When it comes to the Yuan Dynasty, everyone may think of Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan, and the Mongol iron cavalry that swept across Eurasia, but how much do you know about the history of the Yuan Dynasty? What were the major historical events of the Yuan Dynasty?
So today, let's take stock of the top ten historical events during the Yuan Dynasty, let's take a look at what other major events in the history of the Yuan Dynasty!
10. The Battle of Poyang Lake, also known as the Poyang Lake Water Battle and the Poyang Lake War, was a strategic decisive battle between Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty to compete for the waters of Poyang Lake, and the decisive battle ended with Zhu Yuanzhang's complete victory. The battle was regarded as the largest water battle in the medieval world.
In July of the ninth year of Song Longfeng (1363), in the battle of Zhu Yuanzhang to unify the south of the Yangtze River, Zhu Yuanzhang led his army to defeat Chen Youliang's army in a famous water battle at Poyang Lake (now Poyang Lake, Jiangxi). This battle was the most critical battle for Zhu Yuanzhang as emperor and Jiandaming. The status of this battle, in our opinion today, can be equated with the battle of Chibi of "Three Kingdoms Zhou Lang Chibi". The raging war in Chibi completely woke up the dream of Huangliang that Apo unified the country; Similarly, on the vast Poyang Lake, the opponents Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang dispatched a total of 800,000 troops to conduct a decisive battle of life and death, completely playing the funeral song of the fall of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Poyang Lake water battle, in terms of military strength, Chen Youliang, who was 44 years old at the time, had 600,000 troops, while Zhu Yuanzhang, who was eight years younger than him, only raised an army of 200,000 people, and the enemy was obviously outnumbered; From the analysis of the equipment, most of the warships under Chen Youliang are extra-large, lined up, and they are more than ten miles long, while Zhu Yuanzhang is only some small boats, which are quite like compressed biscuits in comparison, not at all at the same level, and the enemy is obviously strong and I am weak. Under such an extremely unfavorable situation, Zhu Yuanzhang has the fighting spirit and confidence in how to fight this battle well.
Of course, it is one thing to be confident, and it is another thing to compete with power. In the first few days, the two sides were fighting fiercely, "the artillery fire was in the sky, and the lake was completely red" ("Shikui Shu"), thinking that the lake was stained red with the blood of the soldiers, which can be described as extremely tragic.
Fortunately, Zhu Yuanzhang's troops found the weakness of Chen Youliang's navy, and found that although the enemy's hull was large, it was very clumsy, and although its own ship was small and easy to turn around, it could use its flexibility to rush left and right, effectively exploit its strengths and avoid weaknesses, and hit the weakness of the big guy. Chen Youliang's troops were stalked by Zhu Yuanzhang's department, so they had to retreat in disgrace.
Taking advantage of the gap between battles, Zhu Yuanzhang summoned his generals to study the battle situation. Guo Xing, a general, suggested: "The difference in strength between the two sides is too far, and it is not possible to rely on a tough battle, and it is necessary to attack with fire." Zhu Yuanzhang gladly adopted.
He immediately ordered the formation of a death squad, drove seven small boats filled with gunpowder, took advantage of the northeast wind that happened to blow that evening, took advantage of the wind to ignite the fire, and quickly rushed straight to the camp of Chen Youliang's big ship. For a while, the wind was fierce, and soon it spread and burned in the big ships of the Han army, and the flames were raging, illuminating the lake red. In front of the army led by Zhu Yuanzhang to kill later, the soldiers under Chen Youliang were either burned to death or captured before they could recover their senses.
Chen Youliang led the remnants of the defeated army to break through to the mouth of Poyang Lake. Who knew that the mouth of the lake had already been blocked by Zhu Yuanzhang's heavy troops and surrounded by heavy troops. Chen Youliang did not hesitate to risk his life to break through, but was killed by a burst of random arrows by Zhu Jun.
It can be said that the Battle of Poyang Lake ended with a complete victory on Zhu Yuanzhang's side. After this battle, Zhu Yuanzhang has been in an invincible position in the world. His cohesion, appeal, influence, and action have reached a height that others cannot reach, and he has never fallen behind at this height. No wonder after the battle, he summed up very happily: "Today's merit is better than Chibi to go away and hide it!" In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, Zhou Lang of the Three Kingdoms is no longer a problem.
In fact, this is also true. After Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated Chen Youliang, the largest separatist force in the south, he proclaimed himself King of Wu. Zhu Yuanzhang first took King Xiao Ming to Chuzhou, and nominally accepted the leadership of King Xiao Ming. In 1366 A.D., he took King Xiao Ming to Yingtian by boat, and took advantage of the opportunity of King Xiao Ming to cross the river in Guabu (now southeast of Liuhe, Jiangsu), and sent someone to secretly scuttle the boat and drowned King Xiao Ming.
In 1367 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang eliminated Zhang Shicheng's separatist forces, and then ordered Xu Da to be the general of the conquest and Chang Yuchun to be the deputy general, leading an army of 250,000 to the north. Two months later, Xu Da's army was victorious and occupied Shandong.
In the first month of 1368 AD, Zhu Yuanzhang was enthroned as emperor in Yingtian, and his country name was Ming, and he became Ming Taizu. The Ming army marched on the victory, and the Yuan soldiers retreated. In August of this year, Xu Da led a large army to attack Dadu, and Emperor Yuan Shun fled to Shangdu. The Yuan Dynasty, which had ruled China for ninety-seven years, was finally overthrown.
From this point of view, Zhu Yuanzhang's "Poyang Lake War" did lay a solid foundation for changing the world and made a good start for his hegemony in the Ming Dynasty.
9. The "Red Turban Army Uprising" was a peasant uprising that broke out in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, led by Han Shantong, Liu Futong and Xu Shouhui, and broke out in Yingzhou in 1351 AD. Because the rebel army was wrapped in a red scarf, it was called the "Red Turban Army", and because it burned incense to gather people, it was also called the "Xiang Army". From 1355 to 1363 AD, Liu Futong established Han Lin'er as "King Xiaoming" in Bozhou (now Boxian County, Anhui), with the country name "Great Song" and the year name "Dragon and Phoenix". After Zhu Yuanzhang was unique, in the first month of 1368 A.D. in Nanjing, he was called the emperor, Jianyuan Hongwu, and the country name was Daming.
In the later years of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongol aristocratic ruling class plundered and enslaved other ethnic groups, especially the Han Chinese, even more brutally. The government of the Yuan Dynasty levied and extorted many kinds of taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and the national tax amount increased by 20 times compared with the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. The aristocracy frantically annexed land, turning fertile land into pasture, and many peasants became slaves after losing their land.
The people's lives were miserable, the rulers did not repent, and they also issued currency indiscriminately, which brought disaster to the country and the people. In addition, the Yellow River has been in disrepair for many years, and it has broken many times, resulting in a tragic situation of "starvation has been full of roads, and the living are with ghost neighbors". Against such a social background, the "Red Turban Army Uprising" broke out.
At the beginning of the uprising, the Red Turban Army opened a warehouse to disperse rice and provide relief to the people, which won the hearts of the people, and the ranks quickly expanded to hundreds of thousands. However, as the ranks grew, the various groups fought and lost their original nature, and the "Red Turban Army Uprising" ended in failure.
Although the Red Turban Army uprising was a failure in the end, the rebel army in the south with Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang had not yet failed, and their two major forces were the main forces in the south at that time, no matter who prevailed, they would unify the south, and the Yuan army in the north that was divided at that time with the power of the south would unify the world, and the demise of the Yuan Dynasty had been put on the agenda.
8. The Battle of Liangdu was a civil war fought for the throne in 1328 (the first year of Yuan Zhihe and the first year of Tianli), the forces of Yuan Wuzong in Dadu (now Beijing) and Emperor Taiding in Shangdu (now northeast of Zhenglanqi, Inner Mongolia). In the end, the capital of the army was victorious.
Background of the war: Emperor Taiding of the Yuan Dynasty (also grandson Temur, reigned 1323-1328) appointed his five-year-old son Asujiba as the crown prince in the following year of his accession to the throne in order to prevent a struggle for the throne behind him. In July 1328 (the first year of Zhihe), Emperor Taiding died in Shangdu, and the prime minister overthrew the autocratic power of Rasha, and Yue Yue did not establish a monarch; Yan Temur, the former minister of Wuzong and the Privy Council who stayed behind and held military power, sought to establish Wuzong's son Huaiwang Tutimur as the emperor. At the beginning of August, the Tuolasha regarded themselves as orthodox and sent troops to attack Dadu in separate ways. Yan Timur immediately increased his garrisons in Qianmin Town (now Shanhaiguan, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province), Gubeikou, Juyongguan and other places. A big war is inevitable.
The course of the war: On the 25th, the Gubeikou garrison defeated the Shangduzong King Lost Tribes in Yixing (northwest of present-day Chengde, Hebei), and beheaded Zhan Shi Kipchak and Pingzhang Naimatai. At the beginning of September, Yan Tiemur sent his younger brother Satun to attack and defeat Wang Chan, the king of Liang, the capital of Shangdu, and the right prime minister, Ta Lost Temur, in Yulin (northwest of present-day Changping, Beijing). Xuan blocked the attack of the king of Shangdu Zong from Liaodong, Timur first, Pingzhang Bald Mandie'er in Jizhou (today's Jinji County) east of the Liusha River.
At that time, the inverted Sha and the king of the sect took off, and Wang Chan supported the establishment of the Taiding Emperor's nine-year-old son Asuji eight in the upper part of the emperor, and changed the Yuan Tianshun; Yan Temur and others also immediately proclaimed themselves emperor in Dadu with Tu Timur, which was for Wenzong and changed the Yuan calendar, and the two were more opposed.
In the middle of the year, Yan Tiemur led the troops out of Jizhou to resist the bald Mandieer, and Wen Wang Chan's soldiers attacked Juyong Pass to force Dadu, and rushed back to resist the army, and defeated the Shangdu army in the north of the Yuhe River (now Changping South). In the second half of the year, the two armies fought fiercely in Baifu (now northeast of Changping), Yan Tiemur attacked the Shangdu military camp at night, won, chased to the north of Changping and beheaded thousands, and captured more than 10,000 people. Rotate the division to Shichao (southwest of present-day Huairou), defeat another Shangdu army, and capture and kill 10,000 soldiers under Polo Timur.
The Shangdu army was defeated in successive battles, so it changed its tactics and divided its troops into two routes, east and west, from Tongzhou (now Tongxian) and Bauhinia Pass to launch a pincer offensive against Dadu. Shaanxi Xingtai Imperial Shi Dafu also led troops from Daqing Pass (now Dalidong, Shaanxi) to cross the Yellow River and cooperate with the Shangdu army. Most of the capital faced a crisis again, Yan Tiemur led the army back to Tongzhou, and Totomuer led 4,000 troops to aid Bauhinia Pass.
At the beginning of October, Yan Tiemur and the Shangdu army fought a decisive battle in Zaolin (now the southeast of Tong County), won a great victory, and then transferred to Liangxiang day and night, blocked the king of Shangduzong, Kuratai, and forced him to go west. At that time, the Liaodong Army of Shangdu re-entered Gubeikou and fought with the Dadu Army in the south of Danzhou (now Miyun), and was defeated and captured by 10,000 people. When the soldiers of the two capitals were fighting fiercely along the Great Wall, Timur, the king of Qi Yuelu and Marshal Buhua Timur, who were guarding Liaodong, led the army to enter the siege of Shangdu on the 13th, forcing Rasha and Wang Chan to surrender the next day. Arakihachi didn't know what to do, and the Wu clan won.
War Evaluation: The Battle of Liangdu was a war that took place within the Mongol ruling group in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty for supreme dominance, and was a product of the intensification of social contradictions in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty. Although this war did not last long, it weakened the ruling power of the Yuan Dynasty and had an important impact on all aspects of political, economic and social life in the later period of the Yuan Dynasty, and laid the foundation for the eventual demise of the Yuan Dynasty"Foreshadowing"。In the same year, the gravedigger of the Yuan Dynasty was also born, he was born in Zhongli Guzhuang Village, Haozhou, Zhu Chongba, that is, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang.
7. Yanyou's resumption of science is a historical event in the Yuan Dynasty to restore the imperial examination.
Yuan Renzong was familiar with Confucian books since he was a child, devoted himself to interpreting the classics, and studied under Li Meng and Wang Yue. He once ordered the translation of books such as "University Yanyi", "Zhenguan Political Dignitaries", and "Zizhi Tongjian" into Mongolian, so that Mongolian and Semu people could recite them. Imitating the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties, in the second year of Yanyou (1315), the imperial examination was carried out, and Zhu Xi's learning was respected, and the history was called "Yanyou Fuke".
History: In 1312, Emperor Renzong specially appointed his Confucian master Wang Yue to be a scholar of Jixian University, and his "Xingkeju" suggestion was "written as Lingjia (the first article of the decree)" (Yuan History, Wang Yuechuan). In the tenth lunar month of the second year of Huangqing (1313), Renzong asked Zhongshu Province to conduct the imperial examination.
On the 18th day of the 11th lunar month of the second year of Huangqing (December 6, 1313), Yuan Renzong issued an edict to resume the imperial examination. On the 20th day of the eighth lunar month in the first year of Yanyou (1314), the township examination was held nationwide, and a total of 300 people were admitted.
In the second year of Yanyou (1315), 300 people who passed the township examination in the second lunar month held a meeting in Dadu to take 100 winners, and on the seventh day of the third month of the lunar calendar, 100 candidates who were selected for the examination held a palace examination (court examination) in the Dadu Imperial Palace, and finally admitted 56 people such as Hudu Da'er and Zhang Qiyan as jinshi.
This imperial examination imitates the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties, respects Zhu Xi's learning, and is known as "Yanyou Fuke" in history. After the Meng Yuan destroyed the Jin and Song dynasties, the imperial examination was abandoned, and the "Yanyou Restoration Department" was 36 years from the death of the Song Dynasty and 81 years from the death of the Jin.
6. The Dadu Coup d'état refers to a series of bloody conflicts in the court caused by the death of Chengzong Timur and the early death of the crown prince Deshou in the first month of 1307.
Background: In December 1305, Yuan Chengzong's only son, the crown prince Tokushou, fell ill and died. Yuan Chengzong was sick, and the queen Boya Wu clan Buruhan participated in political affairs. In 1306, Chengzong demoted his brother Talama Ba Ra's widow Hongji Rashi Daji and his son Aiyu Li Bali Bada to Huaimeng Road.
Passage: In the first month of 1307, Chengzong Timur died in the Yude Hall at the age of 42. Due to the early death of the crown prince Tokushou, the throne was vacant, so the death of Seongjong triggered a series of bloody conflicts in the court.
The second son of the Timur brothers, Ayu Li Bali Bada, and his mother, A, arrived in Beijing in February and got in touch with the right prime minister of Zhongshu Province, Hara Hasun. In order to take action before Empress Buruhan became the emperor on March 3, they led their troops into the palace on March 2, staged a coup d'état, and beheaded the left prime minister Ananda, who supported the grandson of the founding of the world, as the emperor. At this time, his brother Haishan was waving his army to the south, and Aiyu Li Bali Bada and his mother had already faced Haishan in the north, and would meet in Shangdu, and decided to support Haishan as the emperor, and kill Ananda, and depose Queen Buruhan. On the 21st, Haishan ascended the throne in Da'an Pavilion and was for Wuzong. It is known in history as the Dadu Coup.
At the beginning of March, Haishan arrived in Horin, dissatisfied with Aiyuli Bali Bada's claim to be a prisoner. Zalu Kuchi Asha does not spend time on the Yema River to explain to the seamount. In May, the seamount arrives in Shangdu. Ai Yu Li dialed the strength of Bada to welcome his mother. The Mongol kings gathered in Shangdu, deposed Buruhan, and resided in Dong'an Prefecture and died. And he took Ananda and Mingli Timur to Shangdu and put them to death. Elect Haishan to the throne of the emperor in Shangdu, that is, Yuan Wuzong. Yuan Wuzong took the emperor's younger brother Aiyu Li Bali Bada as the crown prince and the heir to the throne. In order to thank Aiyuli Bali Bada, it was agreed that after the death of Aiyuli Bali Bada, he would pass on the throne to the son of Yuan Wuzong, and the world, which is known as the covenant of Wuren. Later, after the death of Yuan Wuzong, Aiyu Li Bali Bada ascended the throne as Yuan Renzong, but Renzong did not pass on the throne to Wuzong's son, but to his son Yuan Yingzong.
5. Battle of Hongan: The Yuan-Japanese War was a war between the Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan and his vassal Goryeo in 1274 and 1281. These two invasions were collectively known in Japan as "Yuankou" or "Mongol Attack", or according to the Japanese year at that time, the battle to resist the first attack of the Yuan army was called the "Battle of Bunei", and the second was the "Battle of Hongan". The Kamakura and Muromachi periods were also called murderers (Mongol attack, foreign thieves attack, Mongol war, foreign war), and the Edo period was called Motoko in the history of Japan. These two invasions also used Kitakyushu as the main battlefield. At that time, the fleet of the Yuan Dynasty was the largest fleet in the history of the world. However, due to various reasons, the Yuan Dynasty eventually failed to invade.
Background: In the 11th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1274), after the failure of Kublai Khan's campaign to conquer Wenyong, in the 18th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1281), Kublai Khan sent troops to the northeast again, ordered Hongchaqiu to the northeast, recruited 3,000 volunteers from Shenyang, Kaiyuan and other places, and commanded the Mongol army, and Xindu still commanded the Mongolian army. He also appointed the Goryeo general Jin Fangqing as the marshal of the Eastern Capital, commanding 10,000 Goryeo troops, 15,000 sailors, 900 warships, 100,000 military rations, and a total of about 40,000 people in the three armies to form the Eastern Route Army; One route was Fan Wenhu, who collected 100,000 people from Zhang Shijie's old army and other volunteers in Jiangnan, and 3,500 warships to form the Jiangnan Army, which set off from Qingyuan (now Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). Total Mongols 450,000, 50,000 Koreans, and about 100,000 Han Chinese. The two armies agreed to meet in June, with the combat units in charge of operations and the Jiangnan Army in charge of producing rice and grain in the occupied areas, as a long-term solution. Xindu unified the Mongolian army, Hongchaqiu unified the volunteer army of 3,000 people, the Goryeo general Jin Fangqing was the marshal of the Eastern Capital, and the Goryeo army was 10,000 people, 15,000 sailors, 900 warships, and 100,000 stone of military rations.
The two armies agreed to meet in June, with the combat units in charge of the operation, and the Tuntian troops in the occupied area of Tuntian as a long-term solution. However, this time, the Japanese shogunate made relatively adequate preparations. Since Shizong had built stone embankments in all important areas along the coast of Japan, the warships of the Yuan army could not find a place to land when they reached the coastal waters of Japan.
During the month of anchoring at sea, the Yuan army failed in several forced landing operations, and was constantly harassed by the sea death squads composed of Kono and others, and it was not until early July that the northern and southern armies converged. On July 30, when the general offensive was about to begin, the Yuan army was hit again by a typhoon, and most of the warships sank, with less than a tenth of them surviving. This failed expedition to Japan is known in history as the "Battle of Koyasu".
Fourth, the Battle of Yashan.
In 1279 (to the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan army eliminated the Southern Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yashan, ending the long-term war situation. The Battle of Yashan, also known as the Battle of Yamen, the Battle of Yamen, the Battle of Yashan, the Battle of Yamen in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, etc., was a large-scale naval battle between the army of the Song Dynasty and the Mongol army in Yashan in 1279 (the second year of Xiangxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty), and it was also a rare sea battle in ancient China.
The Battle of Yashan was directly related to the survival of the Southern Song Dynasty, so it was also a decisive battle between the Song and Yuan dynasties. In the end of the war, the Yuan army won more with less, and the Song army was completely annihilated. When the Southern Song Dynasty destroyed the country, Lu Xiufu committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea with the young emperor Zhao Yu on his back, and many loyal ministers followed him, and 100,000 soldiers and civilians jumped into the sea to die in the country.
After this battle, the fall of the Zhao and Song dynasties also meant the complete destruction of the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Mongol and Yuan dynasties finally unified all of China. For the first time, China was conquered by northern nomads in its entirety.
The demise of the Southern Song Dynasty marked the end of the classical era of China, and some people believe that this naval battle marked the decline and fall of Chinese civilization in the classical sense, and there is a saying that "there is no China after Yashan".
III. Introduction to the Battle of Wenyong: In the middle of the 13th century, Chinese mainland across the sea underwent earth-shaking changes, and Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan of Mongolia, conquered all of China and established the largest and strongest Yuan Empire in world history, including almost all of Asia and Eastern Europe.
From 1268 to 1272, Kublai Khan sent three envoys to Japan to ask Japan to naturalize China, which caused widespread panic among the Japanese government and the public. The cowardly and incompetent Japanese court advocated a letter of surrender, but was stopped by the young and vigorous anti-war faction ruling Hojo Tokimune. After gaining insight into Yuan's aggressive intentions, Shizong killed several envoys one after another and ordered the whole country to be put on wartime alert.
In the eleventh year of Wenyong (1274), Emperor Kublai Khan established the Eastern Province of Expedition in Korea, with Xindu as the marshal of the capital, Hong Tuqiu and Liu Fuheng as the marshals of the left and right, led an army of 40,000 and 900 warships, and set off from Hepu, Korea, to expedition to Japan.
On October 4, the Japanese army appeared at Yiqi, and the father and son of the guardian Daizong Zhuguo led 80 cavalry to intercept them, and asked the reason for going to land, but they were ruthlessly annihilated. On the 15th, the Yuan army occupied Tsushima Island again, and more than 100 people under the guardian Daiping Jinggao were killed in battle. On the 20th, the 40,000 Yuan Army landed at Hakata in Kyushu, and the Japanese shogunate gathered 102,000 troops from the Kyushu countries, including Shoji Shikage, Otomo Yoritai, Kikuchi Takebo, Shimazu Hisaka, and Takezaki Kicho.
In the morning, in the area of Momokaihara, the battle began. Under the leadership of the head of the family, the Japanese mounted samurai first broke through the infantry positions of the Yuan army arranged in a dense phalanx with many cavalry squads of hundreds of people. The Yuan army used the firearms fired by the Xiangyang cannon to shake the sky and thunder constantly in the Japanese army, and the loud sound of a hundred thunders landing made the Japanese cavalry and horses at a loss, and the iron filings and porcelain pieces shot out caused great damage to the dense Japanese cavalry group.
The compound bow used by the Yuan army had a shorter bow arm and a long range, and the firing cycle of short arrows was also shorter; The Japanese army's vine-wrapped bow arm is long, the range is short, and the excessively long arrow also prolongs the shooting cycle, plus the Yuan army's arrows have only been soaked in poison, and the Japanese army is all erosive. The Yuan army beat drums and gold during the battle, causing the Japanese horses to gallop in shock and uncontrollable.
The Japanese samurai, accustomed to the tactics of "one horse fight", paid even greater losses when engaging in short-handed combat with the Yuan army, which used advanced group tactics. Although the Japanese army was much behind in the first place, they still showed a very tenacious fighting spirit in the battle.
In particular, Shaoer Zijing, Kikuchi Takefang, Takezaki Jichang and others, led a cavalry team armed with a naginata, spear, and heavy armor, and stubbornly attacked the Yuan army's position, making the Yuan army's long-range ** useless. In the melee, Liu Fuheng, the deputy marshal of the Yuan army, fell from his horse, and the morale of the Yuan army was greatly weakened, and the Japanese army, which had suffered heavy losses, took the opportunity to retreat and redeploy with the help of Shuicheng (a huge dam built by the previous generation).
Fearing a night attack by the Japanese army, the Yuan army retreated to the ship to rest. Unexpectedly, that night, a typhoon suddenly blew on the sea, and more than 200 Yuan ships were capsized. When the Japanese came to the coast on the morning of the 21st, only some broken pieces of wood remained on the sea.
The samurai of the shogunate could not believe that they had been victorious, and it was not until they captured the capture of the Yuan army that they sent an envoy to Beijing to report the victory. Most of the Yuan army was killed and drowned, and only 13,500 were left after returning to China. The battle ended in a Japanese victory, known in history as the Battle of Bunei.
2. The Battle of Xiangyang was an important battle in which the rulers of the Mongol Empire eliminated the Southern Song Dynasty regime, and it was a key battle in Chinese history in which the feudal dynasties of the Song and Yuan dynasties changed. This battle began with the battle of Anyang Beach in the third year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1267), the Mengjiang Ashu attacked Xiangyang, the anti-encirclement battle of Lu Wenhuan in the Song Dynasty, the battle of Zhang Gui and Zhang Shun to aid Xiang, the battle of Longweizhou and the battle of Fancheng, and finally because of the lack of help in the lonely city, in the ninth year of Xianchun (1273), Lu Wenhuan exhausted his strength to reduce the Yuan, which lasted nearly 6 years and ended with the fall of Xiangyang in the Southern Song Dynasty. After this battle, the end of the history of the Southern Song Dynasty was already a matter of time.
During the Battle of Xiangyang, the Song army skillfully used the terrain advantage and successfully stopped the fierce attack of the Mongol army's catapult weapons. However, the Mongols found an Arab weapon expert, improved the attack distance and accuracy of the catapult weapon, and successfully captured Fancheng, Xiangyang suffered from no reinforcements, no food and grass, and announced its surrender.
1. The "Edict of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" is an edict issued by Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, on the 15th day of the 11th lunar month of the 8th year of the Yuan Dynasty (December 18, 1271 in the Gregorian calendar). Taking the meaning of "Dazai Qianyuan" in the Book of Changes, "Da Yuan" was added to the original country name "Great Mongolia", which was "Great Yuan Great Mongolia", and Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, changed from "Great Mongolian Great Khan" to "Great Yuan Great Mongolian Great Khan".
Background: In the eighth year of Taizong, Wokotai personally gave wine to Yelu Chucai, saying: "The reason why I am sincere and honest is because of the order of the first emperor. If it weren't for Aiqing, there would be no Central Plains today; The reason why I can lie down today is all because of Aiqing's strength. ”
The record of the "Edict of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" began with Meng Ge, that is, he followed the Han system, posthumously honored his father as the emperor, and caught up with the name of the Torre Temple: Ruizong. In the second year of Xianzong, in August 1252, Meng Ke Khan had already used the title and title of emperor of the Han people at this time, Xingxing and Lin.
In 1260, that is, when the Yuan Dynasty was established, Kublai Khan issued an edict: "The ancestors set the Quartet with divine martial arts, and Chunde was under the royal group. The imperial court was revolutionized, and the text was not polished; Political affairs are flexible, and there is gradually a plan for maintenance. I have been praised for the old clothes, containing the expansion of the map, listing the rules of the saints, and talking about the customization of the previous generation. Jianyuan table age, showing the legend of the king,; The king of the book of the time, see the righteousness of the world family. The beginning of the "Spring and Autumn Period" of the law, and the Qianyuan of the "Yi" of the body. Binghuan Huangyou, the right to govern the road. It can be since May 19 of the Gengshen year, and the founding of the Yuan Dynasty is the first year of Zhongtong. However, at the beginning of the throne, Chen Ji must be the first. Therefore, the province is established in the province to the general macro outline; There is a general department to level the government. It is still necessary to promote the benefits and eliminate the harm, and to make up for the deviation and save the government, and the edict will be issued. Yu play! Hold the pivot and build a number according to the time; Shi Ren is in power, and the period and things are renewed. Perfunctory words of pity, expressing the meaning of sorrow. Whoever is in the courtier's house, the body is given to the heart! ”
This was the first Khan among Genghis Khan's successors to adopt the traditional era name of "Hanfa", and it can also be regarded as an important symbol of the beginning of the Sinicization of the Mongols. Here has been linked to the Qianyuan of the "Yi" and the Central Union, which can be said to be the source of the Emperor Kublai Khan's love for the word "Yuan". Emperor Kublai Khan Zeng Yun: "Those who used to have a country for it, or the place where they started, or the seal they received because of it, are not enough to be lawful, so they are called "yuan" Yan." The yuan is said to be big, but the big is not enough, and the yuan is said to be big. ”
On the 15th day of the 11th lunar month of the eighth year of the Yuan Shizu (December 18, 1271 in the Gregorian calendar), Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, issued the "Edict of the Founding of the People's Republic of China", the main contents of which were: changing the name of the Yuan Dynasty, taking the meaning of the "Great Mongolian State" in the Book of Changes, changing the country name "Great Mongolia" to "Great Yuan", and Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, changed from "Great Mongolian Emperor" to "Great Yuan Emperor". In 1267, Kublai Khan moved the capital to Zhongdu (now Beijing) and ordered Liu Bingzhong to build the central capital. In 1272, the capital was changed to Dadu (Turkic language called Khan Bali, the meaning of the imperial capital), and the capital was used as the accompanying capital. On December 18, 1271, Kublai Khan promulgated the "Founding Edict", taking the meaning of "Dazai Qianyuan" in the Book of Changes, and changing the name of the country from Great Mongolia to Great Mongolia, founding the Yuan Dynasty, that is, Yuan Shizu.
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