate the use of logical reasoning to prove mathematical propositions. Liu Hui's life was a life of hard work for mathematics. Although he had a low status, he had a noble personality. He is not a mediocre man who sells his fame and reputation, but a great man who never tires of learning, and he has left a valuable wealth to the Chinese nation.
Personal works: 1. "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Notes" was written at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a total of 246 problem solutions. In many aspects, such as solving simultaneous equations, fractional four-rule operations, positive and negative number operations, and the calculation of the volume and area of geometric figures, they are among the world's leaders.
2. The object of the study of the "Island Calculation" is the measurement of height and distance, and the tools used are the measuring rods and horizontal rods connected by vertical relationships. Some say that the book is an enlightening pilgrimage to practical trigonometry, but it does not deal with the concept of sine and cosine in trigonometry.
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