Advanced politics must have room for error in keeping pace with the times, and then the right comments, even the officials who are not the officials should be evaluated, and the officials are promoted by this, if so, the officials will be promoted and promoted, and their power will be upright, not the bosses of the officials.
This is confusing the examination with the election.
As a result, officials also competed in their own affairs, attacking social reputation, but they did not care about their own official positions and actual work, and their superiors could not help him.
When Chen Qun was in Chen Qun, why did Dazhong Zhengding be a part-time official? Because the local government had lost contact with ** at that time, he only served as the official of ** and served as the great zhongzheng, so that he could elect the exiled people of his hometown to be appointed by **.
But why does the Zhongzheng Book have to register the appraisal with the officials? In doing so, it was possible to clarify and remove a group of people who had already abused their incompetence at that time.
These are the painstaking efforts of Chen Qun when he created this system.
Therefore, for the sake of being a temporary remedy, the Jiupin Zhongzheng system is not a bad system. But later, because the time and space relationships of the implementation were different, they were still used, and finally there was a big problem.
Excerpted from the second lecture of Qian Mu's "Political Gains and Losses in China's Past Dynasties" "Tang Dynasty and Tang Dynasty Examination System".
Mr. Qian Mu said, "When the system is established, the rule of officials is clarified, and the Cao family wins the world, and this system is also related." ”
If this refers to three countries and one country, it is not bad.
The reason why the Cao family unified the other two countries, dominated the world, and won the hearts of the people in the world is an extremely key factor.
Winning the hearts of the world's corporal people is not because of the Jiupin Zhongzheng system, as early as the Cao Cao period, a lot of work has been done. Xu Shao commented on Cao Cao, "a capable minister who rules the world, and a traitor who steals the world". This matter is recorded in the "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", which seems to be a foregone conclusion. However, I always have some suspicions that this is a false comment from the mouth of a later person.
Leave that aside for now. Cao Cao has a very high prestige among scholars, but it is an indisputable fact. In Cao Cao's time, none of those who were defeated by him were not strongmen. In a sense, it is difficult to say at least how much weaker than Cao Cao.
However, they all became Cao Cao's defeated men. There is a big reason for this, Cao Cao has the heart of the scholars.
As the old saying goes, whoever wins the hearts of the people wins the world.
I always feel that we may have a purely modern interpretation of this. In the understanding of the ancients, the people were not ordinary people, but scholars. Only when understood in this way can many words of ancient times be smooth.
For example, Mencius said that the people are precious, the second son of the community, and the monarch is light.
If the people in this statement are understood as ordinary people, then Mencius's thinking is really too advanced. On the contrary, if it is understood as a corporal of the world, it seems to be more in line with the logic of the times at that time.
It is precisely because of Cao Cao's idea of relying on the corporal of the world that Cao Pi will support Chen Qun's creation of the nine-product Zhongzheng system, giving the corporal of the world a chance, and also giving the corporal of the world a justice.
Mr. Qian added, "But this system is only a temporary remedy. Just like a certain medicine to cure a certain disease, it is not advisable to take it again after the disease is cured. Otherwise, medicine can cure the disease and also cause the disease. The Jin Dynasty unified the world, and until the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chen Qun's system continued to be used and could not be updated, so that the problem came out. ”
Mr. Qian is right, a certain medicine cures a certain disease, and it is not suitable to take it again when the disease is cured.
The Jiupin Zhengzhong system, the treatment is to check the festering disease, in the early days of Cao Wei, the effect is very good, there is a reason.
One of the reasons is that the world is divided into three parts, and Wei is just one of them. People have a fixed mind, and everyone in the world has pain in their skin, and they need a dose of good medicine to heal it.
The second reason is that any drug has good medicinal properties when it is first used, and after a long time, it will become resistant.
The third reason is geographical reasons. The range is small and the control is easy. It's like cancer, if it spreads, it's incurable.
On the other hand, this nine-product zhongzheng system does have inherent defects.
First, it still follows the previous idea of the meritocracy system, although some reforms have been carried out on the probation system, such as the probation system only inspects two items, one is filial piety and the other is honesty. The nine products are in the positive system, and a more subdivided evaluation standard has been formulated.
But after all, this kind of evaluation is still subjective. Since it is subjective, it is easy to be manipulated. Strictly speaking, it is still a copy of the previous probationary system, or it can also be called borrowing.
Second, the probation system, the right to inspect and lift is in the locality, this time it has received **, in the establishment of the big zhongzheng, and in the locality, the establishment of the small zhongzheng.
In addition to the size of the center, the place may also have a referral process. Otherwise, a few small Zhongzheng are just assistants of the big Zhongzheng, and they can't be busy.
This middle-sized setup has actually formed a bureaucratic system, which is simply difficult to perform its duties in a down-to-earth manner, and is more likely to be superficial.
In addition, there are some disadvantages mentioned by Mr. Qian, which I will not repeat here.
What I really want to say is that it is necessary to create a new system according to the current situation for the sake of the current situation. Because of the need to solve the problem temporarily, the newly created system has the drawbacks of headache and foot pain, and it is difficult to avoid it.
The fundamental starting point of creating a system is to solve problems. If the problem is solved, it is naturally a good thing.
However, the design of any new system must consider keeping pace with the times and have a fault-tolerant mechanism.
For example, the main idea of the Jiupin Zhongzheng system is still the previous inspection system, but it has changed to a different inspection method, or it is more detailed to the previous inspection method. Obviously, there is a lack of awareness of the failure of the previous probationary system.
On the other hand, when the Jiupin Zhongzheng system was established, Wei was only one of the Three Kingdoms. The area under its jurisdiction is relatively small. The governance of a country is directly related to the size of the country and the population base. Governing a small country with a population of one million is not the same as governing a large country with hundreds of millions of people.
A system that is very effective in governing a small country may be useless in governing a large country. Don't tell me that governing a big country is like cooking a small fresh, what people say is metaphysical, metaphysical is right, metaphysical is not necessarily right. System design is metaphysical, and when designing, there must be a fault-tolerant mechanism and space to keep pace with the times.
Later, Wei unified the whole country, and its territory expanded several times at once. The radiation of the previous system has been greatly reduced, or even completely impossible. But after Cao Pi, the emperor of Wei has been very weak, and the power is in the hands of powerful ministers. The ministers only thought about consolidating themselves, and they couldn't think of improving all the systems with the times, and if they were perfected, they would have loopholes to exploit.
At the same time, the nine-product Zhongzheng system, for the grading of the incumbent **, is indeed a major political progress. With this great aura, other aspects seem to be ignored.
Under the historical conditions at that time, the Jiupin Zhongzheng system was indeed a good system, but it quickly rotted, and the root was that it failed to keep pace with the times or could not keep pace with the times.