**Set up officials to prevent it, and have the right to levy.
When the defense is invincible, it is impossible to please, so the forbidden land, that is, the mountains, forests and ponds, is gradually opened. Only at the entry and exit passes, there is a collector, and in case of fishing and logging in the forbidden area, only a few fractions of the income in kind will be levied on the goods, which is a kind of tax in addition to the field rent.
This is the origin of the tariff and commercial tax.
Therefore, the so-called levy was originally forbidden by conquest, and later only shared the acquisition as a compromise condition, and still used the word levy.
This kind of transformation, in the late spring and autumn years, has begun to be great.
Countries with narrow land or dense populations, such as Zheng, Jin, and Qi, all have this phenomenon and have this measure.
However, until the unification of the Qin and Han dynasties, the concept of land ownership still inherits the old tradition. They regarded cultivated land as privately owned by peasants, not cultivated land, that is, forbidden land in feudal times, which was still owned by the public.
In other words, it becomes the property of the royal family.
Because the feudal aristocracy has disappeared, only the emperor's family remains, inheriting the old feudal tradition, so the mountains, forests and ponds of the whole country, according to the concept of the people at that time, will all belong to the royal family.
From this concept of ownership, it affected the tax system, so at that time, all farmland rents belonged to the big farmers and served as public funds; The tax of the mountains and seas and ponds belongs to the Shaofu, which is exclusively for the emperor's private use.
This distinction would not be easy to understand if it were not for the transformation of the feudal system of well fields and other differences in land ownership.
Now again, this system of public-private taxation was quite reasonable at the beginning.
Due to the abundance of arable land, the land endowment is a large quantity, and the commercial tax of the mountains, forests and ponds accounts for only a small minority. Returning the large amount to the state and the small number to the royal family is not the emperor's selfish self-enrichment.
However, after the Warring States period, the profits of salt and iron gradually expanded, and the social and economic situation changed, and the tax on mountains, seas, and ponds gradually exceeded the national land rent.
This change was not expected when we started customizing.
Just like in the last years of the Qing Dynasty, he did not know that the foreign trade tariffs of the commercial ports were increasing year by year, but he left the matter to foreigners, and later suffered a big loss.
This was true in the Qing Dynasty, and it was also true in the Han Dynasty.
The commercial tax gradually exceeded the land rent, so the income of the small government exceeded that of the big Sinong.
Excerpted from the first lecture of Qian Mu's "China's Political Gains and Losses in the Past Dynasties", "The Han Dynasty and the Economic System of the Han Dynasty".
For the mountain forest pond (Mr. Qian's other version is the mountain and sea pond), it was originally owned by **, so it became a forbidden land, and then it couldn't be stopped, and it was gradually let go and changed to a levy.
This time, Mr. Qian Mu made it clear that this change began in the Spring and Autumn Period.
However, Mr. Qian Mu's book, after all, is a speech draft, an outline, and many things are not explained in detail.
When did the mountain forest and pond become a forbidden place? Didn't make it clear.
From the records of the "Historical Records" and the "Chinese", Rong Yigong advised King Zhou Li, and Rui Liangfu advised him, a judgment can be drawn that before, the mountains and forests were not forbidden. Setting this as a forbidden place seems to start with King Zhou Li.
King Zhou Li forbade the mountains, forests and ponds, and the forbidden was within the fiefdom of the Son of Heaven, that is, Qianli Wangji. Since the Son of Heaven is like this, the princes saw that it was profitable, so they naturally followed, and the princes also banned the mountains, forests, and ponds in their fiefdoms.
This is the most plausible explanation. However, because there is no clear record in the historical books, it is difficult to conclude and refined.
Theoretically, the Son of Heaven has a thousand miles of fiefdoms, and life is tight, and the princes only have a hundred or even fifty miles of fiefdoms, and the days are even more stretched. Since the Son of Heaven ordered them to expand their assets, why didn't they do it?
From this, it is understandable that the entire Zhou Dynasty forbids mountains and forests and ponds.
Mr. Qian Mu said that the opening of mountains, forests and ponds began in spring and autumn, but did not explain when and how it began. It is more likely that Guan Zhong initiated the reform in Qi State, and there is an important measure in the reform of Guan Zhong in history, that is, the monopoly of salt and iron.
The relevant records do not explain how Guan Zhong implemented the monopoly of salt and iron.
Everyone's understanding of this is based on the Han Dynasty after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the salt and iron business was taken into the state, this system lasted for more than 1,000 years, even after the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was a period when salt belonged to the monopoly, that is, the government.
But whether Guan Zhong's monopoly is the official camp after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty may have to be marked with a question mark.
Regarding this point, if you want to make it clear, first, it requires a lot of space, I am afraid that it cannot be accommodated by one book, and second, it is difficult to explain because it lacks more historical support.
It is more likely that King Zhou Li nationalized the mountains, forests and ponds in order to make profits, and at that time, a policy would be formed, that is, a card would be set up to tax.
Of course, it is also possible that the government will set up a special business organization by the government to unify the harvesting, trading and trading.
If it was previously government-run, the monopoly of salt and iron implemented by Guan Zhong was liberalized. If the tax system was adopted before, the monopoly of salt and iron implemented by Guan Zhong is probably the later salt and iron completely government-run.
I can't say anything about this topic, but I'm just mentioning it.
What can really be talked about is the process of historical development, and why it has become a major topic of historical development because it has become a major topic in historical development.
There is a core reason here, after China fully enters farming, arable land has become the foundation of survival, not only leading Chinese people to fully enter farming, but also affecting Chinese thinking, entering a comprehensive agricultural thinking, focusing on agriculture and agriculture-oriented, those lands that are not suitable for farming, such as mountains, forests and ponds, are in a state of complete freedom.
Rui Liangfu advised King Zhou Li, saying, all things in heaven and earth will be taken, how can they be specialized? It means that the people can take all the things in heaven and earth at will, and they cannot be exclusive to one person. It just shows that the mountains and forests were in the most primitive state and did not belong to them.
There is a very important reason for not belonging, the Chinese have already farmed, fishing and hunting is only a compensation, and even fishing and hunting are not needed at all. The wood abundant in the mountains and forests is not needed by the people, and the ordinary people do not need much wood to live together. The shrubs produced in the mountains can also be used as firewood, and the role of arbors is too small, and the economic value is really not large.
With the stability of society over time, a large number of wealthy families appeared, and a large number of towns appeared, and these people could not continue to live in settlements, but built huge buildings and halls, which required a lot of wood. As a result, the timber was worth a fortune.
Another product in the mountains is table salt. Salt is indispensable for everyone, and salt is not available everywhere. In some towns, it is impossible to have salt mines.
As a result, there is a huge demand for table salt.
Especially in the Spring and Autumn Period, the conquest between the vassal states became more and more intense, so ** became necessary, and the wood and iron materials for making ** were the key. Timber is still readily available, and there are mountains and forests everywhere. Iron ore is extremely hard to find.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, China had two famous iron producing areas, one in Korea and the other in Chu.
The reason why Chu is strong is that at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Chu helped the Son of Heaven to destroy the Hubei State, although the title was not upgraded, the land area was expanded. The place where it expanded, there is a place called Daye, which is the earliest copper and iron production area in China. The state of Chu gained its iron, so it was strong.
South Korea was divided by Jin, and at the beginning of its establishment, it was not too strong. But South Korea, which is not too strong, can support the Warring States period, and South Korea's iron production is a great reason.
This is what Mr. Qian Mu said, in the early days, the production of mountains, forests and ponds was almost negligible, but later, it was larger than the field production.
This kind of large-scale land production was not in the Han Dynasty, but had been formed as early as when Guan Zhong carried out reforms.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, why did the tithe system change to fifteen draws one or even thirty draws? There is one thing that Mr. Qian did not make clear, that is, at this time, the income from field tax was already small money for the Han Dynasty, and the big money was in the mountains and forests and ponds.
For the country to develop, the most important thing is not to draw taxes from the country, but to give birth to the people, that is, to encourage the people to have children. The best way to encourage childbearing is to give it lightly. When the common people can eat enough, they will naturally have more trouble, and there will be more children.
For the imperial court, although the field tax has not yet reached such a negligible level today, it is really a small amount of money.
Because of this, before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was the rule of Wenjing. The so-called governance of Wenjing is to live with the people's livelihood. Mr. Qian said that Emperor Wen did not collect taxes for ten years, obviously not because there were more taxes in the fields and the country became rich, but because the production of mountains and forests made the country rich.
As for Shaofu, because of this change, it has become much richer, and this is an economic change. China has always emphasized politics and neglected the economy, as I mentioned earlier, China's previous dynasties have been in charge of the economy, that is, financial and accounting institutions, but there is no study of the laws of economic operation, in the macroeconomic control of economic operation, is absent.
It is precisely because of the lack that in the Qing Dynasty, he continued to pay tuition. But no matter how hard you try, you are still elementary school students and junior high school students, far from being able to compare with high school students, college students and even graduate students in the West, and the decline of the Qing Dynasty has a great deal to do with this.