< 1919 at the age of twenty-six >
On January 18, the Paris Peace Conference opened. On 28 July, the Chinese delegates demanded cancellation at the meeting"Article 21", the return of German privileges in Shandong, the abolition of imperialist privileges in China, etc.
On January 25, the Philosophy Research Society of Peking University was established. **Participated in the Philosophy Seminar. On February 1, he spent the Spring Festival at Li Jinxi's house. Li Jinxi submitted a revised version of his "Chinese Research Survey Proceeding Plan" to *** for comments. On February 19, he participated in the reorganization meeting of the Journalism Research Society of Peking University. Cai Yuanpei gave a speech and was elected president of the Journalism Research Association. **In the research society, I listened to Shao Piaoping, the president of "Beijing Daily", lecture on "Theory and Practice of Journalism", visited Shao Piaoping many times, and received financial assistance from Shao.
On March 12, due to his mother's serious illness, he left Beijing to return to Hunan. In order to send off the young people from Hunan who went to France for work-study, they made a detour to Shanghai on the way back. On the 14th, we arrived in Shanghai. On March 15th, he attended the farewell party for students studying in France held by the Global Chinese Student Association in Shanghai. On the 17th, he bid farewell to the young people of Hunan to France. On the 29th, he participated in the farewell party of another group of students studying in France, and said goodbye on the 31st. On April 6, he returned to Changsha from Shanghai. Serve the decoction to the mother. On the 28th, a letter was sent.
Seventh and eighth uncles and aunts, said"My mother has lived in the mansion for a long time, and I am deeply grateful"。In April, after returning to Hunan, he presided over the affairs of the Xinmin Society. In order to solve the problems of life and facilitate work, he lived in Changsha Xiuye Primary School, taught history classes, and had extensive contacts with Changsha's education, journalism and young students, and carried out various liaison activities. April 30 The Paris Peace Conference ignores China's proposal to abolish inequality"Article 21"and other demands, and it was decided to transfer all German privileges in Shandong to Japan. On May 4, the May Fourth Patriotic Movement broke out in Beijing. When the news reached Hunan, the whole province shook. ** Contact with members of the Xinmin Society, key elements of students in various schools, and representatives of the press and education circles, exchange views, and put forward specific opinions on launching a patriotic movement in Hunan. On May 7, it was held by students from various schools in Changsha"Five-seven"The national humiliation commemorative parade was forcibly disbanded by the military and police sent by Zhang Jingyao.
In mid-May, the Beijing Students' Federation sent Deng Zhongxia to Hunan to liaise with He Shuheng and others on the situation in Beijing, and to discuss the issue of restoring and reorganizing the former Hunan Students' Federation. On May 23, ** Jiang Zhuru, Chen Shunong, Zhang Guoji and others went to the Houshan Gymnasium, the First Normal School, to discuss the issue of responding to the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of Beijing students and taking concerted action with Beijing students. It was agreed that each school would nominate one or two *** to hold a meeting at Chuyi Primary School on the morning of the 25th. In the past few days, he has carried out activities in the First Division, Commercial College, Mingde Middle School and other schools, and proposed to the backbone of the students, first, the anti-imperialist and patriotic direction should be clear, strive for the integrity of Shandong's sovereignty, and oppose Beijing's policy; Second, it is necessary to have a unified organization to concentrate forces; 3. Be prepared to deal with the oppression exerted by Zhang Jingyao. On May 25th, more than 20 people, including Jiang Zhuru and Chen Shunong, together with student representatives of various schools, including Yi Lirong, Peng Huang and Liu Min, held a meeting in Chuyi Primary School. Deng Zhongxia was introduced by *** to meet with the representatives of various schools. Deng Zhongxia reported on what happened in Beijing, and hoped that the students in Hunan would carry out a general strike in solidarity with the students in Beijing. The meeting decided: to establish a new Hunan Student Federation; A general strike of students was launched to promote the anti-imperialist patriotic movement. On May 28, the new Hunan Student Federation was established. A few days later, the Federation of Students was re-elected, and Peng Huang, a member of the Xinmin Society, served as the president. **Frequently go to the student federation to study problems and guide the work with the person in charge.
On June 2, the Hunan Student Federation held a plenary meeting and decided that all students in all schools in the province would strike classes from the 3rd. On June 3, the May Fourth Movement developed into a new stage, and the Chinese proletariat took part in it with great momentum. Today, students from 20 schools, including the No. 1 Normal School, Xiangya Medical School, and Commercial College in Changsha, Hunan Province, held a general strike. On the 4th, Changsha's "Ta Kung Pao" published a strike declaration of the Federation of Students. The manifesto says:"Diplomatic failures, internal political divisions, and the death of the country, which should be saved", Hunan student"Fulfill the duty of saving the country and swear to be the backing of diplomacy"。The declaration also put forward demands for the rejection of the Paris Peace Treaty and the abrogation of the unequal treaties between China and Japan. A wave of school strikes ensued across the province. In June, the cadres of the Students' Federation took advantage of the summer vacation to organize young students to go to urban and rural areas, stations, and docks to publicize the country's anti-Japanese propaganda. At the beginning of July, he and He Shuheng, Xiong Chuxiong and others bid farewell to Xu Teli and other 18 people in Changsha to go to France via Wuhan and Shanghai. On July 9, under the guidance of ***, the Hunan Federation of All Walks of Life initiated by the Hunan Federation of Students was established. Federation to"National Salvation Group of Ten"for grassroots organizations. In July,"National Salvation Group of Ten"It has grown to more than 400. In late October, the Hunan Federation of Ten for National Salvation was formally established.
On July 14, Xiangjiang Review, a publication of the Hunan Provincial Federation of Students, was launched, and ** was the editor-in-chief and main contributor. Xiangjiang Review"The purpose is to promote the latest trends of thought"。**Wrote more than 20 founding manifestos and long and short articles for the inaugural issue, exposing and criticizing imperialist and feudal forces. In his inaugural manifesto, he said: . ."What is the biggest problem in the world? Eating is the biggest problem. What is the strongest? The power of popular union is the strongest. What not to be afraid of? Don't be afraid of the sky, don't be afraid of ghosts, don't be afraid of the dead, don't be afraid of bureaucrats, don't be afraid of warlords, don't be afraid of capitalists. "He opposes all kinds of powers, advocates populism, and uses the method of mass alliance to do sustained work against the powerful"Advice campaign", implemented"Call for revolution"、"Bloodless Revolution"。In the article "Chen Duxiu's ** and Rescue", he pointed out: The current danger of China lies in"The ideological world is empty and corrupt to the twelve", people"Superstitious gods and ghosts, superstitious objects, superstitious fortune, superstitious power. He does not recognize any person, he does not recognize himself, he does not recognize the truth", which is the result of underdeveloped scientific thought and undemocratic politics. The article highly admired Chen Duxiu and called it"A star in the world of ideas"。On July 21, the second issue of "Xiangjiang Review" was published, which published the article "The Great Union of the People", which continued in the third and fourth issues of the journal. The article propagated the idea of anti-feudal democratic revolution. He pointed out that the great alliance of the people is the fundamental method for transforming the country and society. think"The Xinhai Revolution seemed to be a kind of popular union, but it was not. The Xinhai Revolution was caused by the instructions of the foreign students, the flag-waving of the Elders' Association, and the drawing of swords by the New Army and some Qiu Ba of the patrol battalion, and it had nothing to do with the majority of our people"。The article enthusiastically praises the victory of the October Revolution, said"Russia overthrew the aristocracy, expelled the rich, the two circles of labor and peasants jointly established a commission**, the Red Banner Army swept away many enemies, the Entente changed its appearance, and the whole world was shaken", and in China it is"The May Fourth Movement took place between the Great Wall of China and the Bohai Sea"。The article points out: Today, China must be liberated in all aspects"The emancipation of the mind, the emancipation of politics, the emancipation of the economy"and so on, emphasizing that the Chinese nation has a great ability to carry out reforms"The deeper the oppression, the greater the reaction, and the longer it has been stored, the faster it will be"。The article called on workers, peasants, students, teachers, policemen, coachmen, and all sorts of people to unite and carry out revolution in imitation of the methods of other countries. The article also reflects some of his views on Marxism and non-Marxism, arguing: There are two factions in the action after the unity, one faction is very fierce and advocated"Treat others the way they do", whose leader was a German-born man named Max; One faction is more moderate, this faction of people's thinking"Broader, farther", its leader, is a born in ** named Kropotkin.
The Great Union of the People had a considerable influence in the progressive intellectual circles of the time. Beijing's "Weekly Review" said that this article"It is very far-sighted, and the argument is very pleasant, and it is indeed an important text today"。Some newspapers and periodicals in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other places ** this article. On the same day, he published "The Establishment and Progress of the Health Society" in the first issue of the temporary supplement of the Xiangjiang Review. The article praised Hunan's active thinking during the Wuxu Restoration, and pointed out the arrogance, emptiness, and emptiness that existed in the ideological circles at that time"Middle school is the body, and Western learning is for use", Confucius-centered and other drawbacks, criticizing the thinking of that time"Most of them are empty and empty, and they rarely speak on the reality of life and society","It is not easy to introduce reality into the study of facts and truth"。The article advocates"Research"、"Criticism"The spirit of the spirit and the free discussion of scholarship, the belief that without the spirit of criticism, one would be a slave to others. As for Confucius, it is impossible not to oppose the fact that he ruled the Chinese intellectual circles without freedom and made people slaves to idols for 2,000 years. On July 25, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic issued a declaration on the Chinese people and the north and south of China (that is, the first declaration on China). It was stated that Soviet Russia would abolish all unequal treaties concluded between the Tsar and China, and return to the Chinese people all the Chinese territories and all rights and interests forcibly plundered and occupied by the Tsar and the bourgeoisie. At the same time, it is recommended that the two sides send representatives to conduct formal negotiations in order to establish friendly relations. This manifesto was published in the Chinese press in April 192. In mid-August, as the Hunan Students' Federation led the masses in Changsha to burn Japanese goods, Zhang Jingyao's military and police surrounded the Hunan Students' Federation, coerced Peng Huang to stop the anti-Japanese patriotic movement, posted notices, disbanded the Students' Federation, seized the "Xiangjiang Review", broke into the Xiang'e Printing Company, and confiscated the newly printed "Xiangjiang Review" No. 5.
As a result of knowing Zhang's move in advance, ** arranged for the staff of the Federation of Students to leave, and important manuscripts and the seal of the Federation of Students were removed, without any loss. That night, ** held a meeting with the backbone of the left-behind student federation at He Shuheng's office, and decided to six articles: students in each school do not use the name of the student federation for the time being; The activities of the Federation of Students should be carried out in secret; inform the press of the seizure of the Xiangjiang Review; students who want to return to their hometowns to publicize Zhang Jingyao's atrocities; Handa to the All-China Federation of Students and federations from all walks of life to seek support; Actively prepare for eviction. After that, ** and other responsible persons of the Federation of Students went to Yuelu Mountain to continue revolutionary activities. Under the influence and help of Xiangya Medical College, "New Hunan", Zhounan Girls' School's "Women's Bell", and Xiuye Primary School's "Primary School Students" and other publications continue to be published. On September 5, he wrote to Li Jinxi, saying that he would be in charge of editing "New Hunan" from the seventh issue onwards (1). The letter praised the "Study of Chinese Studies" (by Li) and "A Glimpse of Russian Literary Thought" published in Minduo No. 6"A rare big article in recent years", after reading a lot of benefits. He also said: I quite want to study the Chinese language, and there is no way to educate without compiling Chinese textbooks; As for studying in France, it is one of the educational circles in Hunan"New life"。In mid-September, the former backbone of the Federation of Students was convened at the Commercial College to discuss the issue of expelling Zhang Jingyao, pointing out that the internal strife of the Beiyang warlords was a good opportunity to expel Zhang, and that Hunan students should be the main force in the expulsion movement. Immediately arranged: 1. Mobilize teachers and journalists as much as possible to support the students' expulsion; 2. Assign Peng Huang and Li Fengchi, the representative of the business specialty, to Shanghai to contact the forces outside the province; 3. Actively restore the Federation of Students.
On September 21 and 26, he published two short articles in Changsha's "Ta Kung Pao" entitled "Expressing Sympathy for Normal Students" and "It Turned Out to Be Him", expressing indignation at social phenomena such as the destruction of education and the beating of drivers. On October 5, his mother Wen Suqin died. **Upon hearing the news, he immediately rushed back to Shaoshan from Changsha. On October 8, he wrote the "Mother Worship Text" in front of the mother's spiritual seat. The memorial recounts the good virtues of a loving mother, such as being diligent and thrifty, caring for her children, and being in harmony with her neighbors. "My mother is high-wind, and the first to recommend fraternity. Relatives near and far, all overloaded. Kai is kind and touching. Love is within reach, originally sincere. No testimony, no deception. The decoration is sexual, and there is no trickery. What Tezawa has passed through, all are organized. The mind is precise, and the splitting is divided. Nothing is left behind, nothing is hidden. The wind of cleanliness spreads all over Qili. Not spotted, body and mind. "and made two pairs of weeping mothers"The disease is still calling, infinite care, and all the hatreds must be mended; Immortal new Buddhism, can't live in the world, where to find a mercy? ""The south bank of the spring breeze is far away; In the autumn rain, Shaoshan shed a lot of tears. "On October 16, the Peking University Journalism Research Association held a ceremony for the expiration of the first batch of students, and Cai Yuanpei, the president, presented the certificate. **Obtain a certificate of attending the seminar for half a year.
On October 22, he jointly issued a public notice with 1,272 people from the education circles in Hunan, exposing the inside story of Zhang Jingyao sending his private party to manipulate the re-election and control the Provincial Education Association, and oppose Zhang Jingyao's destruction of education. The announcement was published in the monthly magazine Hunan on February 20 of the following year. On October 23, the "Constitution of the Problem Research Society" drafted for the Problem Research Society (1) was published in the "Peking University Journal" 1). The charter says"Everything or reason is necessary for modern life, or it is not necessary, and has not been properly resolved, so that it affects the progress of modern life, and becomes a problem"to solve these problems, should"Start with research"。The charter lists 144 large and small issues to be studied, involving practical issues in the political, economic, cultural, educational, social, and international fields. The charter emphasizes the study of the problem"It must be based on doctrine","Before the study of various problems, it must be the study of various isms"；And to"Pay attention to those who are related to modern life"。However, it is stipulated that the seminar will be limited to"Solve problems with academic reasoning", not involved"to implement problem-solving"。The charter has attracted the attention of the academic circles in Beijing. On November 8 and 10, Changsha's "Ta Kung Pao" published a special notice for three consecutive days, saying:"This newspaper has appointed Mr. Mao Runzhi as a writer outside the library. "In the following three years, ** established a good cooperative relationship with Ta Kung Pao and wrote many articles for the newspaper.
In mid-November, he attended the revision of the constitution and the re-election meeting held by the Xinmin Society in Changsha Zhounan Girls' School. According to the new constitution, the meeting elected He Shuheng and Li Si'an as the chairman and vice chairman of the executive committee; Tao Yi, Zhou Shizhao, ** Zhou Dunxiang, Wei Bi, Chen Shunong, Tang Yaozhang, and Jiang Zhuru are the commentators. After the meeting, a campaign to expel Zhang Jingyao was launched. Most of the members went out, and the conference was suspended for a year. On November 16, he led the backbone elements of the Hunan Student Federation disbanded by Zhang Jingyao, rebuilt the Federation of Students, and held its inaugural meeting today. The congress issued a manifesto of reorganization, denouncing warlords such as Zhang Jingyao"Planting the party for personal gain, intersecting each other as diseases, such as drunkenness, perverse acts, scraping the people's ointment, sacrificing the people's will, recklessly camping the people's lives, and trampling on the people's rights"。On the same day, Zhao Wuzhen, the bride of Changsha City, committed suicide in a sedan chair because of her opposition to an arranged marriage, and published an article entitled "Criticism of Ms. Zhao's Suicide" in Changsha's "Ta Kung Pao". The article analyzes Zhao Wuzhen's suicide due to"The iron net on three sides (society, mother's family, and husband's family) is firmly surrounded, and it is impossible to survive"。"Behind this incident, there is the corruption of the marriage system, the darkness of the social system, the inability to be independent in imagination, and the inability to be free in love"。I hope that enthusiastic people will speak out for a young woman who has died for freedom and love"Unjust"。After that, Changsha's educational circles, press circles, and young students wrote articles one after another to discuss the Zhao Wuzhen incident, forming an attack on the feudal marriage system.
On November 18th and 28th, "Ms. Zhao's Personality Problem", "Marriage Issue, Warning to Young Men and Women", "Reform of the Marriage System", "Women's Self-reliance", "Marriage Issue", "Marriage Issue", "Woman Self-Reliance", "Marriage Issue", "Marriage Issue", "Marriage Issue", "Woman Self-Reliance", "Marriage Issue", "Marriage Issue","All evils in society"With Ms. Zhao", "Non-Suicide", "Love Problems: Young People and the Elderly", "Breaking the Matchmaker System", "Superstition in Marriage" and other nine articles** and miscellaneous feelings. These articles focused on attacking feudal etiquette and China's evil society. Which says:"There are both things in society that can kill Ms. Zhao'Therefore'This society is a very dangerous thing. He can make Ms. Zhao die, and he can make Ms. Qian, Ms. Sun, and Ms. Li die; He can make'Female'Death, he can make it again'Male'Die. "Therefore,"You can't just shout'All evils in society'"。In the analysis of the socio-economic causes of the tragedy, it is pointed out that under the regime of exploitation,"Between men and women, love is only subordinate, the central relationship is still in the economy, that is, it is dominated by capitalism","This is the general reason why women are suppressed and cannot turn over"。On December 1, the article "Students' Work" was published in the second issue of Volume 1 of Hunan Education Monthly. **In the pursuit of a new social life for several years, I wanted to invite a few friends to set up a work-study comrade association in Yuelu Mountain last spring, and engaged in half-farming and half-studying, but it was not realized. This spring, plans were made to build a new village in Yuelu Mountain, with the integration of a new family, a new school, and a new society as the fundamental ideal, and to start with running a school that implements the theory of social-based education. "Students' Work" is a chapter of his plan for schools in his new village vision. He advocated that schools should reduce the time spent on teaching"Enables students to do more research and work automatically", engaged in farming, farming, animal husbandry and other matters, implemented"Work-study doctrine"。Work must be productive and in line with real life. It is necessary to make students develop the habit of being happy with rural life, and correct the situation after graduation"There is a lot of urban and not happy countryside"The disadvantages of the times. He also said that the creation of new schools and new education must be linked to the creation of new families and new societies. To make the family and society progress, it is not in vain"Improving on the old", must be committed"Create its new"to achieve it.
On December 2, Changsha held a second demonstration to burn Japanese goods (the first time in July). On 16 November, a Japanese armed assault occurred in Fuzhou"Blessing***"The Hunan Federation of Students distributed leaflets in support and demanded that the Japanese goods found at the Xiaowumen Railway Station in Changsha be immediately burned. Today, about 10,000 workers, students, faculty and staff in Changsha held high"Popular unity"、"Boycott Japanese products"、"Down with the profiteers"The banner of the Japanese goods was burned at the Education Meeting, which was suppressed by Zhang Jingyao. On December 3, he and the members of the Xinmin Society held a meeting with the backbone and activists of the Hunan Federation of Students in Baishajing, Changsha, to study the situation and discuss countermeasures. On the 4th, he attended a joint meeting of teachers and staff representatives and student representatives of various schools in Changsha at Chuyi Primary School, and the meeting decided to carry out a campaign to drive away Zhang and continue to launch a general strike and demonstrations in schools across the province. After that, an emergency meeting was held in Chuyi Primary School, and it was decided to organize a delegation to go to Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Hankou, Changde, Hengyang, Guangzhou and other places to expand the propaganda of expelling Zhang. On December 6, students in Changsha went on strike. On behalf of 13,000 students in Changsha, the Hunan Federation of Students sent it to the whole country"Zhang Jingyao did not go to Hunan for a day, and the students did not return to school for a day"The oath. On the same day, he led the Zhang ** delegation to leave Changsha for Beijing. The delegation stayed in Hankou for about 10 days, and separately mobilized students from Hubei and Hunan to work together to drive Zhang and contact Hubei students to support the movement. During his trip to Beijing, ** and other publications"Express mail on behalf of the telephony"to expose Zhang Jingyao's crimes in Hunan to the whole country. In mid-December, Cai Hesen, Xiang Jingyu, Cai Chang, and Cai's mother (Ge Jianhao) who went to France for work-study detoured from Wuhan to Shanghai.
On December 18th, the Hunan Zhang** group arrived in Beijing, and more than ten people including Deng Zhongxia went to the station to greet them. **After arriving in Beijing, he presided over the expulsion movement. Beijing became the base camp of the Hunan Expulsion Movement at that time. On December 22, in order to expose Zhang Jingyao's crimes and publicize the expulsion movement, he organized a civilian communication agency with Zhang Bailing, Luo Zonghan and others, and served as the president. Daily articles were distributed to newspapers in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Han to disseminate the news of Zhang Jingyao's crime in Hunan and the expulsion movement in various localities. On December 27, the Civilian News Agency issued a petition drafted by *** and signed by Hunan citizens in Beijing, entitled "Hunan People Strive for the Mortgage of the Mining Plant to Submit the Documents of the Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finance, and Rural Commerce", exposing the crime of the director of the Hunan Administrative Affairs Department colluding with a German miner in Shuikoushan to mortgage a loan with a US businessman in the name of a joint venture to run a Hunan white lead refinery. Demanded that Zhang Jingyao, Xundian, cancel the draft contract, withdraw from the payment, and remove the punishment of the director of the mining bureau"To be an official evil and maintain the mining government"。On December 28, he attended the citizens' meeting of all walks of life in Hunan Province to discuss the method of expelling Zhang, with more than 1,000 participants. The congress asked the Hunan parliamentarians attending the meeting to sign a guarantee to expel Zhang. The congress decided to send a telegram to the whole country to announce Zhang Jingyao's guilt and have him sentenced by the people. On December 31, in the name of Hunan citizens in Beijing, he and Peng Huang, Zhang Bailing and others wrote a letter on Zhang Jingyao's illegal prohibition of tobacco seeds, revealing that after Zhang Jingyao arrived in Hunan Province, he imposed a ban on smoking and persuaded the people to grow cigarettes. Requirements***"Immediately submitted the Ming Da**, dismissed the Hunan overseer Zhang Jingyao, and submitted it to the court to handle it in accordance with the law, and saved the Hunan people with national law"。In December, Yang Changji became seriously ill and was admitted to the German Hospital in Beijing**. Visit the hospital. Yang Changji wrote a letter to Zhang Shizhao, who was stranded in Shanghai, during his illness, recommending *** Cai Hesen to him.
Notes: 1 According to Zhang Shizhao's "Farewell Biography of Yang Huaizhong" in 1963, Yang Huaizhong's letter said:"I solemnly say that Jun, the second son is a talent in the sea, and the future is great, if you don't say anything, you can save the country, and you must first focus on the second son to save the country. "
2 Deng Zhongxia published "Deng Kang's Notice" in the "Peking University Journal" in the same period, saying:"My friend Mao Junzedong sent more than 10 copies of the constitution of the Society for the Study of Problems from Changsha. My friends in Beijing said that it was very good and that there was a need for research, so they asked me for a copy. Now that I have only one copy left, and there are still many people who want it, I will publish it in the journal of this university to answer the gentlemen of all who are concerned about solving modern problems"。
3 Zhou Shizhao's recollection, April 20, 1966: Problem Research Society"It's something that is being planned, it has no members, no organizations, and no meetings"。its constitution"It was *** drafted", the issues listed"All presented by ***"。
4 * The New Hunan No. 7 Renewal Manifesto, which he presided over the editing, was quoted in the article "Aspects of Changsha Society" in the New Youth, Vol. 7, No. 1, published in December 1919, and the content is as follows:"The purpose of this newspaper after No. 7 is: 1. To criticize society. 2. Transform the mind. 3. Introduce academics. Fourth, the issue of discussion. ......After the seventh trumpet, the same people do their best to do it in line with these four purposes; 'Success or failure is blunt'Nature is not our concern. Even all the forces and authorities are not in our care. Because our credo is:'Anything can be sacrificed, but the purpose must not be sacrificed!
5 The Health Society was founded on June 15, 1919 by Chen Runlin, president of the Hunan Provincial Education Association, and invited Xu Teli (director of the orphanage) and Zhu Jianfan (principal of Zhounan Girls' School) to help teachers from schools in Hunan Province. Gymnastics"The purpose is to import new ideas from the world, conduct joint research, and select and disseminate them"After the victory of the expulsion movement in 0 years, the members gradually diverged.
6 On June 11, 1919, Chen Duxiu was arrested by the National Police Department while distributing the "Beijing Citizens' Declaration" at the New World Amusement Park in Beijing.