Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the broadest indicator of the spectrum, and its elevation can be seen in colon cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. In addition, benign diseases such as emphysema, colitis, and bronchitis can also cause CEA to rise, and CEA in pleural effusion, ascites, digestive juices, and secretions is often elevated. About 33% of smokers have elevated CEA and require special attention.
Fetoprotein is an ancient but excellent tumor marker with high specificity in primary liver cancer, with a positive rate of 70%. If the patient has a history of hepatitis B, a liver mass, and an AFP of 400 ng mL for 1 month, it is likely to be liver cancer. In addition to liver cancer, AFP is also elevated in patients with endodermal sinus cancer, teratoma, ** cancer, ovarian cancer, and gastric cancer with liver metastases. The vast majority of patients with viral hepatitis and cirrhosis will also have an increase in AFP, but it will not exceed 400 ng ml.
The most important clinical significance of carbohydrate antigen 125 is to reflect ovarian cancer, with a positive rate of 614%。At the same time, CA125 is a good indicator to judge the efficacy and ** of ovarian cancer, ** when CA125 decreases, ** CA125 increases before symptoms. CA125 also has a positive rate in other malignant tumors such as cervical cancer, uterine body cancer, endometrial cancer, etc.
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 is an important indicator in digestive system tumors, and CA19-9 is significantly increased in pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, and bile duct ampullary cancer, especially pancreatic cancer, with an advanced positive rate of up to 75%.
In addition, the positive rate of CA19-9 in gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and liver cancer is about %. It should be noted that some digestive tract inflammations such as acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholestatic cholecystitis, hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis may also cause CA19-9 to be elevated to varying degrees.
Carbohydrate antigen 724 is a tumor-related carbohydrate protein that can be detected in blood (or other body fluids), which is a common tumor marker test, mainly used for the auxiliary diagnosis of gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer and other diseases, as well as monitoring the effect of malignant tumors, prognosis evaluation, etc.
Tumor index 153 (CA15-3) represents the diagnostic value of breast cancer, CA15-3 is a protein tumor marker, the specificity of breast cancer is relatively high, which is helpful for the discovery of breast cancer, CA15-3 has important diagnostic value for the best effect and prognosis, especially for the monitoring of breast cancer metastasis, CA15-3 also has a certain detection rate, and has a certain reference value for the monitoring of other malignant tumors, but cannot be used as a diagnostic basis.
PSA is a glycoprotein synthesized by human prostate epithelial cells and secreted into seminal plasma, PSA is mainly present in prostate tissue, does not exist in women, and the content of PSA in the serum of normal men is very low, PSA is organ-specific, but not tumor-specific. The positive rate of diagnosing prostate cancer is 80%. Benign prostate disease can also see varying degrees of elevated serum PSA levels. Serum PSA measurement is a monitoring indicator for the observation of metastasis and efficacy of prostate cancer after surgery.
First of all, we need to be clear about what pepsinogen is?
There are many cells in the stomach wall that secrete substances that help with digestion, and one of them is called "pepsinogen" (PG), which has been found to have two subtypes: PG and PG. PG is secreted only by the cells of the fundic glands, and PG can be secreted by glandular cells in multiple parts of the stomach, such as the whole stomach, and about 1% of PG can enter the blood circulation.
Secondly, why can pepsinogen be tested for gastric cancer?
By measuring the amount of pepsinogen in the blood, the secretory function of the gastric mucosa and the number of glandular cells in the gastric mucosa are measured, and the presence of gastric atrophy is inferred. Since the probability of gastric cancer in patients with atrophic gastritis is found to be significantly increased, experts at home and abroad recommend that in the normal population, pepsinogen detection can be used for rough screening, abnormal test results can be found, further gastroscopy can be carried out in time, and the gastroscopy review period can be guided.
NSE is an isoenzyme of enolase. NSE is a tumor marker for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), with a diagnostic positive rate of 91%. Useful in the differential diagnosis of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Who needs to be tested for tumor markers?
People over the age of age;
2. Those who have a "cancer signal" in their body;
3. Employees of seriously polluting factories and mining enterprises;
4. People who have been exposed to carcinogens for a long time;
5. People with high incidence of cancer or family history of cancer.
How to view tumor marker test results.
1. The test results of tumor markers are only used for reference, and the diagnosis of the disease also needs to be combined with relevant imaging or pathological examinations.
2. A positive test for tumor markers is not necessarily a tumor, but only a hint and signal, and many other diseases will also cause abnormalities in tumor indicators.
3. Of course, a negative tumor marker test cannot be 100% sure that it is safe and sound, and the marker detection will not be obvious when the tumor is small or the tumor tissue surface is blocked.
Therefore, patients with negative tumor marker test results but warning signs of cancer still need to undergo further cancer prevention tests.
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