The integration of the list of high-quality authors is a system in which the organs of state power exercise their legislative and executive powers in a unified manner. It was first clearly demonstrated in the establishment of the Paris Commune in 1871 that the Commune was both an executive and a legislature, and Marx spoke highly of it. This innovative system of the Paris Commune became the organizing principle and system of the proletarian state apparatus opposed to the separation of powers, and had a profound influence on the later organizational form of socialist state power.
Although the Paris Commune failed in the face of counter-revolutionary forces at home and abroad, it provided a useful reference for the proletarian revolution and became a valuable asset for the international communist movement. In particular, after the victory of the revolution, the Soviet Union and the [gf]202c[gf] countries followed the principle of "unity of parliament and action," established the Soviet system and the people's congress system respectively, and developed and perfected these systems. By establishing a centralized and efficient governance model, these countries are trying to maximize the use of state power and achieve rapid social development.
Since the 90s of the last [gf]202c[gf] century, different views have emerged on the effectiveness and applicability of the "unity of parliament and action". Some scholars believe that this was an extraordinary measure taken by the Paris Commune during the special period of the revolution, and that its effectiveness has not been fully tested by history due to the failure of the Commune. At the same time, some scholars believe that the "unity of parliament and action" does not conform to the actual situation of contemporary China's [gf]202c[gf], nor does it represent the development trend of the organizational form of socialist state power. While other scholars believe that the "unity of parliament and action" should not be denied, they also point out that it has undergone constant adjustment, enrichment, and reform in the practice of [gf]202c[gf]202c[gf] in the past and a half century. Therefore, the re-understanding and re-understanding of the "unity of parliament and action" is still an important topic in the academic circles.
In the practice of the Soviet Union and China's [GF]202c[GF], the principle of "unity of parliament and action" has been applied and developed to varying degrees. Immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union established the system of parliamentary and executive unity in the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Its supreme organ of power is the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, and when the Congress is not in session, power is vested in the All-Russian Soviet Executive Committee. The permanent bodies of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, namely the Presidium and the Standing Committee of the Supreme Soviet, exercise their powers during the closure of the Supreme Organs of Power. The state administrative organs of the USSR, namely the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and later the Council of Ministers of the USSR, were organized by the Supreme Soviet. In addition, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Procuratorate of the USSR, as judicial organs, were also elected by the People's Congress of People's Deputies and were responsible to and supervised by them.
During the period of the New Democratic Revolution of [gf]202c[gf], our [gf]202c[gf] began to learn and learn from the Paris Commune"Unity of parliament and action"system and the Soviet system of the USSR. In November 1931, the First National Congress of Soviets was held in Ruijin Yeping, Jiangxi, and the Outline of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic was adopted, thus establishing the Provisional Congress of the Chinese Soviets In January 1934, the Second National Congress of the Chinese Soviets was held in Ruijin Shazhouba, and the outline of the Constitution was revised, and the highest organ of power in the Chinese Soviet Republic was determined to be the National Congress of Workers' Peasants' and Soldiers' Soviets. The congresses of workers' and peasants' and soldiers' soviets at all levels were established under his subordinates as organs of power at all levels.
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the form of power of the Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Soviets was transformed into the Senate and border areas of the anti-Japanese base areas, and became the anti-Japanese national united front regime led by the Communist Party of China [GF]202C[GF]. Senate implementation"Three-three system", Communists representing the working class and poor peasants, non-party leftist progressives representing and connecting with the broad masses of the petty bourgeoisie, and centrist elements representing the middle bourgeoisie and enlightened gentlemen.1 3 each. During the War of Liberation, along with the changes in the situation, the regime in the liberated areas gradually changed from an anti-Japanese democratic regime to a people's democratic regime, and the Soviet system was no longer restored, but people's congresses at the district and village (township) levels were established, forming the rudiments of the people's congress system.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China [GF]202C[GF], the people's congresses in the liberated areas developed into a people's congress system. In September 1954, the first session of the First National People's Congress adopted the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, stipulating that all state power belongs to the people, and the organs of the people's exercise of state power are the people's congresses at all levels and the people at all levels. The judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are also created by the people's congress and are responsible to and subject to its supervision.
The system of people's congresses in my [gf]202c[gf] country was not only for the Paris Commune"Unity of parliament and action"The succession of the system, and more importantly, the new development on this basis. The introduction of the representative system has enabled the people to participate more widely in political decision-making, and has achieved people's democracy. Sound institutions have been established, including not only the legislature and the executive, but also specialized committees and bodies to better divide and cooperate. Part-time jobs are no longer allowed, and each leader can only hold one position to enhance the efficiency and responsibility of the work. Emphasize the party's leadership, ensure the party's leadership over state organs, and enable state organs to more effectively implement the party's policies.
As a political principle and system, the establishment and development of the "unity of parliament and action" has gone through a historical process from the Paris Commune to the Soviet Union and the [gf]202c[gf] countries. This system differs from the "separation of powers" and aims to improve the efficiency of governance by centralizing power. However, in practice, the risks that may arise from the concentration of power have also been exposed. Therefore, the understanding and understanding of the "unity of parliament and action" need to be combined with the actual situation of different countries and comprehensively consider their advantages and limitations.