"The investigation of the cultural relics containing the straight-edged dagger-style bronze short sword in the Jundu Mountain area of Yanqing County, Beijing, and the excavation of the Hulugou, Xiliangyuan (sound like light), and the cemetery of the Jade Emperor Temple have confirmed for the first time that the mountainous area in the north of Beijing was indeed one of the areas where a minority tribe in the north carried out mountain activities during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In the conclusion of the "Excavation of the Cemetery of the Zhoushanrong Tribe in Shandong, the Military Capital of Yanqing, Beijing" (the author is the Shanrong Cultural Archaeology Team of the Beijing Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics), it is written.
From 1985 to 1991, the Beijing Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics excavated and cleaned up 594 Shanrong cultural tombs in Jundu Mountain, Yanqing County, and unearthed nearly 70,000 pieces of cultural relics, including 1 bronzeMore than 70,000 pieces, at least 2,500 years ago. These cultural relics prove that in addition to the Yan Kingdom, there was also a group of mysterious "old Beijing" - Shanrong people living in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. They were fierce nomads, who had conquered Yan, Zheng, Qi and other countries, and under their onslaught, from the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Yan capital located in the Liuli River in Fangshan gradually declined, and even lost its defensive ability. The Yan Kingdom was forced to move its capital.
For some reason, the Shan Rong people suddenly declined and never reappeared since. From the tombs of Jundu Mountain, nearly 100 bronze short swords were found, all of which were straight-edged, which were very different from the curved-bladed bronze swords of the Liaoxi culture and the grassland culture, proving that it was a completely different culture.
Nowadays, in Yuquan Village, Jinjiabao Township, Yanqing, Beijing (one of the three burial sites of the Shanrong people), there is the Shanrong Cultural Exhibition Hall, which is the first museum named after the ancient minority culture in China, and it has witnessed the glory of the past.
What are the characteristics of Shanjung culture? Why is it so powerful? Where did they go......All of this is worth hooking.
A bronze dagger-style dagger in the Shanjung direction.
Probably the first people to domesticate soybeans.
Shanjung is a strange group, and the historical records are inconsistent.
According to "Yi Zhou Shu Wang Hui Jie": "Cheng Zhou's meeting, the Son of Heaven stands in the south, Uncle Tang, Uncle Xun, and Zhou Gong are on the left, and Taigong Wang is on the right ......."North Terrace is east ......Shanrong, Rongshu. It means that in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou (that is, Ji Yu, the son of King Wu of Zhou, the second monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty) presided over the princes' assembly, and Shan Rong also participated, and paid tribute to the special product - Rong Shu. Jin Fengyi, a well-known archaeologist, said: "This is the earliest documentary record of material cultural exchanges between Shanjung and the Central Plains. ”
Rong is soybean, and Shanjung may be the first people to domesticate soybeans.
Shanjung has a long history, before the Xia Shang. According to the "Historical Records of the Five Emperors": Emperor Shun once "fujiao jiaozhi in the south......Beishan Rong, hair, and breath cautious. Sima Qian believes that Shanrong is one of the ancestors of the Xiongnu. "Historical Records: The Biography of the Huns" said: "Tang Yu (referring to Yao Shun) above the mountain, the lynx (sound such as danger), and meat porridge (sound such as smoked Yu) lived in the northern barbarians, and moved with animal husbandry. Sima Zhen of the Tang Dynasty explained in "Suo Yin": "Tang Yu has been (the same) on the Shanrong, also said smoked porridge (sound such as smoked Yu), Xia said Chunwei, Yin said Ghost Fang, Zhou said Xuan Li (the same as the Qiang), Han said Xiongnu. Yan Shigu of the Tang Dynasty said: "All Hun aliases." ”
Wei and Jin scholar Du Pre believed: "Shanrong, Beirong, and Wuzhong are actually one. ”
This brings up a big problem: Beirong was originally near present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi. According to the "Bamboo Book Chronicle", in the thirty-seventh year of King Xuan of Zhou (791 BC), "the Jin people defeated the North Rong in Fenxi (now south of Hongdong County, Shanxi Province, Xi Yin Tongxi), and the Rong people destroyed the Jianghou Zhiyi". In "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Xiqiang", it is also recorded: "Zhou Nai moved east to Luoyi, and Qin Xianggong attacked Rong to save Zhou." In the next two years, Xinghou broke Beirong. ”
Why did Shanjung move from Shanxi to Hebei? The weak Xing State "broke down" the mountain and moved to the side of the more powerful Yan State, wouldn't it be looking for death?
Nomads may be called "Shanjung".
Scholar Miao Wei proposed in "The Name of "Shanrong": The Names of the Early Liaoxi Ethnic Groups Are the Same and the Same": The Shanrong in the Yaoshun period and the Shanrong in the Zhou Dynasty may not be the same thing.
Mr. Wang Guowei said in "Ghost Fang Kunyi Lynx Examination": "Since the quiet peace, it has been placed between the Spring and Autumn Period. But there is the Rong number, and after Zhuang Min, there is the Di number, and Rong and Di are both Chinese Chinese, not the original names of foreign races. Those who fight are also ...... soldiersBy extension, those who hold weapons to invade are also called Rongdi. It means that in the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty, "Rong" referred to a tribe with strong combat power, which had no discriminatory meaning and was not an ethnic name. From an archaeological point of view, the culture of Shanjung is different from that of Beirong, but similar to that of Xirong (such as Dog Rong). Miao Wei pointed out: "In history, limited to the Zhou Dynasty, the so-called 'Shanrong', both in terms of habitat and the community of people themselves, is very different (from the Shanrong in the Yaoshun period). ”
Some scholars believe that Shanjung is a remnant of the Shang Dynasty. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang dynasty, a large number of immigrants fled to the northeast, which is said to be the birthplace of the merchants. From the archaeological point of view, the Shang and Liaodong ancient cultures are very different, and "the Shang people do not originate from the Northeast".
Perhaps, Shanjung is only a vague concept, and the northern nomadic groups can be called Shanjung as long as they are active in the mountains, and they may not be related to each other.
Among the ancient tribes, many were nomads. According to the "Historical Records of the Five Emperors", the Yellow Emperor's tribe is likely to be nomads, "There are those who are not in line with the world, the Yellow Emperor will conquer them, and the peaceful ones will go." Phi mountain passage, not a taste of the ...... of peacePut the right and left great prisons, and put them in prison for all nations. All nations are harmonious, and the ghosts and gods and mountains and rivers are sealed with many Yan". The Yellow Emperor "migrated to and from impermanence", took the rule of "Xingguo", "took the division and soldiers as the camp guard", placed the "left and right wing system", and "revered the mountain". can become a mountain.
The mountain Rong that hit the Yan State may come from Xirong, because of "Qin Mugong chased Rong", part of it was "lured by Jin Huigong to move to the land of Jin Nanyi and Luo", and became Lu Hun Rong, and the other part fled to Jundu Mountain and became Shanrong.
Straight daggers bring new discoveries.
Since the twenties and thirties of the last century, the bronze daggers of the Zhou Dynasty have been unearthed in North China, but they are not professional archaeological discoveries, but they are accidentally excavated by the people and flow to the market, resulting in the lack of archaeological information and low scientific research value. At a considerable time, scholars believe that they came from the surrounding Liaoxi culture or grassland culture.
Mr. Jin Fengyi, an archaeologist, found that these short swords are all straight edges, while the short swords of the Liaoxi culture and the grassland culture are curved blades, is there an unknown culture? Since 1986, Mr. Jin Fengyi has led an archaeological team to search for Jundu Mountain and made major discoveries.
First of all, the newly discovered tombs "have a complete set of artifacts with their own characteristics, self-contained systems and established combinations", such as the nomadic cooking utensils bronze pots, the rough technology of sand-filled red-brown clay pots, the bronze belt hooks with animal patterns as the main shape, and a large number of bronze straight-edged short swords.
Secondly, the tombs are all on the slope of Xiangyang Mountain at an altitude of five or six hundred meters, and the heads of the deceased are facing east, and there are a large number of martyrs, who are dismembered and buried, and their mouths are also facing east. The middle martyrs were all horses, cattle, sheep, and dogs, and there were no pigs (there were a few pigs in the late period). The corpse is covered with more faces, covering the seven orifices to keep the soul of the deceased intact.
These burial customs are very different from those in the surrounding area.
From the unearthed bronze belt hook, it can be determined that the deceased was a nomadic person, because there are many animal shapes, no plant shapes. According to the German art historian Grosser's book "The Origins of Art": "The pictorial themes of hunting tribes derived from nature are almost absolutely limited to figures of people and animals. They only pick those subjects that are of great practical interest to them. Primitive hunters regarded plant food as an inferior industry, and they had no time to take care of it, so they left it to women, so they lacked attention to plants. ”
In the large tomb found in Xiliangyuan, the burial may be a tribal leader, who is as tall as 185 meters. Obviously, this is a strong tribe, and only the Shanjung, who has been "sick swallows" for a long time in history, can match it (there is still controversy in the academic community).
The Kingdom of Yan was forced to abandon the capital of Yan.
The sadness of Yan Guo is that it happened to face the powerful Shanrong.
Yan is the country with the same surname as Zhou Tianzi, inherited for 800 years, longer than the Zhou Dynasty, "Historical Records" said that it was "a hundred years old for the blood eater of Sheji, and died after the surname Ji", but "Warring States Policy" said that "Yan is a weak country, not enough to fear".
The Yan Kingdom was weak, and it was repeatedly invaded by the mountains. In the twenty-first year of King Ping of Zhou (750 BC), Shanrong actually crossed the Yan State and attacked the Qi State directly. In the first year of Yanhuan (697 BC), Shanrong invaded Yan again, causing it to move its capital to Linyi (now belonging to Xiong'an New District, Hebei).
Yandu was originally Dong Jialin in Liuli River, Fangshan District, Beijing, majestic and magnificent, scholar Han Jiagu hooked and sank in "On the Shan Rong Disease Yan", since the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Dongjia Lin Yan has "shown signs of decline", by the late Western Zhou Dynasty, "the inner slope of the city wall was broken by the ash pit, and the moat outside the city was filled with silt, and it had actually lost its defensive function as a city; Even tombs from the late Western Zhou Dynasty have been found in the city, and the dignity of being the capital of the country is no longer respected."
The Zhou Dynasty re-engraved the lineage, and the Yan State was a country surnamed Ji, but the historical record was miserable. "Historical Records" only briefly recorded Zhao Gong, then "from Zhao Gong to Hui Hou under the ninth generation", the middle is all blank, until the 39th monarch of Yan Zhao Wang, the record has become detailed, before the records of the monarchs of various countries only existed. Among the great vassal states, there is no other.
Yan Guo was embarrassed, because of the pressure of Shanrong. Shanjung is not only strong, but also influenced by the Yan Kingdom, with strong technical ability. At that time, the Central Plains had the world's best bronze smelting technology, and the bronze sword contained 18% to 21% tin, reaching the best, and the bronze short sword from the Shanrong tomb unearthed in Yanqing was much better than other nomads although the tin content was slightly lower and the sharpness was slightly inferior.
Shanrong is entrenched in the Jundu Mountains, with Yanhuai Basin and Fushui River nearby, with superior natural ecology and is the main transportation point between the Central Plains and the Northeast. The Yan army attacked, and Shanrong could not only resist stubbornly according to danger, but also hide in the mountains; And the Shanrong attack can be directly approached under the city of Yandu.
provoked the "old horse knows the way" Guan Zhong.
In the winter of the twenty-eighth year of Yanzhuang Gong (663 BC), Shanrong attacked Yan again, and Yanzhuang Gong asked Qi for help. At the suggestion of Guan Zhong, Duke Qi Huan mobilized the strength of the whole country to cut down the mountains.
According to the scholar Xiong Yong in "A New Theory on the Formation of the Hegemony of the Duke of Qi Huan", at this time the Duke of Qi Huan had completed the plans of "serving Lu" and "Lian Song", and was preparing to "fight Yi", that is, "The Legend of the Ram" said: "Duke Huan saved China, and Yi Di was killed, and Jing (referring to the state of Chu) was pacified, and this was the king's business." ”
At that time, the greatest threat to Qi hegemony was the Chu State, which was advancing towards the Central Plains, and the Qi State would inevitably lose both sides if it was alone in confrontation, so it was better to use its allies to fight the relatively weak Shanjung, in order to persuade the allies to show off their strength and strengthen the sense of community of the Central Plains countries.
Qi invited Lu to go with him, but the ministers of Lu refused to go: "If you travel thousands of miles and enter the land of barbarians, you will not turn back." ”
Because of the long distance, the Qi army tasted hardships, and got lost in the Bei'er Creek, Guan Zhong used the "old horse to know the way", got out of the predicament, and finally defeated Shanjung, and "刜 (sound like floating, meaning knife cutting) Lingzhi, cut the lonely bamboo" (Lingzhi, Guzhu is a country built by the Shanrong people), so that "the coastal princes dare not come to serve".
Confucius praised: "Micro tube Zhong, I am sent to the left." "It means that we don't care about Zhong, we all have to wear Hu people's clothes.
Since then, Shanrong has not been found in historical materials, and some scholars believe that they may have turned into Donghu, and Liang Qichao thinks: "Hu is named after the self-proclaimed Xiongnu people, so all the tribes in the north of the country are called Hu." At the beginning, the confrontation with the Xiongnu, but the ancient Shanrong, so the fate of Donghu. However, the "Historical Records" also mentions Shanrong and Donghu, which shows that the two are by no means one.
The archaeology of Yanqing also proves that this statement is unfounded. In the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty, Shanjung still existed, and it collapsed during the Warring States Period, probably under the influence of the Central Plains culture, it was integrated into the big family of the Chinese nation, and Guan Zhong's felling of Shanrong was just a boost.
Shan Rong is good at fighting, but it is a pity to meet the immortal talent Guan Zhong.
The Shanjung culture still exists.
According to scholar Peng Hua in "Qi Huan Gong Fa Rong Saves Yan and Related Issues", after the victory of Qi State, he sang two good plays.
First, in order to thank Duke Qi Huan, Duke Yanzhuang personally sent him back to China, and unconsciously sent him out of the border, Duke Qi Huan immediately pretended to say that he violated the etiquette system, because "if he is not the Son of Heaven, the princes will not leave the country", he and Guan Zhong have already rehearsed the lines, and finally ceded the city to which Duke Yanzhuang sent guests to Yan Kingdom, that is, the city of "Yan Liu", in order to envelop Yan Kingdom.
First, because the Lu State did not cut down the Shanjung, the Qi State was ready to cut down the Lu State, and under the suggestion of Guan Zhong, the Ju State was changed, and the Lu State actively joined in order to atone for its sins.
Because all countries were allied with Qi, the state of Chu retreated in the face of difficulties. After the threat of Shanrong was lifted, the enemy of Yan became Donghu, and when Yan Zhao was king, Qin Kai "attacked and took Donghu, but Donghu was thousands of miles". Qin Kai's grandson, Qin Wuyang, went to assassinate the King of Qin with Jing Ke.
There is no record of Shanjung in the history books, but its culture still exists. Scholar Chen Yongchao believes that the Cold Food Festival may have come from Shanjung. In the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xun recorded in "Art and Literature Gathering": "Ancient and Modern Art Map" said: 'The northern mountains, the cold food and the day are used to play with the sting, and the one who is used to practice light correction'. ”
The Cold Food Festival is said to commemorate Jie Zitui, and the other is said to be a weekly fire ban.
Zuo Biography and "Historical Records" have no record of Jie Zitui being burned, and later generations will come with it.
Later said that it is not true, the Zhou people did ban fire before the appearance of the Great Mars, but only banned the "fire of cultivation", and the fire of cooking was responsible for the "Si Ji (sound like a crown)", that is, "the fire of elm willow in spring, the fire of jujube and apricot in summer, the fire of Sangtuo in summer, the fire of oak tree (sound such as by, a kind of woody and tough tree) in autumn, and the fire of acacia sandalwood in winter, so you go to the time of illness also", there is no need to ban.
It was banned after the Winter Food Festival, but it has been passed down to this day. Scholar Wu Linan believes that in Mongolian, the sound of "swing" is close to "swing", which may be the source of the name swing.
Shanjung culture is full of charm, and if you want to know the real old Beijing, you should not miss the Shanjung Cultural Exhibition Hall. (Editor in charge: Shen Feng).