< 1917 at the age of twenty-four >
In March, he and Xiao Zhifan (Xiao San) jointly wrote a letter to Bai Lang, who came to Changsha to attend Huang Xing's funeral, saying:"Mr. Huang Gong, born with spiritual help, died with tears to hang him, now will be buried, the waves are thousands of miles, and the coffin will be sent back to the cave. Gao Yi runs through the sun and the moon, and sincerely moves the ghosts and gods"。"Zhifan, Zedong, students of Hunan Province, tried to read poetry and books, and were quite ambitious. Today, I would like to see the abundance and listen to the teachings. "
April 1 to"Twenty-eight painting students"Under a pseudonym, he published "A Study of Physical Education" in New Youth, Vol. 3, No. 2. The article details the meaning, role and methods of physical education. Regarding the relationship between sports and the enhancement of the national physique and the defense of the country, he said:"The national strength is weak, the military style is sluggish, and the national constitution is becoming lighter and thinner, which is a very worrying phenomenon. ""The husband's fate is far-reaching, external things, and the result of things; Physical strength is full, and internal things are also things of reason. If the body is not solid, then you will be afraid of the soldiers, what is in the hit, what is in the far-reaching? Solidity lies in exercise, and exercise lies in self-awareness"。Regarding the relationship between physical education and moral and intellectual education, the article says that physical education is for us"It occupies the first position, and the body is strong and then the study of knowledge and morality is brave and effective", the body is"Carry the car of knowledge and the house of morality"Primary schools should pay special attention to physical development, and secondary schools and above should pay equal attention to moral, intellectual, and physical education. The article criticized the school curriculum at that time for the multiplicity and lack of emphasis on physical education, said"Our country's school system, the curriculum is as dense as a cow's hair, although the adult person, the tenacious body, can still not be lifted, but the underage person? What about the weak? "The article admires Yan Yuan and Li Gong in the early Qing Dynasty"Civility and martial arts"The idea of agreeing"Civilization is its spirit, and barbarism is its body"claims. The article deals with the transformation of the strength and weakness of the body, said"The human body is changing day by day: the role of metabolism is constantly in the various ministries and organizations, the eyes are not clear, the ears are not deaf can be deaf, although sixty or seventy people still have the effect of changing the official remains"。Born strong, if"Abuse its strength, do not abstain from all kinds of desires, and gradually kill the thief", which will eventually turn strong into weak. And the weak, if"Abstain from lust","Exercise regularly", and over time will become strong. "In short, diligent physical education strengthens the muscles and bones, and strong muscles and bones make the physique changeable, weak can become strong, and the body and mind can be combined"。The article argues that the great effect of sports is particularly good"Enough to strengthen the will"。"The theme of Fu sports, Wu Yong also. The eyes of martial bravery, if fierce, if fearless, if daring, if durable, are all things of will. ""The will is also the pioneer of the solid life and career. "The article also introduces a set of self-authored"Six-stage movement"Gymnastics.
On April 23, he went to Taro Garden to visit Li Jinxi, who had returned to Hunan from Beijing on 16 April, and introduced to each other the political situation and social situation in Beijing and Hunan, and talked about his studies.
In June, the first division carried out an inspection of students with excellent morality, intelligence and physique"Characters choose each other"Activity. More than 400 people from 11 classes participated in the election and elected 34 people. **Received the most votes, according to the content of the inspection of six excellent, among them, speech and quality won the first two votes, and the courage item received the votes for him.
Xia, preface Xiao Zisheng's reading notebook "Everything into One". The preamble says that it is necessary to lay a good foundation for the administration of education, and accumulate it over time"Remember one thing today, understand one reason tomorrow, and learn for a long time"。Doing learning is like building a platform,"Shelter the material of thousands of mountains and become one, and gather hundreds of schools of thought into a learning","Accumulate and high, learn and learn"。However, knowledge should not only be erudite, but especially refined, and be analyzed and organized on the basis of erudition"There is a platform but not a firm, there is a learning but not a refinement, there is no difference between no platform and learning"。The preface criticizes the ills of old Chinese learning"It is mixed and disorderly, and the classification is based on scriptures, history, children, and collections, and politics and religion are integrated, and there is no distinction between mystical works, so there is no progress for thousands of years"。It is believed that Xiao Zisheng's notes have accumulated a lot of materials"It is advisable to be organized, to hold its treasures, and to eliminate its phosphorus. and persevered for a long time, not dropping out halfway. If it is, it will be the foundation of the platform"。
In mid-July and August 16, he and Xiao Zisheng walked around Changsha, Ningxiang, Anhua, Yiyang, and Yuanjiang counties, lasting a month and traveling more than 900 miles. On this long-distance trip, I didn't bring a penny, and I used the method of study tours or wrote some couplets to send people to solve the problem of food and lodging, and everywhere I went, I was greeted and entertained by the farmers in a friendly way. Along the way, you will come into contact with people from all walks of life in urban and rural areas, learn about some customs and customs, and gain a lot of new knowledge.
In mid-August, he copied seven copies of "History of Western Ethics" (translated by Yang Changji) and lent it to his classmate Luo Xuehuang for reading.
On August 23, a long letter to Li Jinxi, ** to save the country and save the people"Big roots"Issue. The letter said that although the people of the time had some ideas for reform, they had not found a fundamental solution to the way to save the country. Even if it is said that the reformers are promising, they are also"It is only for the dazzling hearing of Chinese words, and there is no wonder of erecting a stem and supporting the branches and leaves","Today's changes start from the details, such as the parliament, the constitution, the cabinet, the military, industry, education, everything is trivial"。And the so-called origin, that is"The truth of the universe"。"All the people of the world are part of the universe, that is, the truth of the universe, and each has its own heart"。The letter emphasized"Take the great source as the call"Transforming the thinking of the whole country through the transformation and popularization of philosophy and ethics is the fundamental way to save the country and the people. "Today, I take the great source as the call, and the heart of the world is not moving? The hearts of the world are moving, and there are people who can't do things in the world? The things of the world can be done, but is there a country that is not rich, strong and happy? ""In today's world, it is advisable to have a large number of people, starting with philosophy and ethics, to transform philosophy, to transform ethics, and to fundamentally change the thinking of the whole country. This is like a big stupid one, and ten thousand people go to the set; When the thunder and lightning shake, the yin chokes open, and it is unstoppable! "He believed that once philosophy was transformed and popularized, everyone"Together, in the sanctuary","At that time, all the people in the world were sages, and there was no mortal foolishness, who could destroy all the laws of the world, exhale the breath of Taihe and inhale the waves of the sea"。In this way, it is reached"The Peace"Datong realm. The letter asserts"Ideology and morality must be true and true", although there are many ideas in the East that are not practical to life, but"Western thought is not necessarily complete, and a few parts should also be transformed at the same time as Eastern thought"。**In the letter it is also said,"After graduation, I thought about reading first, teaching and doing things first"For a long time, I wanted to run a private school, taking advantage of the advantages of both ancient lectures and modern schools"For the time being, it is only for three years, and the curriculum is subject to the University of Chinese Studies. After this, it is necessary to go abroad to study, but to seek Western learning, and return to the private school life"to further your education.
In the autumn, after the start of the school year, I listened to Yang Changji give a lecture on self-cultivation, and the textbook was "Principles of Ethics", and I studied until the first semester of the following year. **Read the book carefully, write more than 12,000 words of annotations, and put forward your own opinions on some of the ethical and philosophical points in the book"Moral philosophy is especially important in the age of openness"。Annotations highlight personal values, propositions"Solipsism", advocating the emancipation of individuality. ** In the commentary, he writes that he has two propositions in ethics: one is individualism, and all life actions and all morality are for the purpose of perfecting the individual. One is realism"I am only responsible for my subjective and objective reality"。He said: The individual has supreme value, and the value of the individual is greater than the value of the universe"Therefore, anyone who suppresses the individual and violates the individuality is guilty of great sins. Therefore, the three outlines of our country must go, and the church, the capitalists, the monarch, and the state are all the demons of the world"。"In the past, I was adamant of selflessness, thinking that there was only the universe and no self. I don't know it's true. Cover me is the universe also. Except for me, there is no universe. The collection of each self becomes the universe, and each self exists with me, and there is no self without me. Therefore, in the universe, the only one who can be honored is me, the fearful one is the only one, and the one who can obey is only me. "He thinks"The purpose of human beings is only self-realization"The beauty of **, sacrificing oneself to save others, seeking happiness for others, etc., are all in order to realize oneself, meet the needs of personal spirit, and achieve the purpose of self-interest, that is, the so-called"Individualism of the spirit"。The criticism reflects certain dialectical and materialist ideas, which says:"Everything in the world is based on differences and comparisons","Evolvers, the difference in the state of Chen Die"。For Paulsen about"All the undertakings and civilizations of the world are invincible to resist and win"Strongly agreed;And disagree with Paulsen about"The increase of human power and the decrease of external resistance have the same effect"point of view. The annotation reads:"The river flows out of Tongguan, because of the resistance of Taihua, and the water power increases its fierceness. The wind returns to the Three Gorges, because there is Wushan Mountain as the separation, and the wind increases its anger. "This thinking is also reflected in the views on social history in the commentaries:"Governing chaos and multiplication, peace and war are sought together, and natural examples are also. ""We are always tired of chaos and hope for governance, but we don't know that chaos is also a process of historical life, and it also has the value of practical life. When I read the history, I always admired the time of the Warring States, the time when Liu Xiang competed, the time when the Han Wu and the Xiongnu competed, and the time when the Three Kingdoms competed"。
The annotations indicate that ** reveres the past"Datong"The realm and the idea that everyone is a saint have changed. said:"I know that the realm of one person's great harmony will also give birth to many waves of competition and resistance, and we cannot settle in the realm of great harmony. ""I dreamed that all human beings were equal in intelligence and that all human beings were saints, and that all the rule of law could be abandoned, and now I know that there is no such situation. "In addition, there are quite a few annotations"The spirit is immortal, and the material is immortal"point of view.
During the reading of "Principles of Ethics", he wrote an essay entitled "The Power of the Heart", which was praised by Yang Changji and received 100 points.
On September 16, he and his classmate Zhang Kundi went to Xiangtan Zhaoshan to visit and stayed overnight in Zhaoshan Temple. During the conversation, ** believes that life can not only be satisfied with solving the problem of food, clothing and housing, but also should pursue higher ideals, said"The material civilization of the Westerners is extremely prosperous, so they are detained by the three people of clothing, food and housing, and the development of the first is already ear. If life is only enough for food, clothing, and shelter, it is too worthless in life"。"We will think of the easiest way to solve the economic problems, and then seek the cosmopolitanism of our ideals"。And again"The combination of human mental strength and physical strength is not difficult to achieve"。Zhang Kundi's ***"Xinli said"Strongly agreed.
In September, he wrote the "Chinese Language Teaching Case" for the second grade of Chinese Literature of the Primary School Affiliated to Hunan No. 1 Normal School, and carried out teaching practice. On the 22nd, Li Duanlun, a student of the first division, wrote the following comments on this teaching practice:"Mao Jun's attitude, teachings, and words have all been perfected, but it is a pity that he has not been properly heard"。
On the afternoon of September 22, he and Zhang Kundi went to the Xiangjiang River to swim. That night, they stayed at Cai and Sen's house and talked for a long time. said:"At present, the people of Ander have great philosophical revolutionaries and great ethical revolutionaries, such as Tolstoy in Russia, in order to cleanse the old ideas of the people and develop their new ideas"。He advocated practice"The family revolution, the teacher-student revolution"。And think"Revolution is not a battle between soldiers, but a new thing"。On the 23rd, in the early morning, he traveled to Yuelu Mountain with Cai Hesen and Zhang Kundi, walked along the ridge, and went down the mountain to Yuelu Academy. Time value"The cool breeze blows and the air is refreshing","The mind is clear, and there is a sense of vulgarity"。
On September 25, he initiated the organization of the First Normal Xiangtan Alumni Association, which was approved by Xiangtan students. The purpose of organizing the alumni association is fourfold: first, to seek the development of Xiangtan education; 2. Contact feelings, ask difficult questions, and meet friends with texts; 3. Some groups will not be maverick and will be left behind by the world; Fourth, after becoming a primary school teacher, they should be promoted and reformed to carry out mutual policies, so as not to be lonely and unheard. On December 14, the Xiangtan Alumni Association held its inaugural meeting in the First Division to report on the preparation and purpose of the association.
On September 30, he and his classmates Luo Xue, Li Duanlun, Zhang Chao, Zou Yunzhen, Peng Daoliang and other 16 people rented two small boats and traveled around Changsha for a week. At night, the breeze and the moon are shining, and drunken songs and poems.
On October 8, he was elected as the general affairs (general responsibility) and the head of the education and research department of the First Teacher Alumni Association, and his term of office was until May of the following year. On the 13th, a general meeting of the Alumni Association was held, and 62 people attended the meeting to discuss various conference affairs. On the 14th, a meeting of ministers was convened. After the meeting, ** actively organizes a variety of extracurricular academic and sports activities.
On October 30, the night school enrollment advertisement written in vernacular was printed and distributed by the Education and Research Department of the Alumni Association. The ad says:"Everyone, listen to me speak in the vernacular. Do you know what is the most inconvenient thing about ranking? As the saying goes, you can't write it, you can't recognize it when you write it, and you can't count it. ""Therefore, everyone requires some knowledge, a few words to write, a few words, and a few counts, so that it is beneficial. "Nowadays"Our No. 1 Normal School held an evening school","This evening school is designed for rank workers"。"What he teaches is to write letters and settle accounts, which are all things that he needs to use at all times. The handouts are distributed by us, and no money is required. There is no obstacle to attending classes at night and working in the ranks. ""Think, why do we do this? It is nothing more than remembering the sufferings of the listed workers, and wanting to write and calculate them one by one. Why don't you come and register early, and everyone will listen to the lecture? "
On the 14th of November, I wrote a diary of the night study of the alumni association every day, recording the significance of the establishment of the night school, the enrollment method, the curriculum arrangement and the teaching method. Regarding the significance of the establishment of night school, the diary lists four points: 1. The backbone of our current society is actually the majority of the people who have dropped out of school, in order to achieve it"To create new nationals and talents with pioneering ability"The purpose of these people cannot but be educated. 2. Although the people of the country have different talents and circumstances, everyone should have the opportunity to receive education. 3. It can be used as a place for the internship of the third and fourth grade normal students. Fourth, the isolation between the school and society can be broken through night school"The society and the school are united, and the people of the society regard the students as their eyes and ears, and benefit from their prosperity and development according to their guidance; Students regard the people of society as brothers and sisters, and rely on their assistance to carry out the benefits of their aspirations. Over time, everyone in society has graduated from school, and part of the school is a temporary small school, and the whole of society is actually a permanent big school"。
On November 7, the October Revolution broke out, giving rise to the first socialist state. On the 10th, Shanghai's ** reported the news. On 17 July, Changsha's "Ta Kung Pao" also made a report.
On November 9th, the night school officially started, and Fang Weixia, president of the Alumni Association, delivered a speech, explaining the class instructions one by one.
On November 14th, he gave a general knowledge lesson on history to the night class, talking about the general trend of the past dynasties and ancient deeds. On the 21st, he continued to talk about the affairs of the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Sui, and Tang dynasties.
On November 15, the Beiyang warlord Duan Qirui resigned as prime minister. Fu Liangzuo, the governor of Hunan Province, and Zhou Zhaoxiang, the governor of Hunan Province, fled from Changsha. On the 17th, the Hunan and Guangdong-Guizhou coalition forces fought with Wang Ruxian and Fan Guozhang of the Northern Army in Xiangtan. When the warlords of the north and the south were fighting, the northern army was defeated, and the southern army did not reach Changsha, the northern army broke the army Wang Ruxian's department and wandered near the first division. At this time, in the name of the general affairs of the alumni association, the student volunteer army was organized to defend the hills around the school. When the rout moved north, they contacted the police station and shot with their real guns, and the volunteers set off firecrackers to cheer and shout"It's okay to surrender your guns! "The defeated army did not know the truth and panicked, and they disarmed one after another, and the Chamber of Commerce paid for the dismissal. The whole school teachers and students discussed"It's full of guts"。Subsequently, in the name of the First Teacher Alumni Association, the Women's and Children's Relief Association was organized to rescue citizens who were suffering from difficulties due to the war.
In winter, I walked to Wenjia City, Liuyang County, to visit Chen Zanzhou's fellow students, and talked with nearby farmers in the evening, publicized the planting of fruit trees, said that the predecessors planted trees and the people enjoyed the shade, and the predecessors planted trees and the people ate fruits, and planted a few chestnut trees in the iron furnace.
Note: 1 **The book "Principles of Ethics" reviewed by ** was collected by Yang Shaohua, a classmate of Hunan Provincial First Normal School, and later returned to ***
2 The White Waves, namely Miyazaki Inzo, a Japanese who helped and supported the Xinhai Revolution.