What is ruminant rumen protection technology? What does it do?
Due to the particularity of the digestive system of ruminants, some nutrients added to the feed (including protein, amino acids, non-protein nitrogen, fat, starch, vitamins, etc.) will be degraded by rumen microorganisms after entering the rumen, and cannot be completely absorbed and utilized by the small intestine and other posterior digestive tracts, reducing their biological potency.
Therefore, it is necessary to process these nutrients through certain physical, chemical and other processes to protect the activity of their effective components and reduce their degradation efficiency in the rumen, so as to improve the digestion and utilization rate of nutrients.
1 Rumen protection technology
1.1 Physical pressurized heating method
It has been reported that conventional feed nutrients such as starch and protein are processed by physical means such as pressurization or heating to increase the stability of nutrients and reduce the degradation degree of rumen microorganisms.
Generally, starch feed is mainly treated by pressure to reduce the degradation rate of starch in the rumen and improve the digestible utilization rate of starch in the small intestine.
Protein feed is mainly processed by heating and drying, which leads to protein denaturation after heat treatment, causing the free amino group of protein to combine with the carbonyl group in carbohydrates, so as to resist the hydrolysis of enzymes, so that the feed protein is protected, and more enters the digestive tract through the rumen to be effectively utilized.
1.2 Methods of chemical protection
The chemical reagents used in chemical protection methods mainly include formaldehyde, tannin, ethanol, glutaraldehyde, zinc salt, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide. This method is mainly used for protein-based nutrients, through the cross-reactivity between these chemical reagents and protein molecules, as well as the reversible properties in the acidic environment, to achieve the purpose of protecting the proteins in the rumen.
For example, formaldehyde can make the amino group, carboxyl group and sulfide group of protein molecules alkylation, and the reaction between formaldehyde and protein can be reversible under acidic conditions, so as to reduce the solubility of protein and change the digestion site of protein.
1.3 Physical Coating Methods
The physical coating method is to coat nutrients with protein-rich animal raw materials (whole blood or fatty acids), which are usually C12 C22 fatty acids, which are characterized by being not easily degraded in a neutral environment such as the rumen, but decomposed in an acidic environment such as the true stomach, and digested and utilized in the true stomach.
Blood products such as whole blood, blood meal, dried plasma, bone meal, fish meal and other animal feeds have been banned from being used in ruminant feed due to their easy transmission of diseases.
1.4 Micro-coating technology
Micro-coating technology is a kind of rumen technology that is widely used in ruminant nutrition, with advanced production methods and good rumen protection effect, and this method is often used for nutrient monomers, such as choline, vitamins, amino acids and urea.
Micro-coating technology commonly includes aliphatic materials such as stearin, agar, wax, hydrogenated vegetable oil, carnauba wax, polymer materials such as polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, polyacrylic acid resin, and polylactic acid, as well as inorganic materials such as calcium sulfate, silicate, calcium carbonate and clay.
On the one hand, the micro-coating technology enables the nutrients to effectively pass through the rumen and be absorbed and utilized in the intestine after they arrive. On the other hand, for nitrogen-containing nutrients, the degradation rate of nitrogen can be controlled, which is conducive to the formation of new high-quality proteins.
Microencapsulation in microencapsulation technology is a technology that uses a substance such as a liquid, gas, or solid as the core material of the capsule and encapsulates it into a tiny polymer film. This technology can isolate nutrients from the outside environment through a polymer film, which can protect nutrient activity, improve nutrient stability, and control the rate of nutrient release during digestion.
Dahua over the rumen, nutrition is not wasted, ruminant core nutrition technology optimization expert.
2 Four major rumen nutritional additives
2.1 Over rumen starch
Most of the starch in ruminant feed is degraded by rumen microorganisms and absorbed by the rumen wall in the form of volatile fatty acids (VFA). If the amount of starch in the rumen is too large and over-fermented, it will lead to an increase in the concentration of rumen propionic acid, reduce the rumen pH value, affect the digestion of fiber in the rumen, and even lead to rumen acidosis.
Therefore, the addition of rumen starch causes more starch to be broken down into glucose in the small intestine, reducing the energy loss in the body to synthesize glucose and reducing the gluconeogenesis of amino acids in the body.
2.2 Over rumen fat
Rumen fat can ensure that most of the fat is not dissolved in the rumen, which not only does not affect the fermentation of rumen microorganisms, but also can be digested and utilized in the true stomach and duodenum.
By adding rumen fat, the effect on rumen microorganisms can be reduced, the effective utilization of unsaturated fatty acids can be improved, the composition of milk fat can be regulated, and the proportion of feed concentrate can be reduced to reduce costs, and the reproductive performance of dairy cows will be affected. There are many types of rumen fat at home and abroad, mainly including coated fats, capsule protective fats, hydrogenated fats, saponified fats and fatty acid compounds.
2.3 Over rumen amino acids
The amino acids in the feed can not meet the nutritional needs of ruminants with high yields, and some essential amino acids are used by rumen microorganisms to produce bacterial protein, reducing the content of restricted amino acids in dairy cows into the back digestive tract, so the required amino acids are modified or protected in a certain way, so that they reach the real stomach and small intestine to play a nutritional role, this kind of amino acids are called rumen amino acids.
2.4 Over rumen vitamins
Due to the shortcomings of vitamins and vitamins and other nutrients in the rumen of ruminants such as high degradation rate and low utilization rate, some feed additive companies have produced rumen vitamins and other rumen nutrients to meet the physiological needs of dairy cows.
The rumen vitamins and vitamins mainly used in the production of ruminants mainly include vitamin A, D, niacin, choline and other rumen nutritional additives.
Rumen vitamin A can enhance the immune function of dairy cows and improve antioxidant function. Rumen vitamin D supplementation may prevent hypocalcemia in perinatal cows.
The addition of rumen niacin can significantly increase milk production and obtain high economic benefits in dairy cow production. The addition of rumen choline can significantly increase milk production, reduce serum NEFA and -hydroxybutyric acid (-OHB) content, and help alleviate the negative energy balance of dairy cows. Over the rumen over the rumen technique.