In the long course of history, the relationship between Russia and Europe has always been like two heavens, sometimes closely intertwined, sometimes sabre-rattling. Although Russia has a vast territory spanning Europe and Asia, its political and cultural core is undoubtedly deeply rooted in Europe. Why, then, does this European country always look out of place and even marginalized on the international stage?
Russia, an ancient and young country, has deep historical roots and rich cultural heritage. From Kievan Rus' to Muscovy, to Tsar**, to today's Russian Federation, the country has been changing and developing. However, the pace of change has not always been in line with that of the rest of Europe. In the eyes of many Europeans, Russia's political system and values are markedly different from those of the European mainstream.
Europe in History vs. Russia:
Looking back at history, Russia's entanglement with Europe can be said to have a long history. During the Kievan Rus' period, Russia's contact with the Byzantine Empire led it to accept the ** religion, and the Russian culture of this period was similar to that of Western Europe. However, with the Mongol invasion and the rise of Muscovy, Russia began to move towards a unique path of development.
Westernization reforms under Peter the Great attempted to push Russia into the mainstream of Europe, but this effort was repeatedly thwarted in subsequent history. The Napoleonic Wars of the 19th century and the First World War of the early 20th century, the fate of Russia and Europe were closely linked, but they also exposed deep divisions.
After the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Union marked another rupture between Russia and Europe. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union became the leader of the Eastern bloc, in sharp opposition to the Western world. The confrontation during this period not only diverged politically and ideologically, but also formed a tense confrontation economically and militarily.
Modern Europe and Russia:
With the end of the Cold War, Russia regained its footing on the world stage after the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, the new Russia did not easily gain European recognition. Politically, the twists and turns of the democratization process, authoritarian tendencies, and conflicts with Western values have made Russia's quest for European integration frequently blocked.
Economically, while Europe's energy dependence on Russia has deepened, the relationship is not equal and mutually beneficial. The outbreak of the Ukraine crisis has made Europe's attitude towards Russia turn tougher, and economic sanctions have become the key word in the relationship between the two sides.
Culturally, Russian traditions often collide with European modernity. Despite the widespread influence of Russian literature, ** and art in Europe, the rise of nationalism has made Russia more conservative and xenophobic in its cultural exchanges.
In terms of security, NATO's eastward expansion is seen as a threat to Russia. Russia's tough military stance and its policies toward Ukraine and Crimea have made European countries wary of it.
In contrast, the attitudes of European countries towards Russia are also complex and changeable. On the one hand, Europe needs Russian energy, and on the other hand, it is critical of its political behavior. In this ambivalence, Europe's attitude towards Russia tends to oscillate between cooperation and sanctions.
There are many reasons why Russia is being squeezed out of Europe. From the shadow of history to the policy differences of reality, from cultural differences to economic interdependence, these factors are intertwined to form the intricate web of relations between Russia and Europe. After all, in the arena of international relations, each role has its own uniqueness, and Russia is undoubtedly one of the most controversial among them.
In this era of globalization, we expect readers to think beyond the traditional mode of thinking and think deeply about the delicate relationship between Russia and Europe. Whether you are for or against, we welcome you to leave your views in the comment area, and let us work together to ** the direction of international relations in this era.