1930, John HStokes and Donald MTwo Dr. Pillsbury pioneered the idea that there is an intrinsic link between gut microbiota and inflammation.
As the research deepened, scientists confirmedThe two major barrier organs of the human body do not work independently, but interact and cooperate with each other, and this cooperative relationship is called the "gut-skin axis".
Due to the existence of the gut-** axis, the state of the intestine may also be reflected in **. At present, studies have proved that there is a clear association, including common acne (that is, we often call acne and inflammatory acne), rosacea, allergic atopic dermatitis, eczema, alopecia areata, psoriasis, hidradenitis, etc.
So how does this collaboration work?
The intestinal microbiota is the main regulator of the gut-** axis.
The human gut carries a diverse microbial community that plays an important role in maintaining gut-** homeostasis. When the relationship between the gut microbiota and the immune system is impaired, adverse effects on the gut microbiota can be triggered.
* It is the largest organ of the human body, sheltering many symbiotic microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses) and preventing the invasion of foreign pathogens through physical barriers.
According to the physiological characteristics of each site, it can be broadly classified as sebum or oily (forehead, nasal alars), moist (groin, armpits) or dry (volar forearm), with specific microbiota dominating different sites.
Same as **
The human gut is also home to countless microbes
The gastrointestinal tract is thought to contain more microorganisms than other organs in the human body and has the highest microbial diversity. Many gut bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus thermophilus) help maintain a healthy state of health, while others (e.g., Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter, Enterococcus faecalis, Helicobacter pylori) are more prevalent in disease states.
The gut-** communication is mainly carried out through the immune system and immune activity.
Disruption of intestinal integrity and imbalance of the microbial community can have a significant impact on the overall homeostasis. The intestinal cortex is the term for the complex interaction between the gut and the gut microbiota, which is mainly through interaction with the immune system to control systemic and local inflammation.
Regulating host interactions with microbiota is:Immune systemThe basic functions of areas that are therefore colonized by symbionts, such as the ** and gastrointestinal tract,There are a large number of immune cells.
Reducing the contact between the microbiome and the intestinal epithelial membrane to reduce the inflammatory response and microbial translocation is essential to maintain the homeostatic balance of the host. To achieve this separation, the intestinal epithelial cell barrier, mucus layer, T cells, IgA, and dendritic cells (DCs) work together to form a shield – a "mucosal firewall" that blocks the transfer of microorganisms to lymphoid tissue, which in turn prevents inflammation of the intestine and **.
A) Under steady-state conditions, CX3Cr1+ dendritic cells (DCs) produce dendritic cells for phagocytosis, while CD103+ DCS migrate to Peyer's patches or mesenteric lymph nodes to deliver antigens to primitive T lymphocytes. DCs secrete interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, and interferon (IFN) in response to the activation of commensal bacteria, thereby stimulating traditional NK (CNK) cells.
b) As metabolic by-products, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAS) upregulate H3K4Me3 in DC and enhance the secretion of IL-6, IL-12, IFN, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is another method for training CNK cells. CNK cells are trained to have the necessary cytotoxicity and cytokine production capacity to fight bacteria and viruses.
c) MAIT cells can be directly stimulated by IL-12 or IL-15 in response to IL-18 with TLR ligands produced by APC to produce IFN-. d) TNF-like protein, a gut-associated pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates Mait cells when bound to IL-12 and IL-18.
d) FoxP3+ Treg cells and TFH ex-Th17 cells were clustered in Peyer's patches to promote B cell class switching and secretory (S)IgA production. This helps to isolate the symbiotic microbiome and modulate the diversity of the homeostatic microbiome.
e) ILC2 is activated by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) in response to IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by commensal bacteria.
f) ILC3 expressing MHC II is able to deliver commensal antigens to CD4+ T cells, reducing their autoreactivity. (h) In an ID2-dependent manner, microbial signaling is also used to elicit ILC3. Triggered ILC3 secretes IL-22 and participates in pathogen defense by stimulating the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides such as RegIII and RegIII.
Various dietary components, diseases, lifestyles, prebiotics, antibiotics, probiotics, and novel biopharmaceuticals can alter the gut microbiome.
Fundamental mechanisms of gut-** interactions
a) Intestinal flora and intestinal dysfunction can lead to the reduction of intestinal mucus layer, and microorganisms pass through the intestinal barrier, leading to the production of toxic products, high reactivity of B cells, affecting T cell differentiation, and secretion of low levels of IgA.
b) Dysbiotic gut microbes, toxic products, neurotransmitters, and immune cells transform the ** state from a healthy state (left) to an dysbiotic state (right) through the circulatory system:
i) Healthy**: Balanced microbial composition and the right amount of antimicrobial peptide sample.
ii) dysbiosis**: dysfunction of the immune system and decreased antimicrobial peptide sample.
c) Dysbiotic microorganisms can trigger inflammation and may be involved in the onset of a variety of diseases. It has been reported that atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, etc. are related to intestinal flora imbalance.
The microbiota maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier by converting complex polysaccharides into vitamins as well as short-chain fatty acids. For example, butyrate can reduce the permeability of the intestinal barrier, enhance the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and prevent microbial migration to other host tissues.
In the first half of the twentieth century, the physicians Stokes and Pillsbury first proposed the gut and the connection with the brain. Gamma aminobutyric acidGamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters produced by gut microbes. These neurotransmitters can modulate the function of the nervous system. They can also enter the bloodstream through the intestinal epithelium, resulting in systemic effects.
Antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, lifestyle, long-term diet, and illness can all affect the gut microbiota. In addition, as people age, the major strains of the gut microbiota change. Inflammation can also be caused by small changes in a single bacterial species in the gut microbiome. These, in turn, can lead to conditions such as acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, and hidradenitis suppurativa.
Microbial species and metabolites associated with various ** effects are listed in the table.
The gut microbiota has an important impact on health. When the relationship between the gut microbiota and the immune system is impaired, it can cause problems and even lead to disease. While the specific mechanism is unknown, studies have shown that:The gut microbiota can affect health in a variety of ways, such as by influencing the microbiota, regulating immune responses, influencing barrier function, etc.
Studying the underlying mechanisms of the gut-axis, as well as the links between related diseases, can help to discover new approaches and ways to improve the stateAs a way to directly act on the intestines, oral products are also of great significance to the health of the intestinal cortex and **.
First of all, oral product development canImproving the function of the gutcutaneous axis by modulating the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining gut health and immune balance, and the disorder of the gut microbiota is associated with the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. Therefore, through oral probiotics, prebiotics and other products, the balance of the intestinal microbiota can be regulated, the intestinal environment can be improved, and thus have a positive impact on the health.
Secondly, oral product development canIntervention is carried out against the immunomodulatory function of the intestinal cortex axis. Both the gut and ** are important components of the body's immune system, and the immunomodulatory mechanisms between them are closely related. Some oral beauty products contain ingredients with immunomodulatory effects, such as polysaccharides, plant extracts, etc., which can affect the balance of the immune system by regulating the function of the intestinal immune system, improving inflammation and allergic reactions, etc.
In addition, oral product development can also be developed from:Improve intestinal barrier function and maintain the stability of the intestinal cortex axis. Damage to the intestinal barrier function can lead to the leakage of harmful substances and microorganisms in the intestines, which in turn can lead to ** problems. Some oral products contain ingredients that can enhance the intestinal barrier function, such as glutamine, collagen, etc., which can improve the intestinal barrier function and reduce the leakage of harmful substances and microorganisms, thereby maintaining ** health.
Source: Photo.com.
According to the data of Zhiyan Consulting, it is expected that China's oral beauty market will maintain rapid growth in the next few years, and the market size is expected to reach tens of billions of yuan. With the increasing consumer awareness of oral beauty products and the changing consumption habits, the market has great growth potential. The consumer base for oral beauty products is constantly expanding.
On the one hand, with the upgrading of consumption and the improvement of people's health awareness, more and more consumers have begun to pay attention to oral beauty products; On the other hand, the snacking trend of oral beauty products has also attracted the attention of more young consumers. In particular, the proportion of post-90s and Gen Z consumers in the oral beauty market is increasing year by year, becoming an important driving force for market growth.
In terms of product research and development, enterprises will pay more attention to natural, safe and effective raw material selection and scientific and technological innovation and application; In terms of consumer demand, personalized demand and younger trends will be more obvious; In terms of market competition, brand building and differentiated competition will become an important strategy for enterprises. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of market supervision and the improvement of consumer awareness, the oral beauty market is expected to usher in a broader development prospect.
The core content of this paper comes from the literature compilation, and is only for academic communication and reference.
References: 1] "Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases" – MD rayhan mahmud, sharmin akter.
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