During the Qing Dynasty, the Jiangnan region contributed more than half of the country's grain and rice taxes, especially for the royal family and the Eight Banners. Therefore, Beijing and Tongzhou have the famous "Thirteen Warehouses" to store grain and rice.
In the Qing Dynasty, Caoyun and Caoyun governors had clear terms of reference, and other warehousing affairs were the responsibility of the household department, which was responsible for the formulation of the country's land, acreage, household registration and wealth valley policies.
Under the Ministry of Households, there is a Department of Officials, which is responsible for the "Administration" of transporting grain on the Haihe River, that is, the Department of Officials of Yunnan Province is also in charge. In addition, the household department Kuraba Yamen is also responsible for the storage of "Cao grain" and the affairs of the Jingtong North Canal, and the highest governor is the "Governor Kuraba Shilang", which is the second grade.
The Hubu warehouse was established in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), and there were departments such as East and West Cao, which were in charge of the affairs of each warehouse.
Kyokura", that is"Beijing, Tong thirteen warehouses"It was a famous granary during the Qing Dynasty. Today, we can still see the names of Haihai Warehouse, Beixin Warehouse, Lu Rice Warehouse and other places in the small street of Dongzhimen to the south, which is the Qing Dynasty"Thirteen warehouses"of the legacy.
Among them, the Nanxin warehouse has been preserved and renovated, so that modern people can get a glimpse of the historical style of the grain storage. The thirteen warehouses include Lumi, Nanxin, Jiutai, Haihai, Beixin, Fuxin, Xingping, Taiping, Chuji, Benyu, Wilmar 11 warehouses, plus Tongzhou's middle warehouse and West warehouse, a total of thirteen warehouses.
Most of these warehouses were built during the Ming Dynasty, but were added to them during the Qing Dynasty and managed by two Manchu and Han overseers. When the grain from each province arrives in Tongzhou, it will be stored in Beijing and Tongsan warehouses according to the type and use of grain.
The household department has also set up an inner warehouse. The Interior Affairs Office in the Qing Dynasty also set up Enfeng Warehouse and Guansan Warehouse, which were not part of the Household Department but were managed by the Accounting Department of the Household Affairs Department. The grain stored in the above-mentioned warehouses is mainly for the royal family, princes, and hundreds of officials to eat, among which the white grain (japonica rice, glutinous rice) collected by Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is only for the royal family, princes, and hundreds of officials to eat.
The rest of the grain was used to support the Eight Banners' soldiers, rice and horse fodder. The Qianliang Hutong in the east of Beijing is the place where the soldiers of the Eight Banners receive rice.
"Cao grain" is exclusively provided by the government, and it is strictly forbidden for civilians to eat it. However, there are three cases that can be exceptional, namely: colored rice, scattered rice and surplus grain. The warehouse yamen is responsible for the acceptance and transportation of grain, and the grain department is the most important department.
In the Qing Dynasty, there have always been many drawbacks in the affairs of grain, officials have been exploited layer by layer, and each stone of grain paid by the people is only counted as five or six buckets in the end, and resistance is falsely accused of "resisting grain".
In order to rectify the shortcomings of the grain accumulation, Mu Zhang'a, who had been sent to the government and the opposition, was appointed as the governor of Caoyun for two terms during the Daoguang period, and the famous minister Tao Shu vigorously rectified the Cao affairs. Tao Shu approved the change of rice from Suzhou and other places to sea transportation to eliminate the drawbacks.
Although sea freight can save time and manpower, it is ultimately not implemented.
In the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the Caocang in the capital, the provincial capitals and counties also had "Changping" and "Yicang". The household department, which was located under Shengjing, the capital of Shengjing, managed the grain storage department, the inner warehouse, and the city warehouse, but the management of personnel and business belonged to General Shengjing.