The ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were a large-scale kiln in the Song and Yuan dynasties (960-1368). Among the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty, Ru kiln is listed as the top among them. A large-scale Ru porcelain official kiln site in the Song and Yuan dynasties. It is distributed in Qingliangsi Village, Daying Town, Baofeng County, Henan Province and the south platform of the village, with a total area of more than one million square meters, which is rare for Henan porcelain kiln sites. The central area of the village is the central part of the village, and the imperial porcelain fired is dominated by azure glaze. Rugong kiln in the history of the development of ancient Chinese ceramics, especially for the development of the porcelain system of the two Song Dynasty official kilns, played a role in inheriting the past and opening up the future.
In 1990, it was rated as "the top ten new archaeological discoveries during the Seventh Five-Year Plan: Henan + major archaeological discoveries in the 20th century and the top ten new archaeological discoveries in the country in 2000, and in June 2001, it was announced as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units: in 2005, it was included in the national 100 important ruins protection project, in 2011, Ru porcelain firing technology was included in the national intangible cultural heritage list, and in 2016, it was selected into the "13th Five-Year Plan" special plan for the protection of national large ruins.
Ru kiln ranks first among the five famous kilns of "Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding", and is known as "Ru kiln is the leader". From the 50s of the 20th century to the present, in order to find the ruins of Ruyao, several generations of cultural and museum workers in China have made great efforts.
The sixth excavation of Qingliang Temple in 2000 found a total of 19 kilns, two workshops, as well as important relics such as wells, ash pits, filtration tanks, and mud tanks. The excavation in the village has made up for the regret that the kiln site and the lack of physical specimens have not been seen in the long-term study of Ru kiln porcelain.
These unearthed Ru kilns carry thousands of years of historical vicissitudes, and those soil, water, and erosion of the glaze are vividly expressed. The fracture and ballast will also fully express the internal soil structure and color, which provides precious learning materials for the majority of Ru porcelain lovers.
Ru kiln azure glaze three-legged wash in the late Northern Song Dynasty.
Caliber 95 cm, base diameter 8 cm, height 17 cm.
The mouth is slightly constricted, the belly is bulging, and the bottom is flat. There are three nail marks on the bottom surface, azure glaze. Gray self-fetus.
Burning. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
Ru kiln azure glaze circle foot porcelain wash.
Late Northern Song Dynasty. Caliber 123 cm, bottom diameter 83 cm, height 32 cm oblique mouth, oblique abdomen folded down, circled foot wrapped. The round bottom of the device is nearly flat, and there are three nail marks at the bottom. Azure glaze. Gray and white tires. Full glaze firing in 2000 Qingliang kiln site IV area unearthed.
Ru kiln azure glazed round porcelain box.
Late Northern Song Dynasty disc diameter 135 cm, bottom diameter 15 cm, height 49 cm of the female mouth, the outer edge of the female mouth is convex and ridged, and the concentric circle in the plate is small flat bottom oblique straight wall. Near the cover is slightly outward, and the cover is unglazed along the surface, and the whole body is large. Light azure glaze, fragrant gray tire. Pad burning. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple IV area.
Ru kiln azure glaze hexagonal corner porcelain box.
Late Northern Song Dynasty disc diameter 175 cm, bottom diameter 19 cm, height 78 cm mother-child mouth, shallow plate, the wall of the plate is raised and the six edges divide the plate into six equal parts. The bottom of the box is unglazed on the ground, and the pad is burned. Azure glaze. The glaze has extremely sparse large open pieces. There is a phenomenon of deglazing and revealing tires locally, and in 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in Area IV.
Ru kiln azure glazed narcissus pot porcelain basin.
The mouth length of the late Northern Song Dynasty was 234 cm, mouth width 162 cm, bottom length 20 cm, bottom width 133 cm, height 67 cm. Oval, oblique, obliquely straight-bellied, with cloud-like quadrupeds underneath. Full glaze six nails burned. Thin tires. Blue-gray glaze, glazed with open pieces. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
Ru kiln azure glazed porcelain bowl and tray.
Late Northern Term. Cover 9 cm along the diameter. The sub-diameter is 68 cm, and the cover height is 27 cm.
Zikou. The bottom of the mouth is scraped. The cover is flat on the edge, the cover is raised, and there is a circular catcher in the middle of the top of the cover. Azure glaze, glazed with soil white, the body is covered with small open pieces. The fetus is loose. The color is gray and white. Pad burning. In 2015, the relics of the sub-official kiln of Cheongwon Temple were unearthed in the IV area.
Cover: The mouth is light 8 cm, the bottom diameter is 49 cm, and the height of the mouth is slightly destroyed. The belly is bulging, the round feet are slightly hidden, and the inside of the device is small. There are open lines on the surface of the instrument, which is not very clear. The whole body is covered with azure glaze, and 2,000 cars of Qingliang Temple liquid official empty site W area was unearthed.
Xinto: 58 cm without a face along the diameter of 174 cm and a foot diameter of 124 cm through a height of 46 cm Jiangyin as Jin Yu. Panhao is oblique inward. On the outer edge, the center of the upturned plate is raised, and the abdomen is molded with a delicate double layer of lotus covering, and there are 15 mouth points on the surface of the lotus seed pattern, and the foot is blessed. Look at the ground there are five branches of madness. Azure melts slightly greenish. The surface of the vessel has very fine openings and sparse small bubbles.
Ru kiln celadon glazed lotus porcelain bowl.
Late Northern Song Dynasty caliber 154 cm, base diameter 8 cm, height 102 cm fancy mouth, ten-petal melon edged abdomen, lower abdomen arc and ring foot are connected, high circle foot, circle foot inner wall also has a circle of oblique lines. The glaze is green in the green, and the surface of the vessel has a fine open pattern, and it is burned. Moulding. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
Ru porcelain shape is simple and generous, its glaze such as "rain over the sky and clouds" "thousands of peaks and blue waves to come", the soil is fine, the body is like the Dong body, its glaze is thick and the sound is like Qing, bright but not dazzling, with the characteristics of "pear skin, crab claws, sesame flowers", and is called "like jade, non-jade, and better than jade".
Ru kiln azure glazed porcelain pot specimen iv Ru kiln exhibition hall east hall F7: 12 late Northern Song Dynasty.
Caliber 353 cm, base diameter 201 cm, height 62 cm.
Broadly curved, upturned on the outer edge, bulging belly, short hoop foot. Azure glaze, glaze with a small number of open pieces. There are four large nail marks left in the back foot. The concentric circles in the device are concave. Burning. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
Late Northern Song Dynasty. Caliber 155 cm, bottom diameter 133 cm, height 48 cm straight mouth, deep belly slightly arced, large flat bottom, wheel system. There are more brown eyes inside and outside the device. There are five small nail marks on the underside. The whole body is covered with azure glaze. Incense gray tire. Full glaze burning. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
The Ru kiln for firing Ru porcelain was created in the Northern Song Dynasty to fire the vessels in the imperial palace, the time was very short, and the number was small. Today, there are only a handful of complete objects in museums around the world. According to statistics, there are now about 67 Ru kilns in the world, and there are 21 in the National Palace in Taipei, each worth more than 100 million yuan. Sotheby's Hong Kong's 2012 Spring Auction Lot in a Northern Song Dynasty Ru kiln azure glazed sunflower wash, sold at 2It was sold at a sky-high price of HK$78.6 billion, setting a new world auction record for Song porcelain.
Ru kiln azure glaze auxiliary ear porcelain square pot.
Late Northern Song Dynasty mouth length 77 cm, mouth width 65 cm, bottom length 11 cm height 256 cm. Lips, folded inward, quadrangular bulging abdomen, high hoop foot outward. Due to the mutilation of the part of the belt tie of the artifact, it did not show itself during the restoration. Due to factors such as low firing temperature and soil erosion, the surface of the instrument is gray-blue, with more brown eyes and no open pieces. The glaze on the inner wall of the utensils is well preserved, and it is azure. Pad burning. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
At that time, Qingliangsi Village was one of the locations of Ruguan kilns, and a lot of Ru porcelain has been excavated here over the years, including private kilns and official kilns. Now, the Ru Porcelain Museum is built here, and some of the Ru porcelain treasures excavated in the village are exhibited in the museum, all of which are of great value. A staff member said that one of the complete tea cups was worth three or four hundred million yuan.
Not only Ru porcelain has been excavated here, but also the kiln sites of the past dynasties, and now it has become a sacred place of worship for Ru porcelain lovers.
The archaeological excavation site of the Ru kiln site of Baofeng Qingliang Temple.
Ru porcelain is sought after for its simple shape, light color and luster, and is very in line with the aesthetics of literati and scholars, and it is also very popular among the royal nobles of all dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty "Twelve Beauties: Bogu Meditations" and "Garden Infant Play" in the collection of the Palace Museum, the ladies sit on the spotted bamboo chairs and ponder, and the utensils displayed by the Duobaoge on their sides, especially the daffodil basins, three-legged washes, and trays in the Ru kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty are particularly conspicuous.
Excavated porcelain specimens.
Late Northern Song Dynasty disc diameter 63 cm, caliber 23 cm, bottom diameter 61 cm, height 157 cm. Handicap, high neck, folded shoulders, curved belly, flat bottom. Full glaze burning. Incense gray tire. In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the so-called "Ru, Guan, Ge, Ding, Jun" five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty often ranked Ru kiln in the first place, that is, Ru kiln was listed at the top of the famous kiln; Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty had 183 poems inscribed on porcelain from 16 famous kilns, including 15 poems on Ru kiln porcelain, reflecting the love of Ru kiln from the emperor to the scholars in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin people entered the Central Plains, the kiln workers moved south, and the kiln area was deserted. Hundreds of years have passed, and the search for Ru kiln ruins and firing techniques has become a long-cherished wish of ceramic researchers and archaeologists. The discovery of the ruins of Ru kiln is quite painstaking, after half a century, three generations of ceramics and archaeologists in China have paid hard work and sweat for this. In 1950, Mr. Chen Wanli inspected the Ru kiln and discovered the ruins of the porcelain kiln of Baofeng Qingliang Temple for the first time. In 1987, the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the porcelain kiln site of Qingliang Temple in Baofeng for the first time, and unearthed more than 10 pieces of royal Ru porcelain, confirming that the kiln site is the long-sought Ru kiln site. It was not until the sixth archaeological excavation in 2000 that the central firing area of the Ru kiln was found in the northern part of the kiln site, that is, in the village of Qingliangsi, and the mystery of the Ru kiln was finally revealed.
Excavated porcelain specimens.
At the same time, there are also many new shapes that have not been seen in the heirlooms, mainly incense burners, plum bottles, gooseneck bottles, square pots, boxes, trays, lids, bowls, plates, basins, bowls, boxes, etc. more than 10 kinds, and many utensils have a variety of shapes. Different from the heirlooms, the surface of some vessels is also decorated with ornaments, with lotus patterns being the most common, which is rare in the Ru kiln heirlooms that win by glaze. For example, the abdomen of the gooseneck bottle is engraved with the folded branch lotus, the furnace wall of the lavender furnace is molded with the Yanglian, the supporting wall of the tray is engraved with the lotus, the outer wall of the bowl is molded with three layers of lotus petals, the top of the box lid is engraved with the pattern of the coiled dragon, etc., and there are sculptures such as mandarin ducks, ducks, dragon bodies, etc., the image is realistic, and the production is exquisite. The fetal quality and glaze color of the above-mentioned artifacts are consistent with those of Ru kiln porcelain, and they are unearthed in the same stratum, thus greatly enriching the varieties of Ru kiln porcelain.
Baofeng Qingliang Temple Ru kiln ruins unearthed lavender furnace.
The discovery of the kiln for firing the royal Ru porcelain is expected to uncover the mystery of the firing of Ru kiln porcelain. The 20 kilns are concentrated in the northwest of the excavation area and are distributed in a fan-shaped pattern. The perimeter wall of the kiln chamber is built with refractory bricks, which is generally composed of a kiln door, a fire chamber, a kiln bed, a partition wall and a chimney, which is roughly divided into two shapes. There are 7 kiln chambers in total, and the plane structure is horseshoe-shaped, with a circle in front and a rear. According to the analysis of the superimposed relationship between strata and kilns and the unearthed relics, the age of the horseshoe-shaped kiln is slightly earlier, which is about the creation and firing stage of Ru kiln porcelain. The oval kiln is later, about the heyday of the late Northern Song Dynasty.
The above-mentioned kiln still belongs to the typical semi-inverted flame kiln in the north, after the flame enters the kiln chamber, it first rises to the top of the kiln, and the heat is blocked to burn the bottom of the kiln, and the flue gas is discharged from the smoking hole through the chimney. From the lack of coal ash near the kiln and the absence of the fire chamber, it is generally shallow to see that the fuel for firing Ru kiln porcelain is firewood rather than coal. Among them, the oval kiln chamber area is very small, which is convenient for controlling the temperature in the kiln, and the kiln wall is sintered to a high degree. The kiln has a peculiar structure, which is very different from the common porcelain-making kilns in the northern region. At the same time, a large number of fires and fires used to test the temperature of the kiln have also been unearthed here, indicating that the firing of royal Ru porcelain attaches great importance to the control of kiln heat and temperature. The sagger here is also different from the sagger unearthed in other areas, and often there is a layer of refractory mud on the surface of the sagger, which should have a certain effect on sealing the sagger interface and maintaining the temperature in the sagger.
The late Northern Song Dynasty was 144cm, width 114 cm, thickness 36 cm rectangular cake with two rows of slots on the cake surface, a total of 11 pieces. Insert the remaining three test-burn inserts. There is an irregular round hole in the middle, and the glaze around one side of the round hole has been sintered, which is light cyan. In 2015, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in Area IV.
Regarding the age of Ru kiln porcelain, it is divided into two stages of development according to the overlapping relationship between strata and sites.
In the first stage, it not only fired the azure glazed porcelain with full glaze burning, but also fired the bean green and bean green glazed carved and printed porcelain; The unearthed sagger is mostly maroon-red, and the outer wall is not coated with refractory clay, which should belong to the creation and firing stage of Ru kiln porcelain. At this stage, 1 copper coin of "Yuanfeng Tongbao" was unearthed in the strata and relics, indicating that the creation of the Ru kiln was not later than the Yuanfeng period of Song Shenzong.
The second stage is all azure glazed porcelain, and the ru-kiln porcelain has all the shapes, and some new types of ware have appeared. Judging from some of the unearthed mold specimens, many of the utensils at this stage were molded, the shape of the utensils was neat, and the thickness of the walls was uniform, which fully showed the fineness of the kiln workers at that time. In the relics F1 belonging to this stage, a copper coin of "Yuan Fu Tongbao" was cleared, indicating that the maturity stage of Ru kiln porcelain may be as early as the period of Song Zhezong. Therefore, combined with the excavation results of the kiln area of Qingliang Temple in Baofeng, Mr. Chen Wanli and Mr. Ye Zhemin deduced that the age of the Ruyao kiln was the period of Zhezong and Huizong, which is still more in line with historical reality.
Ru kiln azure glazed lotus petal pattern deep belly porcelain bowl specimen IVT17Y5: 16
Late Northern Song Dynasty caliber 155 cm, base diameter 88 cm, 12 cm high open, deep abdomen slightly curved, high hoop foot slightly outward. The watch is stamped with a three-layer lotus pattern. The inside and outside of the vessel are covered with azure glaze, and there are dense opening patterns. Pad burning.
In 2000, the ruins of Ruguan kiln in Qingliang Temple were unearthed in area IV.
After nearly 100 years of painstaking search and 30 years of scientific excavation, among the 65 known Ru kiln heirlooms, 11 are undisclosed in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Warm note: We respect and thank the original author, all articles without the author's name are caused by the inability to find the author, please forgive the original author! If there is any copyright issue involved, please inform the original author or peers, and we will correct and delete it in time. Similar WeChat *** articles published in this journal, please indicate the source. Thank you for your cooperation!