The administrative division of a super-large country is an extremely challenging task, and without a corresponding administrative system to support it, the disintegration and extinction of the state will be inevitable.
Scientific and rational administrative divisions according to the characteristics of regional culture can provide a strong guarantee for the stability and prosperity of the country.
Mountains and rivers are a way of dividing administrative divisions that are consistent with physical geographical divisions. For agricultural civilization, this method can maintain the integrity of physical geography, which is conducive to agricultural production and the construction of water conservancy facilities, and also has a positive impact on national finance.
However, the dog-tooth invasion, that is, the mountains and rivers become natural barriers, may also lead to the phenomenon of local forces relying on the steep terrain and forming a phenomenon of separation. Therefore, there was a saying in history that "the world is not chaotic before Shu is chaotic, and the world is peaceful and difficult to peace".
In order to avoid the problem of one dominance and the failure of local power, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty adopted the principle of demarcation of dogs' teeth and broke the topographical integrity of the political region.
This principle is embodied in the demarcation of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hunan and Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hebei, Hebei, Mongolia, and Yulu. Therefore, the emergence of the provincial system is of great significance in Chinese history.
The provinces of the Yuan Dynasty had strong military attributes, and the primary task was to conquer military objectives. This setup is similar to the legion system in the Three Kingdoms game, where several states and counties on the front line are mainly responsible for military strategy, while the counties in the rear are centered on economic construction and carry out material transportation, forming a situation where the front and back are coordinated and complement each other.
Once the military mission is completed, the corps is disbanded, and then the theater corps is redivided according to the new front. If the power of the province is too strong, cross-regional secession may occur.
In order to avoid this situation, it is necessary to carry out inspections of the relocation of the capital from time to time, the entry and exit of generals, and the right to adjust and reduce the power. In China's long history and political evolution, provinces, counties, and townships have long traditions, while the prefectural and municipal levels are relatively new.
Since 1949, the Communist Party of China has implemented a regional system in order to strengthen its leadership. Today, the first two digits of our ID cards come from this. The implementation of this system originated from the establishment of the party's local bureaus during the war years, such as the North China Bureau and the Northeast Bureau.
In order to meet the needs of national construction and development, from 1952 to 1954, the establishment of large administrative regions was abolished, and provincial-level units were directly under the jurisdiction of **, and correspondingly, the local bureaus of the Communist Party of China were also abolished at the same time.
These changes have changed the pattern of government affairs in a specific historical period.
In the political process of the 50s, the heads of the former major administrative regions were promoted to ** and held important party and government positions. This event was called the "abolition of the six major administrative regions and the local bureaus of the Communist Party of China", and in the same year, in 1954, a new "May Fourth Constitution" was formulated and promulgated.
The relevant provisions of these two laws reveal two important messages for us. First of all, the system of "city management and county" was very rare in the early days of the founding of New China, and there was no such example in Chinese history and the first period.
Secondly, the administrative office and the prefectural party committee are the dispatched agencies of the provincial ** and the party committee, and they did not have the status of a first-class ** organization until 1978. Therefore, in the films of the early 1990s, these questions became especially important.
The formation of the "city-administered-county" structure has gone through three waves. The first time occurred in the 50s, because the economic status of the city gradually improved, in order to strengthen urban management and overall development, the state began to implement the city management and county system.
The second time was in the 80s, with the advancement of reform and opening up, the economic vitality of the city was further enhanced, and the city and county system was more widely applied. The third time is in the new century, with the advancement of urban-rural integration, the system of city management and county has also been further improved and deepened, and has become an important part of China's current administrative system.
When the material and technical conditions are relatively backward, labor becomes a key factor of production. As a result, the motivation of the "city" to directly manage the "county" was stimulated, which led to the emergence of the "city-administered county" system, which spread rapidly.
By the end of 1960, 50 of the country's 88 prefecture-level cities were leading counties, plus the two municipalities directly under the central government of Beijing and Shanghai, a total of 52 cities led 237 counties and autonomous counties, and 58 percent of all cities at and above the prefecture level had implemented the concept of "city administration of counties." This marked the formation of the first upsurge of "city administration of counties."
In the early 1980s, the focus of reform shifted from the rural areas in the periphery to the cities in the center, and from the agricultural field to the enterprise contract system in the industrial field.
In order to give full play to the leading role of the central city and promote the integration of urban and rural reform, the Communist Party of China put forward relevant requirements in the "Notice on Several Issues Concerning the Reform of Party and Government Organs in Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions".
In the first decade of the 21st century, the reform of "city management of counties" was implemented nationwide. The standards formulated by the Ministry of Civil Affairs include: the population engaged in non-agricultural industries in urban areas shall not be less than 250,000, the population of non-agricultural households in the municipal ** resident shall not be less than 200,000, the total output value of industry and agriculture shall not be less than 3 billion yuan, of which the industrial output value shall account for more than 80%, the GDP shall not be less than 2.5 billion yuan, the proportion of the output value of the tertiary industry in the GDP shall not be less than 35%, and the fiscal revenue in the budget at the local level shall not be less than 200 million yuan.
By the end of 2009, a total of 18 provinces had fully implemented the "city management of counties", covering 1,574 counties under the leadership of 273 cities, compared with 287 cities and 1,948 counties above the prefecture level in the country.
The emergence of the city-administered county system, although it has broken through the administrative structure of provinces, counties and townships set by the Constitution, has evolved into a more complex four-level first-class structure, and its original goal of promoting agriculture with industry and leading rural areas with cities has also been affected by too many impulses to seek land and profits, resulting in unfairness in the game between the interests of cities and counties.
In order to balance the interests of cities while maintaining the tax-sharing system, a complex and hierarchical urban system has to be created, including municipalities directly under the central government, provincial capitals, sub-provincial cities, cities with independent planning, prefecture-level cities, and county-level cities, but the rigidity of this system may also inhibit innovation.
For this reason, in the process of the gradual development of the system of "cities administering counties", the voice of "provinces directly administering counties" has emerged.
In recent years, with the selection and training of cadres more and more attention to grassroots experience, people generally agree that "the prime minister must start from the state department, and the fierce general must be sent to the army", which has also become an important guiding ideology for the selection and training of cadres.
In the mid-to-late 90s of the 20th century and since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a certain degree of virtualization in grassroots governance in China, which is mainly due to the large-scale withdrawal and merger of towns and villages.
In particular, in the development of rural communization, although some areas have made remarkable progress, there are still some structural problems. Especially in the merged Omura, there is still a lot of structural running-in that needs to be carried out.
This has undoubtedly become a problem of grassroots governance in the era of great mobility. In contrast, the free movement of individuals and the change of occupations in the cities have led to the disintegration of the old order, but new organic ties have not been established and no new collective action has been generated.
Urban neighborhoods often have green spaces, gymnasiums, plazas, etc., but people don't quarrel without them. In the age of individualization, people have become accustomed to the "decline of the public person".
A "small community" that has some commonality and a certain sense of identity in terms of region, interests, social interactions, and culture is called a community. Mr. Fei Xiaotong first introduced this concept to China in the 30s of the 20th century, while the American sociologist Robert Putnam further advanced the role of community in collective action in his famous book.
The 2015 Urban Work Conference emphasized that while innovating urban governance, attention should also be paid to strengthening the fine management of cities.
The rise and fall of American communities, the development and social investigation of border areas, the development of small towns and others, the changes in China's local administrative system, the relationship between community and society, and the yearning for rural life in the city are all important issues that we pay attention to in this diverse society.
Let's explore, understand, and think together. ”