1: Dressed in the south
In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains region fell into chaos. Due to the outbreak of the Yongjia Rebellion, Luoyang, the capital division of the Western Jin Dynasty, was captured by the Xiongnu and other ethnic minorities, the city suffered serious damage, and the people's lives were poor. In this context, in order to seek survival and development, Sima Rui, Emperor of the Jin Yuan Dynasty, decided to lead the Han subjects of the Central Plains to cross south from Luoyang to the Jiangnan region, leaving the Han people in the north with ten rooms and nine emptiness.
Emperor Jin Yuan's southern crossing was not all smooth sailing. In the long process of moving south, they faced various difficulties and challenges. First, they need to overcome the hardships of a long journey. At that time, the Central Plains was full of wars and blocked roads, and people had to trek through mountains and rivers to reach their destination. Second, they need to face the harsh environment of the South. The climate in the south is humid and the terrain is complex, which is very different from the Central Plains. As a result, they need to adapt to their new environment and overcome all kinds of difficulties in order to survive.
However, despite all the difficulties and challenges, Emperor Jin and his subjects did not give up. They are determined to move towards the south, hoping to find a new place to live. Thanks to their efforts, they finally succeeded in arriving in Jiankang (present-day Nanjing). As the political, economic and cultural center of the Jiangnan region, Jiankang has unique conditions. The geographical location here is superior, the climate is suitable, the land is fertile, and the people are industrious and kind. Therefore, Emperor Yuan of the Jin Dynasty chose to establish a new regime here, known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
In addition to the efforts of Emperor Yuan of the Jin Dynasty himself, a large number of gentry, scholars and ordinary people also made important contributions to the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. These people had accumulated rich political, economic, and cultural experience in the northern period, and their arrival injected new vitality into the development of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. They actively participate in political affairs and make suggestions for the development of the country; They brought advanced technology and culture from the north, and promoted the exchange and integration of the cultures of the north and the south; They have also made great contributions to the reclamation of wasteland, the construction of water conservancy, and the development of agriculture in the south, laying a solid foundation for the development of the south.
However, crossing south was not an easy task. For many nobles, it takes great courage and determination to have to abandon their homes and ancestral careers in the north and face the unknown south. But they knew that they had to make this choice for the sake of their family's survival and survival. In the process of crossing to the south, they endured hardships, and some even died on the way. But they remain steadfast in their hope of finding new opportunities for life and development in the South.
Among the crowd of Nandu, there are many ordinary people. They may not have the social status and wealth of the gentry, but they also face the dilemma of survival. They moved south in order to survive, and with nostalgia for their hometown and anticipation for the future, they embarked on this road full of unknowns. They started their lives in the South anew, tried to adapt to their new environment, and made their own contribution to the development of the South.
In general, the southern crossing of Yiguan in the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty is an important historical event in Chinese history. It not only represents the courage and determination of the people of the north to seek survival and development in the midst of war, but also represents the pluralism and richness of Chinese civilization. The leadership of Emperor Sima Rui of the Jin Yuan Dynasty and the southward movement of a large number of gentry, scholars and ordinary people laid a solid foundation for the establishment and development of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Their efforts and struggles have brought new vitality and vitality to the southern region, promoted the exchange and integration of northern and southern cultures, and left a profound imprint on the development of Chinese history.
2: The shame of Jingkang
In 1127 AD, the Jin Dynasty went south and captured the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan), captured the two emperors Huizong of the Song Dynasty and the Qinzong of the Song Dynasty, as well as a large number of more than 3,000 emperors, harem concubines, and courtiers, and escorted them north, leading to the destruction of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The incident stemmed from political corruption, military incompetence, and diplomatic missteps in the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, during the reign of Song Huizong, traitorous ministers such as Cai Jing, Tong Guan and others were reused, which led to political corruption and the decline of the country's strength. At the same time, Huizong also wanted to unite with the Jin State to destroy the Liao State, recapture the sixteen states of Yanyun, and establish the "Eternal Merit". However, he did not expect that Jin Guo would be an ambitious and powerful enemy.
In 1125, the Jin State issued an ultimatum to the Song Dynasty on the grounds that the Song Dynasty had recruited the rebel general Zhang Jue. The Song Dynasty refused to give in, so the Jin Kingdom marched south in two directions, east and west. The Eastern Route Army, led by Wanyan Zongwang, broke through Yanjing (present-day Beijing), crossed the Yellow River, and approached Bianjing. The Western Route Army was led by Wanyan Zonghan and went straight to Taiyuan. In the face of the powerful offensive of the Jin army, Huizong Chan was located in the crown prince Zhao Huan, that is, Qinzong. After Qinzong succeeded to the throne, although he appointed Li Gang and other loyal people, and sent famous generals such as Yue Fei to resist the Jin army, due to internal and external pressure, the Song army could not effectively resist the attack of the Jin army.
On the first day of the first month of the first year of Jingkang (1126), the Jin army besieged Bianjing. Qinzong personally went out of the city to negotiate peace with the Jin army, and promised to cede the three towns (Zhongshan, Hejian, Taiyuan) and a huge indemnity. The Jin army temporarily retreated. Soon after, however, the Jin army launched a second attack, and again broke through Bianjing on the 8th day of the 11th month of the first year of Jingkang. Qinzong again went out of the city to sue for peace, but was detained by the Jin army. In addition to the two emperors Huizong and Qinzong, there were also a large number of imperial families, harem concubines, courtiers, etc., who were captured by the Jin army, totaling more than 3,000 people.
This incident was a great shame for the Northern Song Dynasty and the Chinese nation. In order to humiliate the Song Dynasty, the Jin army subjected the captives to various insults and tortures. They were forced to put on sheepskins, tied to horses, and led around like lambs to the slaughter. They were forced to dance, were assigned to the nobles and soldiers of the Kingdom of Jin in front of their fathers and sons. Some of them were sold to Qinglou, some were sent to the frontier, and some were killed. Huizong and Qinzong, father and son, did not end well, and they were imprisoned in Wuguocheng (present-day Chifeng, Inner Mongolia) and later relocated to Yanjing (present-day Beijing). They were teased and beaten by Jin Bing on the way, and they all died in the end.
The disgrace of Jingkang was not only the inevitable result of political corruption, military incompetence, and diplomatic missteps of the Northern Song Dynasty, but also a great tragedy in the history of the Chinese nation. It brought untold suffering to the captured emperor and the imperial family, and also seriously damaged the dignity and interests of the Chinese nation.
3: Battle of Yashan
In the second year of Xiangxing (1279), a naval battle of unprecedented scale was fought between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Mongols. This naval battle was not only related to the survival of the Southern Song Dynasty, but also to the fate of the entire Chinese civilization. In this naval battle, although the Southern Song army was outnumbered, due to various reasons, it was ultimately defeated by the Mongol army. The defeat of this battle led to the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty and marked a major turning point in Chinese civilization.
Before the second year of Xiangxing, the Southern Song Dynasty court had fallen into a situation of internal and external difficulties. Internally, politics is corrupt and people's livelihoods are declining, and externally they are facing aggression from the Mongol army. Although the Southern Song court tried several times to negotiate peace with the Mongols, they were unsuccessful. Eventually, the Southern Song court decided to engage in a life-and-death battle with the Mongol army to defend the country's territory and dignity.
Before the outbreak of naval warfare, the Southern Song court mobilized a large number of troops and ships in preparation for a desperate struggle with the Mongol army. However, due to corruption and improper command within the Southern Song court, the morale of the Southern Song army was low and its combat effectiveness was greatly reduced. In contrast, the Mongol army was highly moraled, well-trained, and had great combat effectiveness.
After the outbreak of the naval battle, the Southern Song army and the Mongol army engaged in fierce confrontation. However, due to the disadvantage of the Southern Song Dynasty army in terms of tactics and **, it soon fell into passivity. In the fierce battle, the ships of the Southern Song army were sunk by the Mongol army, and a large number of soldiers were captured or drowned. Although the Southern Song army launched several counterattacks, they were unsuccessful. In the end, the Southern Song army was completely defeated in the naval battle.
After the defeat in the naval battle, the Southern Song court was in a desperate situation. Faced with the pursuit and siege of the Mongol army, the Southern Song court could not escape. At this critical moment, the ** and soldiers of the Southern Song Dynasty court showed touching loyalty and courage. They have expressed that they will defend the country to the end, even at the cost of their own lives.
At this critical juncture, Lu Xiufu, as one of the important ** in the Southern Song Dynasty, resolutely decided to commit suicide by throwing himself into the sea with the young emperor on his back. He was well aware of his mission and responsibility, and he also knew that the Southern Song Dynasty court was powerless. But he still chose to defend the dignity and interests of the country with his life. This scene is moving, showing the loyalty and courage of the Southern Song Dynasty.
In addition to Lu Xiufu, many Southern Song Dynasty ** and soldiers also chose to jump into the sea and die for the country. Some of them are loyal generals, some are ordinary soldiers, but they all use their lives to defend the dignity and interests of the country. Their heroic deeds are admirable and deeply saddened.
The defeat of this naval battle and the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty had a huge impact on Chinese civilization. It not only marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty and the beginning of Mongol rule, but also marked a major turning point in Chinese civilization. Under Mongol rule, the development of Chinese civilization was greatly restricted and hindered.
4: The Transformation of the Civil Fort
Zhu Qizhen of Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty personally led a large army to the expedition of Washou, but was ambushed at Tumubao, the Ming army was defeated, and Yingzong was captured, triggering a series of political changes. The impact of the Tumubao Rebellion was far-reaching, leading to the decline of the Ming Dynasty's national power, political turmoil, and ethnic tensions.
The occurrence of the Tumubao Incident has its own complex historical background and reasons. Since the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the national strength has gradually become stronger, and the ambition of foreign expansion has also expanded. After Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne of Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty, in order to maintain the dignity of the country and consolidate his dominance, he decided to conquer Wara in the north to demonstrate the military strength of the Ming Dynasty. However, the Ming Dynasty had serious problems in the military, political, and economic aspects, which laid the groundwork for the Tumubao Change.
In terms of military affairs, although the army of the Ming Dynasty was large in number, it was backward in equipment and low in combat effectiveness. At the same time, there was still a serious problem of corruption in the army of the Ming Dynasty, and the officers were corrupt and deducted military salaries, which led to low morale and reduced combat effectiveness of the soldiers. In addition, the army of the Ming Dynasty still had problems such as chaotic command and outdated tactics, which made it difficult for the army of the Ming Dynasty to exert its due combat effectiveness on the battlefield.
In terms of politics, the bureaucracy of the Ming Dynasty was seriously corrupt, and they formed parties for personal gain, leading to political corruption and social unrest. At the same time, the power of the emperor of the Ming Dynasty gradually declined, the eunuch group and the power of the ministers gradually rose, and the political struggle was fierce, which made the political stability of the country seriously threatened.
In terms of economy, although the economic development of the Ming Dynasty was rapid, there was a serious imbalance. The southern region is economically prosperous, while the northern region is relatively backward. At the same time, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty also had serious problems, and there was a large loss of fiscal revenue, which led to financial difficulties for the state and the inability to provide sufficient financial support for the army.
In such a historical background, Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen personally led a large army to fight against the tile. However, due to insufficient preparation, command errors and other reasons, the Ming army was ambushed by the Warat army at Tumubao. In this fierce battle, the Ming army suffered heavy losses, a large number of soldiers were killed, and Zhu Qizhen of Ming Yingzong was also captured. The failure of the Tumubao Rebellion had a profound impact on the Ming Dynasty.
The capture of Zhu Qizhen of Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty seriously damaged the dignity of the Ming Dynasty. As the supreme ruler of the country, Yingzong's capture was undoubtedly a major blow to the image and dignity of the Ming Dynasty. This not only made the Ming Dynasty lose its prestige in the world, but also greatly reduced the trust of the domestic people in the Ming Dynasty.
5: Yangzhou 10th
After the Qing army occupied Yangzhou, the once prosperous city fell into an unprecedented disaster. On the grounds that they did not listen to the invitation to surrender, the Qing army ordered the slaughter of the city, a cruel act that plunged the city of Yangzhou into a purgatory of blood and fire. Yangzhou City, which has been prosperous for several generations, became miserable at that moment and became a hell on earth.
With the trampling of the iron hooves of the Qing army, the prosperous scene of Yangzhou City disappeared in an instant. The streets were filled with the smell of blood, and the corpses were piled up, hands and feet piled up, and blood flowed like rivers. The blood water and the turquoise pool water are mixed together, turning into five colors, and the pond water is flat. The whole city seemed to be engulfed in flames, and there were traces of burning everywhere in front and back, left and right. The corpses in the city are like a mess, and the tragic situation is shocking.
In this catastrophe, almost all the residents of Yangzhou suffered tragically. Innocent people struggled helplessly under the butcher's knife of the Qing army, their wails and begs for mercy came and went, but the Qing army ruthlessly brandished the butcher's knife and took these innocent lives one by one. Many families have been destroyed in an instant, and the separation of life and death between loved ones is painful.
The brutality of this ** is outrageous. The Qing army not only killed adult men and women, but also women and children. They searched the streets and alleys around every corner, killing everyone they came across. In the midst of this catastrophe, the residents of Yangzhou City experienced unprecedented pain and suffering.
Behind this **, what is reflected is the cruel and barbaric behavior of the Qing army and the ruthless indifference of the rulers. On the grounds that they did not listen to the invitation to surrender, they regarded innocent lives as a mustard and carried out ** without scruples. This kind of behavior not only violates human nature and morality, but also extremely disregards and tramples on life.
6: The Opium Wars
1840 was a year of great change, and China was at a historic turning point. In this year, Britain sent an expeditionary force to invade China on the grounds that Lin Zexu and Humen were selling cigarettes, which triggered a war that profoundly affected the course of Chinese history - the Opium War. The outbreak of this war marked the gradual disintegration of China's feudal society and the beginning of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Lin Zexu, a prominent statesman and reformer during the Qing Dynasty, led the famous Humen Tobacco Campaign with firm determination and bold action. He was well aware of the harm of opium to Chinese society, and in order to safeguard the interests of the country and the dignity of the nation, he ordered the seizure and destruction of a large amount of opium, which undoubtedly touched the interests of opium dealers such as the British. However, Lin Zexu's righteous act did not receive the support it deserved, but instead became a pretext for Britain to launch a war of aggression.
In the face of the powerful British army, the Qing Dynasty was unable to resist and was finally defeated. The defeat of this war was not only a military defeat, but also a political, economic, and cultural defeat. It exposes the decadent and backward nature of the Qing Dynasty, and also reveals the weakness and fragility of the feudal system in the face of the impact of modernization.
After the defeat, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking with the British, the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history. According to the terms of the treaty, China ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain, opened five ports of commerce, including Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai, allowed Britain to post consuls, and allowed British businessmen and their families to live freely. In addition, the treaty stipulated that China would compensate Britain for the costs of the war and promised to strictly prohibit the Chinese people from participating in the anti-British struggle in the future. The signing of this treaty seriously undermined China's sovereignty and dignity, and China began to degenerate into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
7: Burning the Old Summer Palace
In 1860, history once again brought profound disasters to the Chinese nation. In this year, Britain and France launched the Second Opium War under the pretext of the "Yarrow Incident" and the "Father Ma Incident". This was a war of great scale and far-reaching impact, which was not only another heavy blow to China's feudal rule, but also a great damage to the civilization of the Chinese nation.
After the outbreak of the war, the Anglo-French forces, with their strong military power, quickly occupied Tianjin in China. They then continued northward to Beijing, the capital of China. In the face of the powerful offensive of the coalition forces, the Qing Dynasty was powerless to resist and could only retreat. Finally, in October 1860, the Anglo-French forces captured the city of Beijing.
After the capture of Beijing, the Anglo-French forces began a frenzied campaign of plundering and destruction. They broke into the palace and plundered a large number of gold, silver, jewelry, and cultural treasures. Among them, the Old Summer Palace became the focus of their destruction. The Old Summer Palace, known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens", is a treasure of ancient Chinese garden art and a precious heritage of world civilization. However, under the iron heel of the coalition forces, the Old Summer Palace suffered an unprecedented catastrophe.
Coalition soldiers wantonly burned and looted the Old Summer Palace, turning this beautiful garden into a hell on earth. They set fire to the palaces, temples and pavilions of the Old Summer Palace, and the fire lasted for several days, reducing the entire garden to ruins. According to statistics, more than 1,800 buildings were burned down, and countless precious cultural relics and artworks were reduced to ashes in the fire.
The burning of the Old Summer Palace was not only a devastating blow to China's imperial gardens, but also a major loss to world civilization. Many of the buildings and artifacts in the Old Summer Palace are treasures of ancient Chinese culture, and their destruction means a great loss of Chinese culture. At the same time, this incident also exposed the decay and backwardness of the Qing Dynasty, which made the Chinese people begin to deeply reflect on their own country and national destiny.
8: First Sino-Japanese War
In 1894, it was a turbulent year when the Chinese Beiyang Naval Division was wiped out in a battle with Japan, an event that shocked the whole world and marked the further disintegration of China's feudal society and the deepening of its semi-colonization.
At that time, China was at a low point in modern history. Although the Qing Dynasty had a period of glory, as time went by, the shortcomings of the feudal system were gradually exposed, and the strength of the country was gradually declining. At the same time, Japan was undergoing the Meiji Restoration, and its national power was rapidly rising, making it a formidable rival to China.
Under these circumstances, the contradictions between China and Japan gradually intensified. In 1894, the Donghak uprising broke out in Korea, and Japan used this as an excuse to send troops to Korea with the intention of encroaching on Chinese territory. In order to maintain the territorial integrity and national dignity of the country, the Qing Dynasty decided to send the Beiyang Naval Division to Korea for reinforcements.
However, the Beiyang Naval Division suffered heavy losses in battles with the Japanese Navy. Due to various reasons such as the command errors of the Qing army, the backward equipment and the low morale of the soldiers, the Beiyang Naval Division suffered heavy losses in the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Subsequently, in the Battle of Weihaiwei, the Beiyang Naval Division was wiped out, and no one was spared.
The fall of the Beiyang Naval Division brought a huge blow to the Qing Dynasty. Militarily, it means the complete collapse of the Chinese Navy; Politically, it exacerbates the domestic political crisis and social unrest; Economically, it has brought huge losses to China's maritime rights and interests. More importantly, the fall of the Beiyang Navy Division greatly reduced the status of the Qing Dynasty in the international arena, and the dignity and interests of the country were seriously damaged.
Under these circumstances, the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan. According to the terms of the treaty, China ceded the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Island and its affiliated islands, and the Penghu Islands to Japan; compensation of 200 million taels to Japan**; Japan is allowed to invest and set up factories in China's treaty ports; and the establishment of treaty ports. The signing of this treaty further deepened the semi-colonization of Chinese society. It has caused serious damage to China's territory and sovereignty; Huge war reparations exacerbated China's financial crisis; Allowing Japan to invest and set up factories in China has exacerbated China's economic dependence; The opening of more treaty ports has opened China's doors and allowed foreign forces to penetrate more deeply into all aspects of Chinese society.
9: 918 Incident
The September 18 Incident was an act of aggression that Japanese imperialism had been planning for a long time, and it brought great suffering and losses to China. This incident led to the fall of the northeast region and the suffering of the Chinese people, causing Chinese society to suffer long-term turmoil and unrest.
Before the September 18 Incident, China was a country with a vast territory and abundant resources, and its economic, cultural, and political systems were all vibrant. However, the war of aggression of Japanese imperialism destroyed all this. The atrocities committed by the Japanese army on Chinese soil such as wantonly ** people, ** women, and plundering resources are too numerous to mention. They treated the people of Northeast China as slaves and colonists, enslaving and oppressing them for several years.
First of all, the military rule of the Japanese army over the Tohoku region was extremely cruel. They set up various military institutions to exercise strict control and management over the local population. Soldiers arrested civilians at will, tortured them and **; They destroyed villages, plundered grain and livestock; They even carry out genocidal policies, killing or deporting innocent people. These acts not only seriously violated the right to life and dignity of the Chinese people, but also undermined peace and stability in the northeast region.
Secondly, the Japanese army carried out brutal economic exploitation of the people of the Tohoku region. They forced peasants to cultivate the land they had encroached on, imposed exorbitant taxes and caused many families to go bankrupt; They have destroyed mines, railways and other infrastructure, bringing economic development to a standstill; They also rampant illegal trade activities such as human trafficking and drug smuggling, which have brought great disasters to the local people.
In addition, the Japanese army also caused irreparable damage to the cultural heritage of the Tohoku region. They burned public facilities such as libraries and museums, destroying cultural heritage; They forbade the local people to learn their own language and cultural traditions, in an attempt to erase their sense of national identity and self-esteem.
In the face of Japanese aggression and enslavement, the people of Northeast China did not succumb to the coercion of the invaders. They rose up to resist, organized anti-Japanese armed forces, and waged an extremely arduous anti-Japanese struggle. These brave and fearless warriors made great sacrifices and efforts to defend their homeland, but in the end they failed to change the course of history. Due to the lack of correct leadership and support, as well as the gap in equipment and other aspects, the War of Resistance against Japan ended in failure.
10: Nanjing Big**
The Nanjing Massachusetts was a brutal crime committed by Japanese imperialism in the war of aggression against China, and the evidence is ironclad.
In the winter of 1937, the Japanese army carried out a large-scale aggression in the Nanjing area of China. They burned, killed, looted, and did all kinds of evil, the most heinous of which was the appalling big **. At that time, the Japanese invaders, who had killed people and killed red-eyed, even stormed the "safe zone" designated by the International Committee to help the refugees, and brutally killed the refugees, including women and children.
The Japanese invaders' murderous methods were horrific and heinous. They gathered large numbers of prisoners and refugees together, stabbed them with bayonets, machine-gunned them, drove them into earth pits and buried them alive, or doused them with gasoline and burned ......The frenzied invaders also took the killing of Chinese as a pastime for fun. They poured gasoline on the victims and shot them, so that the bullets burned all over their bodies, and the victims ran in pain, while the murderers laughed and thought they were entertained. In others, they gouged out the refugees' eyes or cut off their ears before killing them. The event lasted for several days and resulted in the tragic killing of countless lives.
This big ** has brought great pain and trauma to China. First of all, it led to a large number of human and property damage. It is estimated that the number of victims is more than 300,000, which is an incalculable number. Second, it undermines the stability and prosperity of Chinese society. Nanjing, as the national capital and economic center city at that time, suffered a serious blow to its economic and social development. In addition, the disaster has exacerbated the contradictions and mistrust between China and the international community. Since then, many foreigners' impression of China has deteriorated, and they have developed prejudice and misunderstanding against China and its people.