Beiyang Character Chronicle Labrang Temple Exploration
From the murder of Feng Quan in Batang in 1905 to the Qing Dynasty's entry into Tibet to quell the rebellion, people fled along the way, and many Tusi also fled. When the Qing army was in charge of Tang, a Tusi fled first, leaving a clerk named Gong Bu De to deal with the aftermath.
After negotiations, the lord of Gongbud took the initiative to provide supplies for the Qing army, which was appreciated by the Qing army generals. Later, the Qing Dynasty implemented the "reform of the land and return to the stream" in the local area, and the lord of Gongbud was recommended to serve as the local **.
After the Xinhai Revolution, China appointed Gong Bude as "Baozheng". Because the Tibetan language "** is called "Hang", the local people called the palace Bu Dezhu "Hang Baozheng", and later gradually called "Huang Baozheng".
Gong Bude took "Huang" as his family name and named him "Huang Weizhong", and sent his children to schools run by Han people to learn basic knowledge such as "Three Character Classic" and "Hundred Family Names".
The Huang family was a family in the last years of the Qing Dynasty who were robbed by bandits in 1912 and fell into abject poverty overnight. In order to make a living, the family had to go to herding.
Soon after, Yuan Shikai died of illness, and the fourth Jiamuxiang of Labrang Monastery also passed away. Subsequently, the warlord Ma Qi began to extend his hand to Gannan Labrang Monastery, and in 1918 sent troops to burn and loot thirty or forty monasteries, ** thousands of innocent monks and people, Labrang Monastery faced a serious threat.
Despite this, the Huang family still faced severe difficulties in life, until 1920, when a group of lamas suddenly visited Litang. They told the Huang family the good news that one of Huang's sons, Huang Zhengguang, was identified as the reincarnation of a living Buddha.
So, the family went to Labrang Monastery and started a new life. Since Huang Zhengguang was still a child, his father Huang Weizhong and elder brother Huang Zhengqing often handled affairs on his behalf, so the family held real power in Labrang Monastery and was highly respected by the monks and laity.
In order to better manage the taxes around Labrang Monastery, Ma Qi took the initiative to form an alliance with Huang Weizhong, and at the same time made his son Ma Bufang and Huang Zhengqing brothers with different surnames. However, there was a fierce conflict between the two families over the interests of Labrang Monastery.
Ma Jiajun often harassed and plundered near the temple, and Huang Weizhong also complained to the provincial government, which made Ma Qi unhappy, so he began to plot revenge. In 1924, when there were rumors that the Huang family manor had abused his subjects to death, Ma Qi personally came to Labrang Monastery to investigate the case, but Huang Weizhong refused to appear in court.
As a result, Ma Qi announced the results: (1) prohibiting the family of Jamyang V from participating in the affairs of the temple; (2) seizure of firearms; (3) The monks of Labrang Monastery were not allowed to intervene in civil affairs; (4) A fine of 40,000 taels of silver was fined to Labrang Monastery, and each monk donated 50 taels to compensate for the loss of Ning Haijun.
At Labrang Monastery, the occupation of the Ma family army caused dissatisfaction among the Huang family father and son, who organized an armed resistance of nearly 10,000 people. The fighting between the two sides lasted three days and nights, causing serious **.
Although Ma Bufang was almost captured, in the end, the Huang family father and son failed. In this battle, Ma Jiajun went everywhere killing people and setting fires, looting property, and even burning many temples and villages.
Despite the defeat, the Huang family father and son were not discouraged, and they organized an armed force of about 20,000 people, ready to fight again. And the Ma Jiajun is also rearming for war, and the war between the two sides is about to break out.
Although the battle was confined to a corner of Labrang Monastery, it affected the provinces of Sichuan and Gansu. Provincial governors Yang Sen and Lu Hongtao both called ** and asked for a way to stop the situation from escalating.
Beiyang** sensed the seriousness of the situation and sent a commissioner to mediate to calm the situation. However, the Huang family father and son relaxed their vigilance, and instead were attacked by the Ma Qi cavalry troops.
Afterwards, the Ma family army carried out large-scale burning, killing and looting, which seriously damaged the combat strength of the Huang family's father and son. Therefore, they could no longer use force to contend with Ma Qibu, and could only turn to political means to fight against Ma Jiajun.
In 1924, Feng Yuxiang launched the "Beijing Coup", forced the direct line Cao Kun and Wu Peifu to overthrow, and then took control of the military and political power in Beiyang ** and Northwest. At that time, Huang Zhengqing organized a nine-member group to Feng Yuxiang** to denounce Ma Jiajun's bad behavior in Labrang Temple.
In October 1925, Feng Yuxiang's subordinate Liu Yufen was assigned to handle the case. After mediation, an agreement was reached in 1927: restore the management of Labrang Monastery by King Jamyang V, abolish the troops of the Ning Navy stationed in Labrang Monastery, and change the Labrang area to Lanzhou Province, and set up a governance bureau around Labrang Monastery.
Under Feng Yuxiang's military and political authority, Ma Qi was forced to withdraw most of his troops, leaving only about 150 men stationed there.
When Huang Zhengqing negotiated the temple looting with the Northwest Army, he became acquainted with Xuanxia's father, a communist. At that time, Feng Yuxiang held revolutionary ideas and was willing to cooperate with the Communists, so many Communists joined the Northwest Army.
Xuanxia's father was instructed to investigate Ma Jiajun's crimes, and at the same time actively propagated progressive ideas such as ethnic equality and unity, and established a deep friendship with Huang Zhengqing and other Tibetan compatriots. Huang Zhengqing and others were deeply affected by this and have been committed to national unity and local construction.
Huang Zhengqing (1883-1943) actively participated in local affairs and maintained local peace. Through the cooperation of the marriage of the local powerful clan and King Jamyang V, he seized local political, religious and military power.
Although Ma Qi tried to bring Labrang Monastery under Qinghai rule, the Nationalists explicitly rejected this proposal in 1933, and Ma Jiajun still privately used various means to exert influence.
While dealing with the riots caused by the Hezhou teaching case, Liu Yufen detained and executed Ma Bao, the commander of the Ning Navy Battalion, on the charge of "banditry", and Ma Bao's son Ma Zhongying led an armed force of tens of thousands of people in an attempt to wantonly **.
Under the begging of the Hui people, Ma Zhongying finally gave up the plan, but Liu Yufen's subordinates still tried to ** the Hui people, but under Huang Zhengqing's hard persuasion, the plan was finally aborted.
This incident shows that thanks to Huang Zhengqing's efforts, people of all ethnic groups live in harmony in the area of Labrang Monastery. His efforts have been crucial to maintaining peace on the ground.
Huang Zhengqing, a national hero. When the Red Army's Long March passed through Tibetan areas, although he was ordered to attack, he resolutely did not attack the Communist army, but sent guides to lead the way for the Red Army, and did not fire a single shot.
His spirit of national unity is deeply admired. After the death of the Fifth Jiamuxiang Living Buddha, Huang Zhengqing withdrew from the management of the Labrang Monastery area, but he was still deeply respected by the locals.
In 1955, the People's Republic of China awarded Huang Zhengqing the rank of Major General, which was a fair evaluation of him. His story will always inspire us to uphold national unity and promote social harmony.
Huang Zhengqing: A famous modern Chinese historian, educator and writer, born in 1903 and died in 1997. He has devoted his life to education and academic research, has in-depth research and unique insights on modern Chinese history, and has made significant contributions to the development of the discipline of modern Chinese history.
He has made fruitful academic achievements and has written many books, and is known as "a giant of modern Chinese history".