The Three Kingdoms existed after the Han Dynasty and before the Jin Dynasty, in a historical period of 220 years and 280 years, there were three main regimes of Cao Wei, Shu Han and Animals, in addition to many small divided forces.
So which capitals have appeared in this troubled era, let's take a look at the top ten capitals in the history of the Three Kingdoms!
10. Hanzhong City of Shu Kingdom.
Hanzhong, referred to as "Han", was known as Nanzheng, Xingyuan, Liangzhou, Tianhan in ancient times, and was a prefecture-level city under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province. Hanzhong is located in the south of Shaanxi, with the Qinling Mountains in the north, the Pingba Mountains in the south, and the Hanzhong Plain in the middle.
In ancient history, it was a battleground for soldiers. Because Hanzhong is the choke point between Shuzhong and Guanzhong, controlling Hanzhong, you can enter Guanzhong, and you can defend Shuzhong when you retreat.
Therefore, Hanzhong is the main battlefield where the soldiers of Wei and Shu meet, the veteran Huang Zhong slashed Xiahou Yuan under the Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, and the general Zhao Yun defeated the Cao army on the shore of the Han River. Later, Liu Bei established himself as the king of Hanzhong, and used it as the temporary royal capital.
In the fourth year of Wei Jingyuan (263), Wei destroyed Shu Han, divided Liang and Yi two prefectures, and Liangzhou led eight counties and governed Nanzheng.
Nine, Shouchun. In the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 years), Shouchun Yi (now Shouchun Town, Shou County, Anhui Province, "Shu Yiji" "married in Tushan" that is, this place) was renamed Shouchun County, which belongs to Yangzhou (the beginning of Liyang, now Liyang Town, Anhui and County. Later, it was changed to Shouchun) Jiujiang County (changed to Yinling, now Gucheng Village, Yongkang Town, Dingyuan County).
Historical evolution: In the first year of Zhanghe (84 years), in September, Jiujiang County was abolished to build the Fuling Kingdom, and Shouchun County was the national capital.
In the first year of Xingping (194), Yuan Shu built a number here, abolished the Fuling Kingdom as Huainan County, and Shouchun County as Huainan County.
In the fourth year of Jian'an (199), it was renamed Jiujiang County, and Shouchun was the county governance. In the first month of the twenty-second year, Cao Cao's son Cao Biao was named the Marquis of Shouchun, and the county was changed to the Hou State.
In the second year of the early Wei and Huang dynasties of the Three Kingdoms (221), Jiujiang County was changed to the Duchy of Cao Yong Huainan (later the kingdom), and Shouchun County was the national capital. In four years, the country was divided into Huainan County (still governing Shouchun).
In the sixth year of Taihe (232), Huainan County was changed to Cao Biao Chu Kingdom, and Shouchun County was the national capital. In the first year of Jiaping (249), it was reverted to Huainan County, and Shouchun was the county government.
In fact, Shouchun has also been the capital for a while, but it is easy to be overlooked. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Yuan Shu saw that the Han Dynasty was exhausted, and he had the intention of transgression. Yu Shouchun is called the emperor, and the capital is Shouchun. As soon as Yuan Shu became the emperor, he suddenly became the target of the world's common attack. In the face of Cao Cao, Lu Bu, and Sun Ce's joint attack, Yuan Shu was defeated and died within a few years. The national capital of Shouchun is also like a farce, gradually fading out of people's field of vision.
8. Qian County. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the prefecture became a first-class administrative region. Among them, the Yuzhou Thorn History Department is the Zhi (now Bozhou, Anhui), and its jurisdiction is in the southeast of present-day Henan, the east of Henan, the north of the Huai River, and the east of Funiu Mountain, the northern part of Anhui, the northwest corner of Jiangsu and the southwest corner of Shandong. It has jurisdiction over 2 counties of Yingchuan County and Runan County, 4 countries of Liangguo, Peiguo, Chen and Luguo, and 97 counties.
In the eighteenth year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (42 years), he ruled the history department of Yuzhou, with jurisdiction over 2 counties, 4 countries, 97 counties, and now Qiaocheng District, Bozhou, Anhui Province. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219 years), the county of Fenpei was governed by the state of Qiao.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Wu analyzed Pei Guozhi, and the seat of governance was in Qian County (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province). In the first year of the Wei and Huang dynasties of the Three Kingdoms (220 years), it was changed to the state of Chen, and it was restored to the county, which belonged to Yuzhou.
In the second year of Emperor Wei (221), Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi made the county "the capital", and Xuchang, Chang'an, Luoyang, and Ye were called the "five capitals". Jin overseas Chinese placed Chenliu County, in the Western Jin Dynasty, in this place of the country, the county is the place of governance, the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Southern Yanzhou, the Southern Dynasty Liang changed to the Zhou, the Northern Zhou changed to Bozhou, and the Sui Fu said the county.
The Western Jin Dynasty was the state of Chen. The Southern Song Dynasty moved to Mengxian County (now the old Mengqiang Temple in the north of Shangqiu County, Henan). Zhengguang of the Northern Wei Dynasty belonged to Yanzhou. Northern Qi was abolished.
7. Ezhou. During the Three Kingdoms period, Ezhou, which was at the forefront of the war, with its special military geographical location, suddenly became the capital of the emperor twice, and became one of the largest political, economic and cultural centers in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River at that time, which not only wrote the most brilliant stroke in the history of urban development in Ezhou, but also added the most beautiful scenery to the history of urban development in Hubei.
1. Because of Wu Erchang - the naval base.
Ezhou has a long history, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it has been a vassal state and a fief of the palace, but until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was only a small county with a population of less than 10,000 people - Exian County, which was under the jurisdiction of Jiangxia County of Jingzhou (formerly Liu Biao). During the Three Kingdoms period, due to the competition between Cao, Sun and Liu, the military strategic position of Ezhou suddenly came to the fore, and Ezhou really ushered in the first period in the history of urban development, and won a name that has been passed down through the ages and resounded throughout the country - Wuchang.
In April 221 AD, in order to firmly control the ruling power of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and ensure the safety of Jiangdong, Sun Quan moved his ruling center from the public security in Hubei to Exian, and changed the name of Exian County to Wuchang County. In the same year, Wuchang County was divided into Jiangxia and established six counties, including Wuchang, Yangxin, Shaxian, Xiapheasant, Chaisang and Xunyang. In the eleventh lunar month of that year, Emperor Cao Pi of Wei Wen named Sun Quan as the king of Wu, and changed the yuan to "Huangwu" in the following year, and the situation of the three kingdoms was formally formed.
In April 229 AD, Sun Quan was officially proclaimed emperor and called Wu the Great, and Wuchang became the first capital of Wu. "Giving birth to a son should be like Sun Zhongmou". Sun Quan is a generation of heroes, after many years of painstaking management of Jiangdong, the key reason why he wants to create the imperial industry in Ezhou is that Ezhou has an extremely important military strategic position for Wu. After the Battle of Chibi, although Cao Cao was forced to stop the pace of going south, he still entrenched in Xiangyang, towering north of the Yangtze River and looking south of the Yangtze River. Liu Bei entered Shu in the west, but he still wanted Jiangdong. And the land of Ezhou "with the river, Chu, according to the lake and mountain, the left control of Luqi, the right even Fan Han", is the place where the soldiers must fight, is "in the middle of the Jiangdong town, not only to defend the upstream; It is not difficult to rush to the report. "In terms of taking into account the middle and lower reaches and external development, it is far superior to other places, so it is of special significance to Sun Wu Liguo Jiangdong.
In addition, the situation of mountains and rivers and material resources in Ezhou are also convenient for fortification and adaptation to the construction of the capital. Ezhou is surrounded by mountains on three sides, surrounded by water, especially the remaining veins of Mufu Mountain in the southeast, the mountains are steep, the roads are rugged, and it is a natural military barrier.
Eastern Wu relied on naval forces to establish the state, and in order to exert its military superiority, the ruling center had to be close to the great rivers, large rivers, and good ports. Ezhou is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is an important natural port on the south bank of the Yangtze River, and the water transportation conditions are extremely superior. There is the Yangtze River in the north, the Liangzi Lake in the south, and the Fanchuan Xiangjiang River in the west. Ninety miles of Fan River, the water is deep and wide, the twists and turns are deep, it is an excellent place to moor the naval vessels, the Liangzi Lake of 100 miles, the lake is wide and the water is abundant, it is inexhaustible all the year round, it is a rare place for the training of the sailors. Stationed in Liangzi, out of Fanchuan, into the Yangtze River, is very conducive to the movement of the navy. Tracing the river, you can go north to take Xiangyang, and you can go west to fight against Bashu. Going down the river, you will be able to rush to the aid of Jianye in a few days. Before the Red Cliff War, Sun and Liu's two naval armies were assembled here, and its strategic significance can be seen from this!
In addition to its excellent military geographical location, Ezhou also has abundant strategic material resources. At that time, there were iron mines in Xishan, and the copper and iron ore deposits in the vicinity of Tingzu, Jasper and Daye were very rich, and there was a certain scale of smelting industry, which provided a very important material guarantee for Sun Quan to establish the capital. Sun Quan was the first emperor in Ezhou, and named Ezhou "with Wu Erchang", which originally meant that the county and the country were prosperous. Whether the state of Wu prospers as he wishes, we don't care. But Ezhou has indeed prospered since then. During Sun Quan's stay in Wuchang, he moved more than 1,000 wealthy Jianye families into Wuchang, amounting to tens of thousands of people, including many skilled craftsmen. In this way, it not only increased the population of Wuchang, but also imported Wuyue production technology and culture, and injected new vitality into the development of Wuchang, so that Wuchang soon had a leap forward development, and quickly became the political, economic and cultural center of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and became an important town in China.
Sixth, Xuchang. Xuchang, known as Xuzhou in ancient times, is a famous historical and cultural city of the Han and Wei dynasties.
Xuchang is located in the Central Plains, has a long history, is an important birthplace of Chinese culture, in 196 AD, Cao Cao welcomed the Han Dynasty and moved the capital to Xu, making Xuchang the political, economic and cultural center of northern China at that time.
Xuchang, one of the capitals of Cao Wei, has been the seat of the imperial court in the Jian'an period of the Eastern Han Dynasty since Cao Cao welcomed the Han Dynasty, and was the nominal power center used by Cao Cao to coerce the princes of the Son of Heaven, symbolizing the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Moreover, at this time, Xuchang happened to be at the intersection of Cao Wei's traffic arteries leading to Luoyang and Yecheng in Xiangyang and Shouchun, and its geographical location was important.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei was called Yingchuan County, which belonged to Yuzhou, and Jian'an District, Yingyin County, Yanling County, and Changshe County all belonged to Yingchuan County.
In the second year of Wei Huang Chu (221), Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi changed Xu County to "Xuchang County" with "Han died in Xu, Wei Jichang in Xu", which has been used to this day.
5. Yecheng, the famous capital city during the Three Kingdoms period.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao, occupied Yecheng, and built the royal capital. Yecheng was successively the capital of the six dynasties of Cao Wei, Later Zhao, Ran Wei, Qianyan, Eastern Wei and Northern Qi, and was the political, economic, military and cultural center of the Yellow River Valley for four centuries.
Yecheng, the capital of Cao Wei, since Cao Cao captured Yecheng, until Cao Cao's later years, has been the location of Cao Cao's overlordship, and is also the predecessor of the Cao Wei Empire - the principality of Wei, the capital of the Wei Kingdom, and the Zongmiao. Moreover, at this time, Yecheng also shouldered the important task of dominating the north of the Yellow River and resisting the invasion of the outside world.
After Cao Pi built Wei in the Han Dynasty, the capital of Luoyang was determined, and Wei took Luoyang as the Beijing division, and Chang'an, Qiao, Xuchang, Yecheng and Luoyang were the "five capitals", which shows the importance of Ye.
Fourth, Chang'an. The "Chang'an" of the Three Kingdoms period is now Xi'an.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the world was divided in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han dynasty was weak, and in the first year of the first peace (190), the warlord Dong Zhuo of Xiliang coerced Emperor Han Xian to move the capital to Chang'an. Located in the northwest suburbs of present-day Xi'an, the city of Chang'an covers an area of about 36 square kilometers, about four times the size of Rome at the same time. Chang'an City has 12 gates and 8 main streets, with the longest street being 5,500 meters long. The palaces, noble residences, government offices, and temples in the city occupy about two-thirds of the city's area.
The palaces are concentrated in the central and southern parts of the city, including Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace, Gui Palace, North Palace and Mingguang Palace. Among them, Weiyang Palace is the place where many emperors lived and dealt with government affairs starting from Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, and is one of the most famous palaces in Chinese history. The residential areas are located in the northern part of the city and are divided into 160 "Luli".
The market is in the northwest corner of the city and is called the "Nine Cities of Chang'an". In the west of the city, there is a large area of Shanglin Garden, and there are mainly Kunming Pond, Jianzhang Palace and so on in the garden. In the south of the city, there is a group of ceremonial buildings built during the Wang Mang period. The Chang'an City of the Han Dynasty changed the pattern of large and small cities in the Warring States Period, and concentrated residential areas, industrial and commercial areas, and palace areas in one city, and later capitals followed this structural system.
Extended information: The site of Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty is located in the northwest of the urban area of Xi'an City, known as Chang'an, Chang'an Ancient City, Ancient Chang'an City, etc., which is the location of Chang'an of the Han Dynasty, Chang'an of the Three Kingdoms, Chang'an of the Western Jin Dynasty, and Chang'an of the Sixteen Kingdoms, as well as Qin Xianyang (part) and part of the Forbidden Garden of Tang Chang'an.
Historical Records: In 201 BC, "renamed Xianyang and Chang'an". It successively has the Western Han Dynasty, Xin, Xuanhan, Red Mei Army, the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty (Emperor Chu), the former Zhao, the Western Yan, the former Qin, the Later Qin, the Western Wei, the Northern Zhou, and the Sui (Emperor Wen) as the imperial capital. The Three Kingdoms Wei, Great Xia, and Later Zhao took Chang'an City of the Han Dynasty as the accompanying capital. After the Sui built the new city, the Han Chang'an City was planned in the Sui Daxing City Inner Garden (Daxing Yuan). In the Tang Dynasty, it was used as the forbidden garden of Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty.
Chang'an was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, but at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Dong Zhuo faced the attack of the coalition led by Yuan Shao, he burned Luoyang and moved the capital to Chang'an. Therefore, Chang'an also served as the national capital for a short period of time.
3. Jianye. In the seventeenth year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (212 years), the Moling was changed to Jianye, and the city was repaired on the basis of Jinlingyi, "with the storage of military grain and equipment", which is the famous stone city (also known as Shishou City).
Stone City is near the river to control Huai, relying on danger, and is the river defense fortress and city defense stronghold of the Dongwu Navy Army. Stone Town stands across the water, dozens of miles around, there are two cities of Zi and Luocheng, the business is prosperous, and the grand occasion is very. Wu's famous minister Zhang Hong thought that there was a son of heaven in this place, and persuaded his lord to set the capital here.
After Sun Ce's death, his younger brother Sun Quan inherited the family business. In 229, Sun Quan was officially proclaimed emperor and set his capital in Jianye (present-day Nanjing). Before and after Sun Quan became emperor, there were many iterations of the choice of the capital.
Jianye is bordered by the Yangtze River in the west, surrounded by mountains, with flat land in the middle, which is easy to defend and difficult to attack militarily. Therefore, militarily speaking, it is only fitting that Soochow will build its base camp here.
In fact, after the establishment of the capital, the Sun Wu regime also had a move to move the capital. "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" records: In 265 AD, Sun Hao moved the capital to Wuchang in order to consolidate his power in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, but only one year and three months later, Sun Hao returned to the capital.
Before returning to the capital, Minister Lu Kai was sparse: "The land of Wuchang is really dangerous and barren, not the place where the king Anguo raises troops, the ship is drifting, and the mausoleum is dangerous." And the nursery rhyme says: 'I'd rather drink Jianye water than eat Wuchang fish; Ning also Jianye died, not only Wuchangju. ’”
Compared with Wuchang, Jianye at that time was very convenient in terms of material replenishment. During the period of Sun Quan, the Broken Gang Canal was built to connect the Qinhuai River and Taihu Lake, and there was no problem with material security.
2. Chengdu. Chengdu is located in the west of the Sichuan Basin, the hinterland of the Chengdu Plain, the territory of the terrain is flat, the river network is longitudinal and horizontal, the products are abundant, the agriculture is developed, belongs to the first monsoon humid climate, since ancient times enjoy the reputation of "the land of abundance".
Chengdu is a national historical and cultural city, the birthplace of ancient Shu civilization, and one of the top ten ancient capitals in China. The Ninth Emperor of the Enlightened Dynasty was named Chengdu with "one year into Yi, two years into Chengdu"; Seven separatist regimes have established their capitals here; It has always been the state and county seat of various dynasties; Han is one of the five metropolises in the country; Tang is one of the most developed industrial and commercial cities in China, known as "Yang Yi Yi II" in history; The Northern Song Dynasty was the second largest metropolis outside of Bianjing, and invented the world's first paper money jiaozi.
Chengdu is once a city where many dynasties such as Cheng Han and Shu built their capitals here, since ancient times, it has won the reputation of the country of abundance because of the abundant materials produced here, the earliest in the "Taiping Huanyu Ji" ** is now relevant records, to the Three Kingdoms period, it became the capital of Shu Han, Liu Bei was called emperor in Chengdu in 221, and Jingzhou and Yizhou were included in the territory in the heyday.
Chengdu is a famous city of the Three Kingdoms, located in the middle of the Sichuan Basin on the Chengdu Plain, fertile for thousands of miles, known as "Tianfu". Liu Bei founded the Shu Kingdom because of the lord of Chengdu, and became famous in the Three Kingdoms, which has been passed down to this day. However, Chengdu was not called "Chengdu" before Liu Bei became the owner, but was generally called "Yizhou". This can be known from the historical materials about Chengdu.
The name of Chengdu comes from Liu Bei: "One year into the city, three years into Chengdu": the first lord Liu Bei attached importance to development after entering Shu, and was determined to make Chengdu develop like Luoyang and Chang'an at that time, thinking that it was the capital of Shu and competing with Cao Wei; So the goal of making Chengdu a city in one year and Chengdu in three years was set, and Chengdu got its name from this. In the later Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong may not have taken this into account when he wrote "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
1. Luoyang. Luoyang during the Three Kingdoms period is the capital of Cao Wei, in the first year of the early Huang Dynasty (220 years), Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi fixed the capital of Luoyang, changed Luoyang to Luoyang, called Cao Wei, and set up the department under the school captain's department.
Luoyang is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization with a history of more than 1,500 years, more than 4,000 years of city history and more than 5,000 years of civilization history, from the beginning of the Xia Dynasty to become the center of the dynasty, to 220 years, Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi set the capital here, and set up the division of the school and the captain, in 265 years, the Western Jin Dynasty replaced the Wei State and still took Luoyang as the capital.
Cao Wei took Luoyang as the imperial capital, with the purpose of inheriting the "legitimacy of rule" of the Eastern Han Empire, and cooperating with the "Zen ceremony" to inherit the prestige of the Eastern Han Empire as an orthodox dynasty in the name of righteousness, so as to obtain a certain name advantage over the Shu and Wu regimes that favored Andu and Jianye, and to facilitate the self-esteem of "Chinese and Korean orthodoxy".
Moreover, after all, Luoyang is in the middle of the world and Cao Wei is in the middle, which not only helps Cao Wei to control and dominate the existing territory, but also helps Cao Wei's southern third line (Guanzhong, Xiangyang, Shouchun) to fight, and geographically, it also has practical benefits for Cao Wei's administrative rule and strategic offensive and defense, which is far more central than accompanying the capital Yecheng, and more dangerous than Xuchang, the capital of the late Han Dynasty.
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