"Xie Lingyun finally reached the peak of the contradiction and rebelled".
**The original text is contradictory throughout. "Virtue and wisdom are clumsy, and the ability to return farmland is not responsible", see where the contradiction lies. This man has been conflicted all his life. I want to be a big official but can't,"Virtue and wisdom are clumsy"Also. To be a feudal monarch under the forest, but I don't want to. Living in this contradiction all my life. The rebellion in the late festival reached the extreme of contradictions. Han died Fang Fen, and Qin Emperor Lu was ashamed. Originally from Jianghai people, loyal and righteous gentleman. It is a text of rebellion" (- excerpt from "** Reading Literature and History of Ancient Books and Criticisms", pp. 1-2).
Analysis of the history of Chinese literature, when it comes to the literature of the Southern Dynasties, Xie Lingyun (385-433 AD) is very famous. Because he is the ancestor of Chinese landscape poetry, his creation is mainly landscape poetry, and the aesthetic value of this kind of poetry is very high, and it has always been praised by people. Among them, there is a poem "Ascending the Pond and Going Upstairs", which is even more famous. There are two lines in this poem"Spring grass grows in the pond, and willows in the garden become songbirds", describing the vibrant scene of early spring, it is indeed colorful, giving people a sense of dynamism, making people imagine, and it is very tasteful. Therefore, these two poems have become famous sentences, and the whole poem has also become a famous poem, which has been recited for a long time. In fact, the theme of this poem is whining, and the description of the scenery is just to set off the dissatisfaction in the stomach.
The poem "Ascending the Pond and Going Upstairs" often appears in the anthologies of poetry edited by later generations. Shen Deqian of the Qing Dynasty compiled a "Source of Ancient Poems", which included Xie Lingyun's famous work. **When flipping through the "Ancient Poetry Source", I deliberately added a long comment on this poem:"Contradictory throughout. 'Virtue and wisdom are clumsy, and the ability to return farmland is not responsible', see where the contradiction lies. This man has been conflicted all his life. I want to be a big official but can't,'Virtue and wisdom are clumsy'Also. To be a feudal monarch under the forest, but I don't want to. Living in this contradiction all my life. The rebellion in the late festival reached the extreme of contradictions. 'Han died Fang Fen, and Qin Emperor Lu was ashamed. Originally from Jianghai people, loyal and righteous gentleman. 'It is a text of rebellion. "
Why does this poem specifically reflect the contradictory characteristics of Xie Lingyun's life?
Xie Lingyun is the grandson of Xie Xuan, a famous general in the Middle East Jin Dynasty in the Battle of Weishui that we mentioned earlier. The Eastern Jin Dynasty society implemented the gate valve system, relying on the gate valve clan. Generally speaking, as long as a family has status and background, then the members of the family will enjoy privileges, and the children will be able to rely on the reputation of their parents and grandparents to rise to prominence. People born in wealthy and aristocratic families, even if they have no talent, even idiots, will have big officials to do. This is a deformed era in which the family status of the family is very important. Under the Eastern Jin Dynasty gate valve system, the largest families in Jiangnan society were the two surnames of Wang in the original north Langxi (now Linyi, Shandong) and Yangxia (now Taikang, Henan) Xie, and the Wang and Xie families always occupied an important position in the Eastern Jin Dynasty regime.
In the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty, the members of the Xie family appeared to have more status, and there were more figures who were big officials in the imperial court. When Xie Lingyun was born, it was at the most prominent period of the Xie family. If the Eastern Jin Dynasty continues to be vigorous, it is conceivable that Xie Lingyun will be able to rely on his family status for the rest of his life to be a local official and enjoy Qing blessings. However, when he was 21 years old in the first year of Yixi (405 AD), the year he began to enter his career, the social situation changed: the royal family of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was weakened, and Liu Yu's status soared. With the change of the situation, the two wealthy families in Jiangnan have also diverged: the big family surnamed Wang supports Liu Yu, and the big family surnamed Xie opposes Liu Yu. Xie Lingfang is a representative figure in the Xie family, and of course he looks down on Liu Yu's rise. He didn't like this kind of social change at all.
Liu Yu was born in a poor family, and when he was young, he was humble and had no social status. He later relied on military exploits and gradually became the most powerful figure in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the affairs of the imperial court had to be said to him. In 420 AD, Liu Yu finally established the Song Dynasty on behalf of the Jin Dynasty and established a new dynasty. In the late Eastern Jin Dynasty and even after entering the Song Dynasty, Liu Yu broke the gate valve system, and the gate valve rule ended. The privilege of relying on the family's position in a privileged position naturally ceased to play a major role. This change made the children of nobles like Xie Lingyun extremely resistant, feeling awkward in their hearts, and showing their strength in action. Therefore, after Xie Lingyun entered the official career, on the one hand, he was dissatisfied with the society and his own situation; On the other hand, he thinks he is sorry and wants to be a big official.
Xie Lingyun's biography is in the Book of Song, volume 67. This biography records that after entering the Song Dynasty, he"He claims to be able to participate in power, but he does not know it, and he is often resentful", and then simply ** willful,"Politeness", that is, contempt for the law, showing an arrogant and arrogant son-in-law style. In 422 AD, after the death of Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty Liu Yu, the real power figures in the court were Fu Liang and Xu Xianzhi. Xie Lingyun jumped out to attack these two magnates, and as a result, he was demoted to Yongjia (now Wenzhou City, Zhejiang) in the southeast to serve as a taishou. After he took office, he ignored political affairs and traveled all day long. After a year of mixing, he simply resigned and went north on the grounds of illness, and returned to the Xie family's ancestral residence in Shining (now Shangyu County, east of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang) manor, and lived a good and wandering young master life.
At the beginning of the third year of Emperor Wen of Song (426 AD), Emperor Wen of Song killed Fu Liang and Xu Xianzhi, remembered Xie Lingyun, and summoned him back to Beijing repeatedly. After Xie Lingyun returned to Beijing at the order, he still did not get reused, but the role of a literary attendant was still far from his expectations, so he still wandered around, and he didn't even take it seriously. As a result, he returned to Shining and swaggered around, and was played by the magistrates.
Emperor Wen of Song transferred him to Linchuan (present-day Linchuan City, Jiangxi) as an internal historian and was in charge of county affairs. This transfer still could not change his habits, and he behaved as before, and was played again. When the court sent someone to take him, he"The army rebelled, and then there was a rebellion"。Emperor Wen of Song cherished his talents, spared him from death, and exiled him to Guangzhou. Xie Lingyun secretly purchased **, and was discovered, and finally was ordered by the court to correct the law on the spot for the crime of treason, when it was in the tenth year of Yuanjia (433 AD).
The poem "Ascending the Pond and Going Upstairs" was written by Xie Lingyun when he was too punctual in Yongjia. This was the first time he had been frustrated since he joined the company, and there was certainly dissatisfaction in it. From then on, in the last ten years of his life, he always had empty ambitions, but also held an arrogant attitude of disdain for the current regime, and acted willfully and uninhibitedly, until he developed to the point of rebellion that did not measure his own strength and took risks, which was a concrete reflection of the deep contradictions in his heart.
**The comments added next to Xie Lingyun's poem "Ascending the Pond and Going Upstairs" are commented on in combination with Xie Lingyun's mentality and behavior in the second half of his life.
"Ascending the Pond and Going Upstairs" is a five-character poem with a total of 22 sentences. **Specially quoted"Virtue and wisdom are clumsy, and the ability to return farmland is not responsible"These two sentences are the first of them.
Five and six sentences. It means that he is enterprising and famous, but he has no ambition and lack of intelligence; Retired and cultivated, although he had his heart, he was not competent. In other words, advance and retreat are limited by their own conditions. This is the meaning of the literal understanding, if you say it more clearly, it is a confession like this: If you want to be an official and want to be a big official, you can't be big; There is no choice but to retreat to the countryside, neither reluctant nor willing. Obviously, he didn't know what to do, and his heart was miserable. Not on the left, not on the right. Therefore, ** hit the nail on the head, these two poems are just right", see where the contradiction lies. ": The previous sentence is to say"I want to be a big official but can't,", the latter sentence is to speak"To be a feudal monarch under the forest, but I don't want to. "("The lord of the forest", referring to Xie Lingyun's attack on his ancestor Xie Xuan, the Duke of Kangle, but left the power center of the capital and lived in the countryside"Under the forest"land). The poem"Contradictory throughout. ", and he"Living in this contradiction all my life. "。
** Then he quoted a poem written by Xie Lingyun when he was in rebellion in Guangzhou:"Han died Fang Fen, and Qin Emperor Lu was ashamed. Originally from Jianghai people, loyal and righteous gentleman. "This poem is recorded in his biography, but it is not included in "Ancient Poetry Source", which shows that *** has read Xie Lingyun's historical biography and is very familiar with his life. These four lines of poetry say: In the late Warring States period, Zhang Liang (Zifang), a son of a Korean family, rose up to assassinate Qin Shi Huang because the Qin State destroyed Korea; During his travels to Zhao, the hermit of Qi Lu Zhonglian (also referred to as Lu Lian), during the critical period when Qin sent troops to besiege Zhao, an envoy from Wei came to lobby the king of Zhao and suggested that it was best to surrender to the Qin army, but Lu Zhonglian was resolutely opposed to doing so, and was praised by later generations"Righteous Emperor Qin"A noble man. I, Xie Ling, am a person of the rivers and seas, and I feel the loyal behavior of the gentleman in my previous life, so I have the rebellious will to lead the people to rebel. From this poem, it can be seen that Xie Lingyun rebelled in his later years, which was completely conscious. **Say, this poem is none other than Xie Lingyun"The text of the rebellion", he"The rebellion in the late festival reached the extreme of contradictions. "。
**The poem "Ascending the Pond and Going Upstairs" is linked to Xie Lingyun's life, pointing out that whether this person writes poetry or is a person, he always shows the depression that he can't get rid of in his heart, showing it"Contradictory"features: **Commenting on Xie Lingyun's poems and his person, his disgust and disgust for this person are revealed between the lines. Xie Lingyun relied on his famous family and despised the new regime established by Liu Yu, who was from a humble background, and always showed a noble demeanor everywhere, was psychologically rebellious, behaved perversely, and was always awkward, dreaming of recovering the lost paradise. The scholar who thinks he is superior to others has read a few books and thinks it is amazing, but he can't do things, his shelves are not small, and he can't make trouble. This kind of person has emerged endlessly throughout the ages, from the heart"Contradictions"Eventually, it will develop into a desperate approach"Rebellion"of the poles. Xie Lingyun is an example.