There is no love without a reason in the world, and there is no hate without a reason. Economics believes that everyone is an economic person and seeks to maximize the benefits of everything, and the same is true for countries, which is a universally applicable law.
During the Anti-Japanese War, China successively bartered with Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States - China needed advanced equipment, and the United States and the Soviet Union urgently needed non-ferrous metals such as tungsten, copper, tin and tung oil as repayment materials - China and foreign countries supported each other, and everyone complemented each other and exchanged ......
Based on objective facts only, the author will clarify the ...... of our one-sided argument that the state helped us in the war of resistance without compensation
During the Sino-Soviet Highway, materials from the Soviet Union were transferred to the front line of the Anti-Japanese War through Lanzhou.
The Sino-Soviet Highway was the first to receive aid from abroad.
The Sino-Soviet Highway, also known as the Gansu-Xin Highway, was an important international transportation route connecting China and the Soviet Union. The historical background of the Sino-Soviet Highway can be traced back to the Sino-Japanese War, when China needed to open up international access by land in order to receive international aid, especially military aid from the Soviet Union.
Therefore, in August 1937, the former Soviet Union proposed to China to build a Sino-Soviet highway. The construction of this highway was of great strategic importance to China at that time, as it became one of the main channels for receiving foreign aid during the Chinese War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. The route of the Sino-Soviet Highway starts from Gansu, China, passes through Xinjiang, and finally reaches the Khorgos port on the Sino-Soviet border, where it connects with the Soviet Union's Central Asia Highway.
The construction of this road overcame great natural and technical difficulties, especially in the high-altitude mountainous part, where the engineering work was extremely complex. After the outbreak of the all-out War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Xinjiang invested huge manpower, material and financial resources to extend and renovate the original Diyi Highway to ensure the smooth flow of the Sino-Soviet Highway.
In 1940, Japan tried to induce the Soviet Union to stop sending military aid to China through the Sino-Soviet highway through diplomatic means, and sent troops to invade Vietnam, thus blocking another important foreign aid route for China. Despite this, the Sino-Soviet Highway remained an important way for China to receive Soviet aid during the War of Resistance Against Japan. In general, the Sino-Soviet Highway is not only a lifeline for material transportation, but also a symbol of friendship and cooperation between China and the Soviet Union, which has played an important role in supporting China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and promoting the development of relations between the two countries.
Warplanes, tanks, armored vehicles and artillery from the USSR, and so on.
According to the archival materials of the Second Historical Archives of China, China ordered a total of nine batches of supplies from the Soviet Union under the Sino-Soviet credit loan, all of which were military equipment.
The first batch (5 March to 10 June 1938) consisted of C5, N-15, N-16, YTN-4, TB-3 and other aircraft, T-26 tanks, 76 mm 1931 anti-aircraft guns and aircraft equipment, with a total price of US$30321164.
The second batch (March 15 to June 20, 1938) consisted of various guns and ammunition such as Maxim Tokalev machine guns, robbery and Lekov machine guns, 76 mm field guns, 115 mm field heavy guns, 37 mm tank guns, and other guns and ammunition, with a total price of 8379293 US dollars.
The third batch (25 March to 27 June 1938) consisted of various aircraft and aircraft parts such as N-15 aircraft and YT-aircraft, as well as spare aircraft engines and 3NC-type automobiles, with a total price of 9856979 US dollars.
The fourth batch (5 July to 28 September 1938) consisted of N-15 aircraft, spare M-100 aircraft, C5 aircraft and complete sets of spare parts, spare parts for fighters and transport aircraft, repair equipment, equipment and materials, 4KHc-type machine guns and equipment, shells for 37 mm and 76 mm guns, 115 mm heavy artillery shells, infantry *** and 3NC-5 vehicles, and 3NC-6 vehicles, with a total price of 29601215 US dollars.
The fifth instalment (25 June-1 September 1939) totalled $21841394. Sixth instalment (25 June-1 September 1939), totaling $18622024.
The seventh batch (October 1 to December 1, 1939) was YT-2M-11 aircraft, U-155HC aircraft, YTU-4 aircraft, C5 aircraft and a complete set of parts, N-16 aircraft and various engine parts and equipment; TA3-M truck, 3NC-5 truck, M-1 moped, ambulance and sanitary vehicle, CT3 tractor, YT-3 tractor, etc. This totals $3909725.
The eighth batch (June 1, 1941) was Browning 7The 9mm light machine gun was equipped with reserve equipment, the 75mm French gun was equipped with reserve equipment, the 76mm 38 anti-aircraft gun was equipped with reserve equipment, the 40mm Bufors anti-aircraft gun was equipped with reserve equipment, the anti-aircraft gun officer's observation scope, the 6x telescope, the artillery steering wheel, the 40mm anti-aircraft shell, the 76mm anti-aircraft bullet and other artillery equipment; Light bomber with M-62103A engine and all parts, Destroyer with M-62 engine (9-15) and all parts, Type 9-15 destroyer all parts, Type 9-153 destroyer ground equipment, 3-16 destroyer with M-62 engine, 20mm gun incendiary bomb, FAB-100 bomb, AO-10 bomb, 2AB-25 bomb, M-62 engine and parts, 900 300 light bomber outer tube, 900 300SB inner tubes, G-753 destroyer crane fuel tanks, 1-153 destroyer ground equipment and other aviation equipment; Aircraft Gasoline, Car Gasoline, Diesel, NZS-Aviation Gasoline, MS Gasoline, SS aviation gasoline, MDS aviation gasoline, R-9 slip oil, aviation lubricating oil and other fuels and lubricants; 215.5. Automobiles, auto parts and other automotive equipment. Total 49520828$85.
The ninth batch is all kinds of aircraft and equipment, aviation repair equipment, aircraft ammunition, heavy bomber parts, liquid fuel and lubricants used in Yining School; Shipped to Lanzhou B-3 heavy bomber parts, fuel and lubricants. Total 1123232$51. At that time, China was in urgent need of a large amount of munitions and due to the shortage of foreign exchange, it could only repay the loans to China with traditional export materials, which was known as "barter to repay debts".
According to incomplete statistics, from 1938 to 1945, China at that time repaid 53,238 mineral products such as tungsten, antimony, tin, and mercury to the Soviet Union74 tons; The export of agricultural and sideline products are: 31,486 tons of tea, 21,295 tons of sheep's wool, 304 tons of cashmere, 1l19 tons of pig bristles, 1,026 tons of camel hair, 301 tons of raw silk, and 5,407,000 pieces of various leather goods (from the "Historical Materials Related to China's Barter Debt Repayment to the Soviet Union during the Anti-Japanese War") The actual value of these agricultural and sideline products exceeded 2 of the Soviet Union at that timeThe total amount of loans was 500 million US dollars, and these agricultural and mineral products were also an effective resource for the domestic production needs of the Soviet Union.
On April 13, 1941, the Soviet Union and Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty, after which, the Soviet Union did not continue to exchange strategic materials with China, the Soviet Air Force volunteers to China withdrew, and the Soviet Union stopped supporting China's anti-Japanese war.
The foresight of Wang Longyun in Yunnan.
When the Soviet Union was still aiding China, Long Yun, chairman of Yunnan Province, proposed to Chiang Kai-shek that the Japanese army might cut off China's international communication lines, and the international transportation of Hong Kong and Vietnam would be affected, and put forward the "Plan for the Construction of the Yunnan-Burma Highway and the Yunnan-Burma Railway", suggesting that each build a railway and highway from Kunming through western Yunnan to northern Burma and finally go directly to the Indian Ocean to ensure the unimpeded external traffic in the southwest. The railway is in charge of **, and the local government in Yunnan assists in the construction. However, in view of the practical difficulties in terms of funds and equipment for the construction of the railway, the construction of the Yunnan-Burma Highway was given a higher priority.
In October 1937, Chiang Kai-shek sent Wang Gengsheng, vice minister of the Ministry of Communications, to Kunming to Kunming to discuss with Long Yun about the construction of the Yunnan-Burma Highway. Zhao Zukang, then director of the General Highway Management Office of the Ministry of Communications, personally surveyed the two route plans of the "Tengyong Line" and the "Shunzhen Line", which had been disputed for a long time, and suggested that the Yunnan-Burma Highway should be determined to go out of Kunming through Xiaguan, Baoshan, Longling, Mangshi, and Wan Town, and then connect with Myanmar's ** railway in Lashio and Myanmar, and go straight to Yangon.
The Yunnan-Burma Highway starts from Kunming and ends in Lashio, Myanmar, with a total length of 11461 km, the total length of the Yunnan section is 9594 kilometers, of which the section from Kunming to Xiaguan has been built in 1935; Myanmar Segment 1867 km. It was agreed with the Burmese and British authorities that China was responsible for the construction of the section of the road from Xiaguan to Wan Town in China on the basis of the original Kunming-Xiaguan highway, with a total length of 5478 km; The Burmese side is responsible for the construction of the section of the Burmese border from Lashio to Wan Town, which is limited to one year.
On November 2, 1937, the Kuomintang officially ordered Long Yun to allocate 2 million yuan from the Executive Yuan to be responsible for building the Yunnan-Burma Highway within a year limit and opening up international communication lines.
The lifeline "Yunnan-Burma Highway was opened to traffic.
In December 1938, the Yunnan-Burma Highway began to be transported, and for three and a half years until the Japanese occupation of Burma in May 1942, the main official agencies responsible for handling the transportation business on the line were the Southwest Transportation Department and the China-Burma General Transport Administration. The full name of the Southwest Transportation Department is the "General Manager Office of the Southwest Import and Export Materials Transportation of the Military Commission", also known as the Southwest Transportation Company, which is a paramilitary organization directly under the National Military Commission and the largest official transportation agency during the Anti-Japanese War in China. In October 1938, Guangzhou was lost, and the Southwest Transportation Department was moved to Kunming; It mainly handles international transportation in Yunnan-Vietnam and Yunnan-Myanmar.
After the interruption of traffic between China and Vietnam, the Southwest Transport Department began to operate the Yunnan-Burma Highway in full force. After the Southwest Transportation General Office moved to Yunnan, its subsidiaries continued to increase, and successively set up a transportation personnel training center, a transportation office, a Yunnan-Burma Road Hospital, a Shamang clinic, an automobile repair factory, a Tengchong transportation management office, an automobile brigade, and various warehouses. At the peak of the Southwest Transportation Department, there were more than 3,300 vehicles. Since the South-West Transport Office belongs to the National ** Military Council; Military products are the most important materials they import; This was followed by gasoline and other supplies from the Aviation Committee.
There is no feast in the world that eats for free.
According to statistics, the cargo volume of the Yunnan-Burma road was 27,980 tons in 1939, 61,934 tons in 1940 and 132193 tons in 1941. At the same time, it also exported a large amount of non-ferrous metals such as tungsten, copper, tin and tung oil that Britain and the United States urgently needed as repayment materials, supporting the anti-fascist struggle of Britain and the United States. The export is mainly in the form of barter to repay the United States, Britain and other countries tungsten sand, tung oil, etc. During the period when the Southwest Transportation Department handled the transportation of Yunnan-Burma Road, the materials exported through Yunnan-Burma Highway mainly included 9,000 tons of tungsten sand, 4,250 tons of tin and a small amount of antimony blocks, 6,600 tons of tung oil and a small amount of pig bristles. A total of about 20,000 tons. It is precisely because of the continuous export of these agricultural and mineral products that foreign arms and materials have been continuously brought in. And.
At the same time, at the end of 1941, after the outbreak of the Pacific War in World War II, the Japanese army bombed Hong Kong and Yangon in order to force the Chongqing people to surrender, and then cut off the Yunnan-Burma road, so that a large number of aid materials could not be transported into China. In the face of such a grim situation, in order to ensure the armaments and materials for the war against Japan in the Asian theater of World War II, China and the United States decided to jointly open up new international transportation routes. Thus was born the world-famous "Hump" route.
From 1942 to the end of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, the Hump route only transported a total of 650,000 tons of supplies, of which 87% went to the U.S. military, and China only got 13%, or 840,000 tons. Everything that comes in from the "Hump Route" is not free, and any "help" has a clear price behind it.
The U.S. military planes of the "Hump Route" loaded gasoline, ammunition, and other supplies from Assam, India, and flew to Kunming, China, and then carried non-ferrous metals such as tungsten, copper, and tin, which Britain and the United States urgently needed as repayment, as well as soldiers of the Chinese Expeditionary Force who went to the Southeast Asian theater to fight in the theater.
In Cangshan, Dali, an Air China transport plane disappeared on November 17, 1942. At that time, the plane was loaded with tin ingots, and when it passed through Cangshan Mountain in Dali, Yunnan Province on its way from Kunming to India, it lost its direction in the fog and crashed on the main peak of Cangshan.
In addition, the P-40C fighters used by the famous "Flying Tigers" are all bought by China, and the salaries of US pilots and mechanics and the expenses in China are also borne by China (the salary of American pilots is three times that of pilots). China spent money to buy a whole "Flying Tigers", which were mercenaries formed by Chiang's **, established in 1941 and disbanded in July 1942.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the war between the United States and Japan, Chennault, commander of the Flying Tigers, served as the commander of the 14th Air Force of the U.S. Army stationed in Kunming, China in 1942.