Xie Mingde.
Xie Mingde, who is known as an "expert and miscellaneous poet" (there is an article dedicated to him, please note if you like it).
Xie Mingde works.
On December 6, the fifth year of Song Xiaozong's reign (1169), Lu You was appointed as the general judge of Kuizhou, Sichuan. On the 18th day of the fifth month of the leap year of the following year, he set off from his hometown of Shanyin (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and after a long journey, arrived at his office in Kuizhou (now Fengjie, Chongqing) on October 27, which lasted more than five months. The six volumes of "Entering Shu" are a diary-style travelogue written by him during this trip, which provides future generations of readers with precious information on the Song Dynasty's official travels.
1. A cultural journey that describes the terroir and examines the historical sites
Lu You entered Shu from Wu, and in addition to officialdom and entertainment along the way, it was sightseeing. He stayed in Jiangzhou alone for ten days (see Volume 3):
On the evening of August 2, he arrived in Jiangzhou. Po Huangpu.
On August 3, it moved to the Pipa Pavilion. See Zhizhou Zuo Chao Lang Zhou Yu (Qiang Zhong), Tong Sentence Zuo Chao Sanlang Hu Shi, Shipping Envoy Household Servant Shi Zhengzhi (Zhidao), Shipping Division Office Cheng Tan (Tracking), Zuo Wenlin Lang Cai Jian (Dingfu). Kuizhou was first moved.
On August 4th, you will visit the Tianqing Temple. Climb high and far pavilion and look at Lushan. Shi Zhidao drank in the party.
On August 5, the county gathered in the Yulou.
On August 6, the content of the event is unknown, but the Jiangxiang custom of "putting 500 bowls of lanterns" is remembered
On August 7th, we went to Lushan Mountain for an excursion and stayed overnight in the west room of Qingxu Nunnery.
On August 8, visit Taiping Xingguo Palace, Donglin Taiping Xinglong Temple, and stay overnight at Donglin Temple.
On August 9th, he burned incense in the ancestral hall of Master Huiyuan and the Shenyun Temple, and traveled to Xilin Qianmingsi. Late return to Jiangzhou.
On August 10, I said goodbye to the local ** in the evening. On the same day, Shi Zhidao used several kinds of utensils to send the water of the valley curtain spring, and Lu You praised the valley curtain water: "It is really superb, sweet and cold, and has all the beauty."
On August 11, the ship was disarmed and continued westward.
In these ten days, except for the time used for official entertainment, such as visiting the local ** and participating in two public banquets, most of the rest of the time is used for viewing. Every time Lu You passes through the state and county (Lu You travels through fifteen states), his schedule is most likely like this. Every time there is a place of interest, you have to stay for a few days on land to enjoy the sighting.
Lu You's visit to Shu lasted more than five months, and it can be seen from here that the slow pace of life in ancient times. At the same time, when the Southern Song Dynasty issued the notice of appointment, there seemed to be no strict time requirement for when ** should arrive at the office to perform his duties, and those who went to the official office could do it calmly. From the perspective of tourism, slow has the advantage of slowness, pay too much attention to speed and efficiency, and do not re-travel, there will be a lot less beauty and interest.
Thousands of miles from eastern Zhejiang to Badong, the mountains and rivers are beautiful, the scenery is belly, and the historical and cultural accumulation is profound. Lu You is also a poet and a scholar, with super talent, good at poetry and literature, and the customs of mountains and rivers, all of which are interesting. Still take the 10th day of Jiangzhou as an example:
On the fourth day, you visit the Tianqing view, Li Taibai's poem so-called "Xunyang Ziji Palace" also. Su Huang's poems are no longer there. Taibai's poems have a stone, which is also similar to a vulgar book. When I saw the Lord and asked Yuzhi, I couldn't answer. Guandu ancient house, the beginning of the embers, and the ruins swept the ground, the statue of the old gentleman of the Dutai Qing Palace, is the Tang people sculpted ......
On the fifth day, the county gathered in the Yulou. The building is facing the double sword peak of Lushan, facing the river in the north, and the weather is majestic. From the west of Jingkou, there are many places to climb, and there is no one who goes out of the right of the Yulou. The building is not very high, and the smoke and clouds of the rivers and mountains are all in a few seats, and the scenery is really beautiful. Yu Liang tasted the history of Jiangjing Yuzhou, but in fact, he ruled Wuchang. If the name of Wuchang South Building Yu Building, it is still reasonable, now Jiangzhou Governing Office, in Jinte Chaisang County's Huangkou Guan'er, this building will be very clear. However, Bai Letian's poem has been clouded: "Xunyang wants to think endlessly, and Yuliang Lou is south of Huangkou East." "It's a long time coming. Zhang Yunsuo's "Record of Southern Migration" clouds: "Xunyang, Yuliang Town, through the beginning of this building. This is especially true of its mistakes.
On the sixth day, on the first night, there are hundreds of big light balls, from the river to the river, to the river surface, scattered and distant, impressively into the starry sky. Turenyun, this is a family to put 500 bowls of lamps to pray for disasters, covering the old customs of Jiang Township.
Tianqingguan is a place where Li Bai, Su Shi, and Huang Tingjian have been, and they have left traces of beauty here, and Lu You naturally can't help but go. Although the house is ancient, the ruins have been destroyed, and it is frustrating. And the Yulou climbing, the beautiful scenery of the rivers and mountains, made him send out the "there are many places to climb, there is no one out of the right of the Yulou", and then the Yulou was examined, pointing out the mistakes in the relevant poems and texts of the predecessors. The six days are recorded as the ingestion of folklore.
The rivers and mountains leave traces of victory, and our generation will come again. Along the way, all the places of interest, customs, geographical evolution, poetry, inscriptions, local products, etc., are full of interest. He described the terroir and examined the historical sites, reflecting the profound learning and poet feelings of the travelers, and filled with a conscious sense of cultural inheritance. "This length is a wanderer, when can he warm his home. (Zigui drunk in the Huaidu under the public sitting). The end of the world is adrift, the boat and the car are tiring, but the mountains and rivers make Lu You forget the hardships of the distant officials and the labor of the road. In particular, after entering the Yangtze River, Lu You walked for the first time, and I felt that "all day long is like a picture" (July 22, volume 3) and "makes people suddenly feel like a strange place" (September 6, volume 5).
The Records of Entering Shu is the main creative achievement of Lu You's journey into Shu, which has high literary value, and the author's objective record of the ecology of different classes of people in the Southern Song Dynasty officialdom, cities, Jiangxiang, and shipping retains many materials on the history of life forms, which is particularly precious.
2. Entangling, reception, transportation, food and lodging during official travel
1. Take care of yourself.
On December 6 of the fifth year of the main road, he had to report the mission to pass the judgment of Kuizhou. This is the first sentence at the beginning of "The Story of Entering Shu". "History of the Song Dynasty Official Zhi I": "The difference between the officials and the officials who are awarded is that there are officials, positions, and dispatches. Officials are distinguished by their rank and position, and their duties are to be selected for literature, and not to be sent to govern internal and external affairs. "In the Song Dynasty, hundreds of officials were assigned officials, positions, and dispatches. Officials of all sizes go in and out of the country in the name of dispatch, and the official conferral is only a fictitious title for the sake of money, and "dispatch" is actually the actual position. Tongju is the provincial name for "Tongju Prefecture" or "Governor Tongju", which is the deputy position of the local chief executive at the state level.
Although Lu You was sent by the imperial court to enter Shu from Wu, the travel expenses were borne by himself, and the imperial court did not pay dispatch fees or travel expenses to those who went to the officials.
Lu You said in the "Shangyu Prime Minister's Book" written before the expiration of his term of office in Kuizhou: "A certain line is forty years old, and his family background is Shanyin, and he chases Lu in Kui with poverty. His deeds, so when making friends and making money, he sent him. The gorge is thin, its index finger is in the hundreds, and it is not a few months away from the generation, and the luggage is sluggish, and it cannot be returned. If you don't get food, you can't do anything if you don't continue for a day. The son is Chinese New Year's Eve, the daughter is twenty, and the marriage has not yet dared to speak. If you are not poor, there are no people in the world. Fu Wei Shao gave his heart to donate an official to Lu, so that the rough can live, and even make it possible to pretend to return, and look outside to make it possible to complete one or two marriages. (Weinan Anthology, Volume 13) The sentence "His line is also, so he makes friends and sends money to send him", which shows that Lu You's travel expenses to Shu to go to the official this time were only made up by the funding of relatives and friends.
This letter not only revealed Lu You's funds for entering Shu**, but also told us that Lu You's family economic situation was not good, "chasing Lu in Kui with poverty", "walking in the Baxia in his last years, working hard for rice" ("Tou Liang Participating in Politics"), and chasing Lu "is one of the important reasons why he went to the official distance and wandered the world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the income was composed of three parts: Yulu and material money (in addition to Yulu, officials sometimes gave food and food, or discounted money and sent it, called material money. ), increase (duty allowance). Lu You was sent by Zuo Fenglang to Kuizhou to be sentenced. Zuo Fengyilang, for the eighth grade, the twenty-fourth rank official, Yu Lu for twenty thousand, spring and winter each seven horses. Twenty pieces of material money, ten horses of spring and winter silk, one horse of spring Luo, and thirty taels of winter cotton. Increase the supply, Kuizhou will be sentenced, and 70,000 iron money will be given. Lu You's family's income** is his salary. Lu You's family of ten is tired, and it is difficult to meet the needs of the family, so that his son and daughter have reached the age of marriage and dare not talk about marriage.
2. Reception along the way.
Although Lu You went to Shu at his own expense and rented a boat all the way, he was taken care of by the local government. The Song Dynasty ** appointed, will be in the form of "court newspaper" to inform the local government. Chaobao is a kind of ** communiqué that publishes edicts, chapters and the appointment and dismissal of officials in the form of short messages, which is mainly transmitted by land and water stations. Lu You was entertained by the local governor when he passed through all the state capitals. There were two banquets in Jiangzhou on the 10th, one was a formal banquet in the Yulou, and the other was Shi Zhidao's "Drink in the Party", that is, Lu You was invited to a banquet in the official office. Every time you meet an old friend in the local **, the number of banquets you accept is more. There are many records of this in the "Records of Entering Shu". Before leaving Jiangzhou, the local government also sent several kinds of utensils of grain curtain water. It can be seen that at that time, the local government had the responsibility of receiving passers-by and providing them with certain travel convenience.
Kuizhou has also taken corresponding measures. Lu You recorded on August 3: "The beginning of the Kuizhou Gong Transfer" (Volume 3). "Public transfer" is a general term for official documents used between government offices that are not under the same uniform. This "public transfer" should be issued by the Kuizhou government, and the purpose is to ask the government to give the land tour and travel care along the way. On August 23, Lu marched to Ezhou, and "Kuizhou soldiers came to participate" (Volume 4), indicating that Kuizhou had sent soldiers to meet Lu You. From these records, it can also be seen that the government of the Southern Song Dynasty made arrangements for the trips of local officials.
3. Transportation.
Lu You traveled westward, starting from Shanyin, first taking the canal, to Zhenjiang and entering the Yangtze River. The main means of transportation along the way is the boat.
Except for a time when he took an official ship in Lin'an, he rented a boat. The charter record in the "Records of Entering Shu" began in Zhenjiang and was the starting point of the Yangtze River voyage: "On the 20th of June, it moved into the ship of Wang Zhiyi in Jiazhou. Volume 1) This is a "2,000-hun boat" with a large carrying capacity, "five feet high and six feet high, and twenty-six sails".
After arriving in Shashi, Lu You changed to rent a special boat into the gorge. "(September) 17th, after the day of entry, moved the luggage over the Jiazhou Zhao Qing boat, and covered the boat into the gorge. Volume 5) This boat is "one thousand six hundred boats", "where six oars are used, and two carts are one hundred zhang". On the Three Gorges, the ship no longer hung sails, but only oars and a cable to lead the boat, and its rope ("Baizhang") was made of large bamboo broken into quarters, as thick as a human arm (20 days, vol. 5). But this is a ship with two loads of people and goods. Due to the overloading of cargo, on 13 October the ship was "damaged by stones" when it landed on New Beach. Hurriedly send people to save them, but they will not sink. However, the sharp stone pierced the bottom of the ship and was immovable. It is caused by the fact that the boat is loaded with pottery. Volume 6) Due to the greed of the shipowner to carry more goods, the bottom of the ship was pierced by the reef. Lu You changed ships again on the 15th (Volume 6) before passing through Xintan and Baigou Gorge to Guizhou. Land tour from Zhenjiang to Kuizhou, three changes of boat, it can be seen how difficult it was to enter Shu from the waterway at that time!
In "The Legend of Shu", another means of transportation that often appears is the "shoulder yu", that is, the sedan chair. It is mainly used for shore excursions. For example, "On the fifteenth day of October, the boatmen were all out of their loads, so that they could pull the boat across the beach, but they had to be repaired, and they were in a different state. Leave Xintan, cross the White Dog Gorge, and park the boat Xingshan Pass. Shoulder tour of the jade void cave. (Vol. VI).
4. Room and board. Most of the land tour is spent on board and lodging on board. For entertainment or excursions on the shore, they either stay at a local post station, or stay in a monastery building.
When you are on the water, you sometimes have to go ashore to buy food. For example, on the 10th of September, blocking the wind and rain, he sent a small boat across the river to buy meat on the other side, got half of the big fish, and got a black peon, and he couldn't bear to kill it, so he stored it in the boat. (Volume 6) There are many records of going ashore to buy food or merchants coming to sell food in small boats. Naturally, there will be times when you can't eat. For example, after entering Tunshui on August 30, there was no food for several consecutive days. Until September 3rd, "on this day, I will get the woad and the reed." (Vol. 5) Woad and reed, i.e., cabbage and turnips.
On the morning of October 27, the sixth year of Song Xiaozong's reign (1170), Lu You finally arrived in Kuizhou.
The boat quietly docked to the shore. There is no greeting scene. Lu You from Wu into Chu, more than 5,000 miles, through 15 states, when the departure is the cicada singing like weaving, thick yin such as the cover of the hot summer, at this time is the beginning of the light snowfall, the river sky is solemn in the early winter.