To prevent getting lost, the elevator goes directly to the safety islandNewspaper man Liu YaEast A
Take science home
Author:Quasimodo by the river
Around 20 AD, the Roman Emperor Tiberius issued a strange order:People are forbidden to kiss in public places.
This order, of course, did not come from the jealousy of the single dog, but due to the herpes of the lips that were prevalent in the Roman Empire at that time, Tiberius tried to stop the spread of the epidemic.
So, did the Roman emperor's painstaking anti-epidemic measures work? How is herpes on the lips caused? This is to be fromHerpes virusThe huge family began to speak.
Imaginary reconstruction of the ancient Roman baths, the ancient Roman Empire attached great importance to public health and hygiene (**quora.).Herpesvirus is a complex type of virus with a long history. Back in 1800 million-2200 million years ago, long before the advent of mammals, the herpes virus appeared on Earth. Subsequently, the herpes virus was widely parasitic in a variety of different animals and evolved with the host.
Not only are most mammals found in the specific herpes virus, but birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish or shellfish also carry the herpes virus. Some of them can cause deadly diseases, such as the herpes virus of oysters and scallops, which can kill the host and cause great damage to the aquaculture industry.
Oysters (oysters) can also be infected with the herpes virus, and in 2010 there was an outbreak in England, where more than 8 million oysters died due to infection (**Wikimedia Commons) For us humans, 8 human herpes viruses have been identified (some say 9). Each of them can cause diseases, causing blisters, rashes, ulcers or inflammation in the eyes, mouth, throat, etc., and then cause serious problems such as encephalitis, conjunctivitis, **cancer, and epipharyngeal cancer.
Types of human herpesviruses (**According to Don't Mourn! Isn't it just infectious diseases (Shanghai People's Publishing House) book content to sort out).Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).It is the most common and common of the 8 viruses. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, at least 3.7 billion people worldwide are infected with the virus. Many of us may have experienced blistering at the corners of the mouth, inflamed gums or sore throat, and it is easy to blame this symptom on "getting on fire", but it is very likely that this is the disease caused by HSV-1.
Most people are infected with the virus in infancy or childhood, and then it "cunningly" evades the human immune system and stays inside the body's nerve cells. However, the disease caused by HSV-1 is usually not severe and usually resolves spontaneously after a few days, so there is usually no need to worry too much.
After HSV-1 infection, the most common symptom is blisters at the corners of the mouth (**Medical Independent) compared to HSV-1 that causes symptoms on the face and upper bodyHerpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).It will attack the lower body of the human body. HSV-2 causes rashes, blisters, and ulcers on and around ***. It is estimated that about 100 million people worldwide are infected with the HSV-2 virus, especially in Africa and Latin America. HSV-2 is mainly sexually transmitted, and in up to one-third of those infected, the infection causes ulcers to turn back, often accompanied by pain and discomfort. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), people living with the HSV-2 virus are much more likely to be infected with HIV, especially women, who are more likely to be infected with both HSV-2 and HIV. In addition to HSV-2, AIDS patients are also susceptible to Kaposi's sarcoma (multiple hemorrhagic sarcoma), a type of cancer that is found in the human herpes familyhhv-8caused. HHV-8 is normally not harmful to the human body, but under the influence of AIDS, the patient's immunity decreases, and the normally harmless virus begins to become bad and evil. 
There is also a notorious member of the ** (Wikimedia Commonst) herpes virus family that grew out of Kaposi's sarcoma, and this is itVaricella-zoster virus (HHV-3).。In elementary and middle school, especially in the spring and summer, it seems like there will always be one or two students in school who miss a few weeks because they have chickenpox. HHV-3 is very contagious, especially in children under 15 years of age. It is mainly airborne, and droplets from coughing and sneezing can easily allow the virus to find its next host. For most people, if they are infected with the HHV-3 virus, they will have their first infection in childhood, which is chickenpox. It causes the body to develop an itchy rash that looks like small blisters. The rash usually starts on the face, abdomen, chest or back and spreads to other parts of the body, and is usually accompanied by mild fever, tiredness and slight physical discomfort. 
Children who are infected with chickenpox** (Wikimedia Commonst) usually only get it once in their lifetimeChickenpoxBut the HHV-3 virus has not disappeared from our bodies. When we reach adulthood, HHV-3 will make a comeback, and the disease will recurShinglesFinish. Compared with the "itch" caused by chickenpox, shingles will be a little more "painful". Shingles is a lot like chickenpox, but it usually appears in only one part of the body and doesn't spread. Patients may experience complications such as tiredness, drowsiness, general malaise, gastrointestinal discomfort, or fever, and the body's nerves become extremely sensitive and prone to pain. 
The pathogenesis of shingles: clusters of small bumps turn into blisters . The blisters are filled with lymphatic fluid, rupture , crust over , and eventually disappear. Postherpetic neuralgia can sometimes occur due to nerve damage (*Wikimedia Commonst), although the mortality rate caused by HHV-3 is not high, but it is still very alarming as an acute infectious disease. Fortunately, as one of the most studied herpes viruses, children can be vaccinatedChickenpox vaccineto reduce the chance of infection. The remaining human herpesviruses, although less infectious and pathogenic, also have their own characteristics and also affect human health. The herpes virus is like the first in the virus world, after infecting the host for the first time, it will be latent for a long time, has been invisible in the cell, and when it encounters some kind of opportunity, it will suddenly appear again, and once again make the host have symptoms. So what exactly is the reason for inducing the virus again? This is still a mystery today, and scientists have not yet fully figured out the pathogenesis of the herpes virus. Although it is not known at what point the virus will be reactivated, by observing the state of the host when the virus is raging, it is possibleMental stress, ultraviolet rays, fatigue, pregnancy, other infectious diseases, low immunityand so on are considered to be triggers. 
Schematic diagram of the structure of the herpes virus (**Wikimedia Commonst)With the exception of the chickenpox vaccine, no vaccine has been developed for other types of human herpesvirus that can be scaled up on a large scale. And taking into account the problems of modern society: high work pressure, sexual liberalization, the explosion of the aging population, ......In the future, the number of patients with herpes may increase, and the symptoms may become more severe. Today, the understanding of the herpes virus is just beginning. The ban imposed by the Roman emperors more than 2,000 years ago certainly did not work, because the Romans could hide and kiss, and other ways would allow the herpes virus to continue to spread. It is said that at that time, in order to ** cold sores, a red-hot soldering iron would be placed on the blister. At this point, we are lucky that we can at least go to the hospital for **. We can't eliminate the herpes virus, but medicine can relieve our symptoms, so we must not shy away from medical treatment, and when the symptoms are severe, we must beSeek prompt medical attention
Although we can't eradicate the virus, vaccines and timely medical treatment are still important means to fight the disease (**Christopher Futcher) Since the herpes virus will coexist with humans for a long time, it is not only the best means to fight the virus, but also the attitude that we should have in life. References:
1] chen yc, sheng j, trang p, liu f. potential application of the crispr/cas9 system against herpesvirus infections. viruses. 2018 may 29;10(6). pii: e291. doi: 10.3390/v10060291.
2] richard j. whitley. chapter 68 medical microbiology. 4th edition, 1996. baron s, editor. galveston (tx): university of texas medical branch at galveston, usa.
3] billions worldwide living with herpes.who.
4] prehistoric roots of cold sore virus traced through ancient dna.university of cambridge.
5] ‘viruses of love’.the new york times.
6] cold sores traced back to kissing in bronze age by cambridge research.bbc.
7] [Japanese] by Shi Hiroyuki. Don't mourn! It's not just an infectious disease. Shanghai People's Publishing House. 2021:123.