Old news from Ningguta
Ninguta,In the Qing Dynasty, it was a frightening place name.
It was the place where prisoners were exiled during the Qing Dynasty.
In the Qing Dynasty, the site of Ningguta, belongedToday's area of Ning'an City and Hailin City in Heilongjiang Province.
"Ninggu is bitter and cold, and there is nothing in the world. ”
Three hundred years ago, the Ningguta area was undeveloped, with a cold climate and no one inhabitedThe prisoners exiled to Ningguta died nine times for life.
Throughout the 276-year history of the Qing Dynasty, nearly 1.5 million people were exiled to the Ningguta region.
These large numbers of exiled prisoners came from the Central Plains to the bitterly cold Ningguta area of HeilongjiangIt has changed the local depression and barrenness and improved the productivity of the local populationThey reclaimed wasteland, expanded their agricultural area and output, and used their cultural knowledge, medical skills, and commercial skills in the Central PlainsThe foundation for local development was laid.
Some of the lucky ones were eventually pardoned and returned to their hometownsBut the vast majority of people stayed in Ningguta forever and never returned.
The ruins of the old city where General Ningguta was stationed, in present-day Hailin City, Heilongjiang Province.
Throughout the Qing Dynasty, the exiled prisoners began with their own suffering, and poured the Central Plains civilization into the barren and undeveloped Ningguta region in an all-round way.
There is no doubt that the Qing Dynasty has exiled to Ningguta one after anotherHeilongjiang Provincehas made a positive contribution to the development.
In today's Ning'an City and Hailin City in Heilongjiang Province, the local surnames such as Zheng, Lü, Zhu, and Chen are basically the descendants of prisoners who were exiled in different periods of the Qing Dynasty.
Regarding the introduction of Ningguta, the author has written an old article, which can be reviewed by clicking here:
The Qing Dynasty penal colony - the story of Ningguta
Wu Zhaoqian is his person
Among the prisoners who were exiled to the Ningguta area during the Qing Dynasty, there were many famous peopleSuch as the last military secretary at the end of the Ming DynastyZHANG Jinyan,Late Ming Dynasty JinshiFang Gongqian,Zhejiang Shaoxing literatiYang Yue,PhysiciansLv Yijian,and a talented man from SuzhouWu ZhaoqianWait.
Wu Zhaoqian (1631-1684).The word Hancha, the number Jizi, the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty in Suzhou Wujiang, a famous talent, young and famous, well-read, nine years old can write "Courage Fu", ten years old to write "Kyoto Fu". It's a pity that he has a simple and arrogant personality, does not follow the law, and is easy to offend peopleThis set the tragic tone for the fate of his life.
Portrait of Wu Zhaoqian.
When Wu Zhaoqian came of age, the Ming Dynasty had fallen at this time, and the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, Wu Zhaoqian participated in the imperial examination organized by the Manchu Qing Dynasty.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination had already developed and matured, but the cases of fraud in the imperial examination also intensified. In order to completely conquer the literati in Jiangnan culturally, the Manchu Qing Dynasty imposed heavy penalties on the cases of fraud in the imperial examination at that time, and they were often killed or exiled.
Wu Zhaoqian, who did not know it, was in August of the fourteenth year of Shunzhi (1657).Ding Youke's caseMedium,had successfully passed the examination, but was innocently implicatedHe was framed by people who had offended him and was forced to enter Beijing to take the re-examination. The re-examination was held in Yingtai in April of the following year. Emperor Shunzhi, who was angered by fraud, personally wrote the question "Yingtai Fu" and asked to be in the examination room"The examiner listed the reconnaissance, the samurai below the hall, the bell outside, the brass stick, the waist sword, Sissen Buyan. ”(Li Yannian's "Crane Signs")."For each person, the two members of the guard army were ordered to hold knives on both sides, and the tester was so worried that he could hardly put pen to paper. ”(Wang Yingkui's "Liunan Essays").
In this situation of treating the re-examiner as a criminal, the talented Wu Zhaoqian was furious and shouted:"There is no one who bribes Wu Zhaoqian in one fell swoop! ”("Jilin Tongzhi Yuxian Biography") directly handed over the blank scroll. It is also said that Wu Zhaoqian was trembling in the examination room and couldn't put pen to paper, and finally handed in a blank paper. Either way, the final result is that the person has been selectedWu Zhaoqianwas tragically expelled, hit the 40th board, confiscated the family property, and the whole family was exiled to Ningguta.
In the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659).Wu Zhaoqian left Beijing and was assigned to Ningguta at the age of 29.
This is a full twenty-three years.
Northeast Saiwai Ninggu Tower, icy and snowy, bitter cold and barren, Wu Zhaoqian endured torture and hardships, and the taste is difficult for outsiders to know.
UntilIn the twentieth year of Kangxi (1681),InNalan Rongruo, Xu Qianxue, Gu ZhenguanWait for the vigorous running of former friends and related people, through friendsRaising funds for redemptionway, Wu Zhaoqian was able to return to Beijing at the age of 51.
After returning to Beijing, Wu Zhaoqian, who was no longer suitable for the climate of the Central Plains, was riddled with diseases, and after three years, Wu Zhaoqian died at the age of 54.
In Ningguta, an unexplored land of bitter cold and wildernessWu ZhaoqianHe wrote a large number of poems, and the poetry style is honest and elegant, desolate and desolate, and sad and pathetic. He incorporated the mountains and rivers, customs and customs of the Ningguta area three hundred years ago into his poetry collection"Autumn Bamboo Collection".Among them,It has become an extremely important historical material for future generations to understand the barren land of Northeast China 300 years ago.
Wu Zhaoqian's collection of poems written in the Ningguta garrison, "Autumn Collection", is now preserved in eight volumes, with more than 700 poems.
Wu Zhaoqian's poems, here are two poems, please feel the Northeast Saiwai poetry style three hundred years ago.
"Out of the Customs".
The side building looks back and cuts the craggy, and the noisy post rides the dust.
Dare to hope that the rest of your life will return to your homeland, and you will be alone and pitiful.
The clouds do not disperse, the yellow dragon snow, and the willow color is beginning to bloom in the purple spring.
Jiang Nushi is stationed in the horse in front of the country, and the pass is still a Han family?
"March 12 River Slogan".
March returns to the flood full of days, flowingThe twilight of the sun is still sad.
Since he has been chasing the oolong, he has not known the spring breeze for 20 years.
Wu Zhaoqian, a talented son of Suzhou, was exiled by Emperor Shunzhi and lived in Ningguta in the northeast for 23 yearsThe people of the time were detained by the Xiongnu during the Western Han Dynasty and shepherded sheep outside for 19 yearsSu WuOn a par!
Wu Zhaoqian, a talented man, is also known as "the only one in the Qing Dynasty and the last poet in China".
Wu Zhaoqian's epitaph
Here comes another important part of this article.
The full text of "Wu Zhaoqian's Epitaph" is attached for your reading.
The epitaph was written by Wu Zhaoqian's brother-in-law, Xu Zhen, after his death in 1684. 釚, pronunciation[qiú]。
The full text is as follows:Filial piety Hancha Wu Jun epitaph
Yu read "Historical Records of Zou Yang Shangliang Xiaowang", and said: "Women have no beauty or evil, and they are jealous when they enter the palace; Scholars are not virtuous, and they are jealous when they enter the court. I couldn't help but sigh, thinking that it was the same through the ages. And the view of Lu Nan's people, to gallop to make wine, to the heavy law, the machinery of Liyang, the author of "The Shadow", "Move" to self-extensive. Dongjun Xie Zhen saw the nobles of Chang'an, and cried: "There is a Lu Nan who is born, and he does not save him as dead, but he mourns Hunan from ancient times and hangs on him?" "The nobles took pity on him, and he died in prison, and Nan never met him, and he was depressed and drunk, and he was not deeply saddened. If Yu You's Hancha Wu Jun is the one who is there, isn't it his person?
Hancha's surname is Wu, Zhaoqian, the word Hancha, and the world is a native of Wujiang. The Ming Criminal Department is still the seventh grandson of Wu Gong. Father Yan Le Gong, Jin Xi, Gengchen Jinshi, awarded Yongzhou Mansion Governor. Hancha hangs down, goes to any place, passes Xunyang, Dabie, from Dongting Pan Hengxiang, takes its mountains and rivers, scenery and meteorology, is a poem, shocks its elders. Before long, the Liukou Zhang Xianzhong ravaged Chudi, Hancha returned to his mother, and Yan Le Gong also disorganized Xuanli. On the basis of my dynasty Dingding Jiangnan, the Han Cha year is heroic, and the name is great, and the brothers are the alliance of the chicken altar and the cow's ears, and the reputation of the gallop. With the current Changzhou Xiangguo Wen Ke Song Gong, Jia Si Kou, Sinong Yufeng two Xu Gong, and all the famous sages, competing for the art garden, talking about the wind and life, the wine and candles, waving the paper like a cloud of smoke, the world is a talented person.
Ding You Dengxian Shu, the beginning of the department, the prison of the Ministry of Punishment, the detention room, generously wrote poems, with the Emperor Meng Shizuzhang forgiveness, sent to Ningguta. Hogo is desperate, and he is extremely depressed. Taicang Wu Festival Wine Plum Village is a sad song to give it, there is a sentence of "the mountain is not the mountain and the water is not the water, the life is not the life and the death is not death", and the officials all whimpered. And Hancha rented an ox cart alone, carrying the books he carried, and waved away. In Ningguta for more than 20 years, the white grass and yellow sand, the ice and snow cellar, compared with Li Ling and Su Wu, still feel turbulent and distressed. Wuxi Gu Liang Fenshe people, and Hancha for the hair, when in the East Pavilion, the day to recite Hancha weekday poems endowed with Nara guards, such as Xie Zhen to Lu Nan. The sexual monarch is stubborn and different, and he thinks of returning to Hancha. The emperor will be twenty years old, and he will send his courtiers to sacrifice to Changbai Mountain. Changbai Mountain, Qiao Yue of the East, is connected to Ninggu Tower. Hancha gave thousands of words to Changbai Mountain, and the words were extremely magnificent, and the envoys returned to the Son of Heaven. The Son of Heaven was also moved to consult. Those who have nuns will not be summoned. And the Nala guards, because of the relationship with Si Nong, Si Kou, and Wen Ke, the entropy gold was made by the Shaofu Zuo Craftsman, so he had to be released according to the rules. However, he has been in the Peerless Realm for twenty-three years. When Yu Fangguan Jingshi, he also ran with Hancha. It also returns, holding his head and holding hands, for a long time for the intersection of joy and sorrow. His mother is unharmed, and the brothers have died one after another, so he is a teacher, and the pavilion is in the East Pavilion for another year. Returning to the wife and the wife of the longevity, the clan and the relatives gathered, thinking that seeing each other was like a dream. Less than a year later, he returned to the capital gate and died in the hostel. Whew, isn't it the poverty of life?
At the beginning, Hancha was simple and arrogant in human nature, not harmonious with the vulgar, and there were many people in his hometown who were jealous. And drifting trapped in the desperate blockage, hanging for more than 20 years, once by the gift of a friend, the head white back home, its gratitude runny, there is nothing to say, and into the side of the foot, still very down, not self-grooming. The gentleman then lamented the poverty of his encounter, and the sadness of his ambition.
Yu is Wu's son-in-law, Yu's deceased wife and Hancha are brothers and sisters, and young classmates are also well-known. Hancha was born on a certain day in November before Xinwei, and died on a certain day in October in the twenty-third year of Kangxi, at the age of fifty-four. With Ge Shi, the daughter of Ge Duan, the former Gengwu Juren. The son is a man, a minister, and a student. There are four women, and they are all from the Ge family. On November 15, the 27th year of Kangxi, he was buried at the foot of Baohua Mountain in Wu County, that is, next to Yanle Cemetery. Yu Gu couldn't bear to resign, so he remembered it and said:
Whew, Wu Jizi. When he was young, he studied the scriptures and history, and he threw himself into the famine until he died. It's not easy to survive in the Peerless Domain, and Hu Wei stops here. Whew, Wu Jizi.
Postscript
Wu Zhaoqian was the fourteenth year of Shunzhi in the early Qing Dynasty (1657).Ding Youke's caseInnocent victims,Talented and famous at a young age, he was supposed to have a bright future, but he suffered bad luck and was exiled to Ningguta for twenty-three yearsGod was so unfair to him.
Whew, Wu Jizi. Sad, Wu Jizi. can't help but hate Emperor Shunzhi.
There is one less great talent in the Jiangnan literary world. In the end, Ningguta outside the northeast added a poet from the Biancyp, and it was brilliant.