East Spy: Intelligence is defenseless, and Japanese spies are swarming
After the Opium War, the decline and decline of the Qing Dynasty had been fully exposed to the world powers, and China entered a semi-feudal and semi-colonial period. During this period, Japan began to actively intervene in China's affairs and quickly invaded China, becoming one of the imperialist powers.
In order to deploy espionage activities in China, Japan began to send various spies for a long time. However, the Qing Dynasty had long considered Japan to be a foreign country, and it was not until the late period that there was no formal official relationship with Japan.
Despite this, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty still adhered to the false concept that "Huayi is different, and all countries come to the dynasty", had a clear sense of superiority over China, and seriously despised Japan. It was not until 1871 that China and Japan formally established diplomatic relations in the modern sense, and Japan began detective expeditions in northeast China in 1872, and in the years that followed, it established a number of consulates and sent army students to China.
Feng Yi sang and danced and sang the mountain Lingxi, and paging the sound of long live all the way", from which it can be seen that the arrogant mentality at that time. However, the Qing Empire suffered repeated defeats in foreign wars, lost its territory and sovereignty, and gradually became a semi-colony of the Western powers, which gave Japan a great stimulus.
In the seventh year of Tongzhi, Japan carried out the Meiji Restoration, quickly embarked on the road of modernization, and became a military power on an equal footing with the Western powers. From then on, the Japanese intelligentsia began to abandon their fear of China and formed a sense of superiority over China"Continental policy"It also gradually took shape, aimed at annexing China.
After the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan's national strength gradually strengthened and it embarked on the road of aggression against Asian countries, which became its established national policy. In 1870, Japan began to train spies and sent a large number of spies to China, and intelligence gathering took precedence.
Japan also sent students to study in China, most of whom participated in the invasion of Taiwan Province in 1874 and participated in espionage activities in northeastern China and Korea.
All these foreshadowed Japan's aggressive ambitions and actions.
Saigo Takamori sent Shiro Ikegami to the Tohoku region to conduct a detailed investigation in order to obtain information about the northeastern region of China. Shiro Ikegami and his entourage, under the pseudonym of businessmen, took Yingkou as their base and operated in Mukden and its surrounding areas, investigating the geography, politics, military equipment, finance, industry, climate, transportation, prices, and customs of the Northeast region, and recording the freezing and de-freezing of the Liaohe River.
Their investigation report became the first espionage report of Japanese spies in China in modern times, and caused an increase in Japanese espionage activities against China. In addition, Japan has also sent spies to Taiwan on many occasions to conduct investigations, providing an important intelligence basis for their aggression against Taiwan.
During the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan frantically carried out espionage activities in China in order to win the war. The details of these activities will not be repeated here. Japan has set up many spy agencies in China, among which the East Asian Tongbunkai has collected a large amount of espionage materials and compiled them into books, and its crimes are serious.
Japan has established a number of spy agencies in China to specialize in intelligence collection and training of intelligence personnel. Here are some of the more important ones: 1Oriental Gakuinkan: In 1884, Shigekoshi Suehiro, Sasa Tomobo, and others cooperated with Genyosha to establish the Toyo Gakuin Museum on Kunshan Road in Shanghai, with the aim of cultivating intelligence talents to subvert China.
Although the Toyogakuin was not approved by the Japanese ** and had no financial support, it only existed for a year before closing, but it set a precedent in the Japanese intelligence community and had an important impact.
More than 30 students from the academy were from mainland Japan, such as Yamauchi, Takahashi Ken, Szemura Shitaro, Araga, Naoshun Nakano, and Nakano Kumagoro, all of whom later became famous spies in China.
The establishment of the Shanghai Oriental Academy laid the foundation for the later establishment of the Nissin ** Research Institute and the East Asian Tongbun Academy.
Founded in Hankou by the early Japanese spy Arao Sei, the Hankou Lezendo of the Genyosha was the largest comprehensive Japanese spy organization in China before the First Sino-Japanese War, and it was also a place for intelligence collection and intelligence personnel training.
Under the cover of the pharmacy business, the organization set up intelligence networks and branches throughout China. Its members all wore braided hair, wore Han Chinese clothes, spoke Chinese, and tried their best to pretend to be Chinese to go out to gather intelligence.
The main characters are Yamauchi and Urakei.
1. Takehiko Fujishima and others most likely became the backbone of espionage against China in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China.
Among the Chinese refugees, there is a special group, they are Japanese spies, but mixed with the refugees. One of them, a Japanese spy named Arao Sei, established the "House Rules" to regulate the behavior and behavior of the refugees, as well as the "Instructions for Insiders" and "Instructions for Outsiders" to regulate the work and activities of insiders and outsiders.
The internal staff is divided into the Governor, the External Unit and the Codification Unit, and their work is divided into different areas. Outsiders are responsible for contacting and gathering intelligence, and their activities and targets are clearly defined.
Among them, their reconnaissance targets include gentlemen, heroes, wealthy families, elders, knights and wealthy people, and they need to record the residence, name, age and whereabouts of these people in detail.
In addition, they also need to investigate matters related to the military and economy, such as the shape of the mountains and rivers, the density of the population, the quality of customs, the wealth of the people's livelihood, the location of the barracks, the situation of the arsenal, and the transportation of grain.
These activities were all aimed at preparing for a large-scale war of aggression against China. In 1890, due to the unauthorized planning to occupy Wuhan without the consent of the Japanese Army General Staff, Leshantang's espionage activities were stopped.
The Nissin ** Research Institute is a school approved by Japan and funded by the Japanese Army General Staff Headquarters to train intelligence personnel for the invasion of China. The institute mainly recruits "young talents" from within Japan to comprehensively and systematically train intelligence personnel for China.
Students study in the school for three years, mainly including Chinese, English, Sino-Japanese issues, business geography, jiu-jitsu gymnastics and other courses, and receive rigorous training to engage in intelligence work.
In addition to studying and training at the school, after graduation, students will go to various parts of China for a one-year intelligence gathering internship.
The Qing Dynasty Trade Survey is a detailed report compiled by Nezuichi of the Nissin Research Institute of Japan on the research results of the members of the Hankou Leshantang for 3 years, with a total of more than 2,300 pages, including politics, economy, finance, commerce, education, industry, transportation, geography, climate, customs, etc., and provides a large number of first-hand information.
The activities of the Nissin Research Institute attracted the attention of the local authorities in Shanghai, and its members served the Japanese Army in the First Sino-Japanese War. Its members include students from Tokyo Imperial University and Waseda University, spy students from the famous spy Arao Seiki and Nezuchi, former envoys to China, and mainland ronin who are enthusiastic about Chinese affairs.
In the spring of 1897 (the twenty-third year of Guangxu), Lu Minoru, Yujiro Miyake, Ikebe Kishitaro, Shiga Shigeang, and Inoue Masa.
2. At the farewell party in Fukumoto, Kagawa Etsuji and others put forward a proposal for the establishment of the East Asia Association, and the action plan of the East Asia Association included the publication of a magazine of the organization, the study of current affairs, and the invitation of overseas Chinese to join the Association.
The Tongbunkai was established in June 1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu), and the main participants were the former Hankou Rakuzendo personnel represented by Kotaro Munakata, Saburo Ide, and Masaki Nakanishi, as well as Ryuhei Shiraiwa who graduated from the Nissin ** Research Institute, and Tsutsuzo Ouchi around Fumiro Konoe.
The Tongwen Society has four programs: the study of China issues, the establishment of the Tongwen Museum in Shanghai, the establishment of two magazines in Tokyo, Shi Zhi and Oriental Times, and the establishment of the Tongwen Hall in Shanghai.
After the establishment of the East Asian Tongbun Association, the East Asian Tongbun Academy and the Tokyo Tongbun Academy were founded in Shanghai and Tokyo, respectively, with the goal of cultivating "China experts".
Founded in 1915, after Japan proposed the "21 Articles" to China, the Chinese became increasingly disgusted with Japan, and many Chinese who studied in Japan returned to China one after another and became anti-Japanese pioneers.
In order to ease the Chinese's hatred of Japan, Japan began to start with culture and education, in an attempt to enslave the Chinese by running schools in China, deceive their feelings, and prepare for future aggression.
In 1918, the Japanese Consul General in Shanghai, Ariyoshiaki, presented to Foreign Minister Uchida a "Proposal for the Management of the East Asian Tongbun Academy", proposing the idea of establishing education in China in Japan.
The East Asia Tongwen Association is committed to developing education in China, and plans to set up seven secondary schools in China with Chinese as the main training target. However, Japan** only approved the enrollment of Chinese students in the Faculty of East Asian Bunbun Academy.
In 1919, the East Asian Tongwen Society began to run schools in China, and collected intelligence through "investigation and research of China", providing espionage information for Japan's invasion of China.
Every year, the survey materials of the Great Travel Survey of the East Asian Tongbun Academy will be printed into a manuscript, submitted to the first departments of Japan, and compiled into 18 volumes of the "Quanzhi of the Province of China", which contains a large amount of information on Chinese affairs, transportation, and economy, and provides an important reference for Japan's invasion of China.
The Quanzhi consists of 18 volumes, which are introduced in order of provinces in Guangdong Province (including Hong Kong and Macao), Guangxi Province, Yunnan Province, Shandong Province, Sichuan Province, Gansu Province (including Xinjiang Province), Shaanxi Province, Henan Province, Hubei Province, Hunan Province, Jiangxi Province, Anhui Province, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Jiangsu Province, Guizhou Province, Shanxi Province and Zhili Province.
Although these provinces do not cover the whole of China, they are representative of China itself. The East Asian Tongwen Society also edited the gazetteers of the northern provinces such as Manchuria Tongzhi and Mongolia, which were clearly premeditated to separate northern China (especially northeastern China) from China.
The Quanzhi is a detailed record of the province-wide local book, covering a wealth of content, including the general overview of each province, market development, metropolis, transportation, post and telecommunications, products, commercial customs, minerals, industry, commodity import, commercial organization, financial currency, and weights and measures.
These are based on research and reflect the situation at the time, especially in response to the needs of Japan. The Quanzhi uses a number of photographic materials, all taken by students of the East Asian Tongbun Academy during the investigation, which directly reflect the social life of the time.
These photographs can be divided into natural landscapes and cultural landscapes, and are vivid portrayals of social life at that time.
The illustrated examples of the Quanzhi of the Province of China show the various maps in the book, including the whole map of the province, the street map of the city, the map of various towns, the plan of a certain place, etc. These maps are drawn in a variety of colors, with precise scales, legends, and direction signs, as well as different color schemes and text displays.
These maps were the most accurate surveyed maps of the provinces at the time, detailing information such as mountains, rivers, lakes, mines, cities, market towns, villages, railways, highways, waterways, administrative boundaries, and the travel and survey routes of East Asian Tongbun students.
The city street map is more detailed in content than the whole provincial map, including not only the traditional city walls, city gates, bridges, temples, pavilions and other buildings, but also the addition of new urban structures such as railways, highways, stations, docks, factories, foreign banks, schools, post offices, etc.
Various county and town maps also mark in detail the city walls, city gates, streets, roads, railways, stations, docks, bridges, rivers, lakes, hills, sandbanks and other landforms and facilities, as well as new buildings and facilities such as public offices, schools, temples, churches, hospitals, and factories inside and outside the city.
Overall, these maps provide valuable information for understanding the province at that time, and are a valuable resource for both historians and readers interested in geography.
The Jiangxi Survey Roadmap (1908-1918), a student of the East Asian Tongbun Academy, depicts the scene of various Japanese people coming to China to collect intelligence and using their travelogues to record intelligence information from various parts of China and all walks of life.
Judging from the literature of modern Japanese investigation of China, Japan's investigation of China is mainly divided into military investigation and cultural people's Chinese travelogues. The military survey was mainly conducted by the General Staff Headquarters to send officers and men to infiltrate China in the capacity of military attachés and instructors to investigate China's military geography and armament situation, and to compile the "Geographical Chronicles of China," "Geographical Chronicles of Mongolia," and "Geographical Records of Manchuria" using the materials collected from the surveys.
The Chinese travelogues of cultural people are a large number of Chinese travelogues written by modern Japanese, scattered in major libraries in Japan.
This collection of precious documents, entitled "The Collection of Records of the Records of the Late Eze-Ming Era of China", contains the 20 volumes of the Collection of Records of the Records of the Late E.g. and the sequel of the Collection of Records of the Taisho Period of China, published by the National Diet Library of Japan in 1997.
These precious books collect 65 kinds of travelogues about China in the late Qing Dynasty, including some prestigious works, such as "Beijing Travel" and "Beijing Chronicle" by Xiao Liqi Xiangding, and "Yuyu Travel" by Inoue Chen Zheng.
This set of documents not only contains these travelogues, but also includes relevant materials related to the investigation of Japanese consuls and spy agencies in China, such as Mizuno Kokichi's "Hankou", as well as the affairs of various provinces and cities, such as "Guangxi Province Affairs", "Yichang Matters", "Chongqing Relations" and so on.
In addition, there is also a survey of the Chinese habits of the Survey Department of the South Manchurian Railway Co., Ltd., especially the three northeastern provinces of China, North China, Mongolia and other places to carry out in-depth investigations, forming the "Manchurian Railway Survey Report".
This collection of "Records of the Late Edo and Meiji China" is a valuable historical document, which not only records Japan's activities in China, but also provides us with a valuable material for understanding China in the late Qing Dynasty.
1. "The Governor-General's Office of Taiwan"and related business departments to conduct in-depth research on southern China, including "Taiwan Affairs", "Hainan Island", "Yunnan Province Affairs" and other achievements.
2.The East Asian Tongbunkai has set up a special investigation and compilation department, and its student travel survey activities are the longest and most extensive activities in Japan in China, resulting in a series of "East Asian Tongbun College Survey Report" and student travel logs, as well as "China Economic Encyclopedia", "China Yearbook", "China Province Quanzhi" and other achievements.
3.This series of articles will focus on some of the Japanese travelogues, revealing the rampant espionage activities carried out by the Japanese on the Chinese soil. In the following article, we will begin to tell about the second travelogue.
Stay tuned.