Changes in Northern Mongolia after the Tumubao Incident Why did Warat decline so quickly?
The Warat (also known as Oirat) was a Mongol tribe active in the western part of the steppe, and after the fall of the Jin family, it expanded rapidly during the Renxuan period, and even unified the entire steppe for a time. In the orthodox years, after the victory of the Ming Dynasty in the defense of Beijing, the lord of Wara still took the lead in manufacturing"The Rebellion of the Civil Fort", but the loss of the Warat State is actually not large, so what is the reason for the rapid collapse of the Warat State? In fact, the root of the problem lies in the history of the rise of the Warat tribe.
During the Renxuan period, the Jin family declined further, and the Vala family rose rapidly.
In 1368, Emperor Marco Polo-Polo of Yuan Shun saw that he could not resist the large-scale northern expedition of the Ming army, so he ordered the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty to retreat to Shangdu in a hurry, retaining the last trace of power for the Northern Yuan. In order to completely eliminate the threat of the Northern Yuan, Zhu Yuanzhang actively recovered Yunnan and Liaodong at the same time, and sent troops north many times to ensure that the Northern Yuan forces completely withdrew from the Central Plains and turned north into the desert.
In the twenty-first year of Hongwu (1388), Lan Yu led an army of 1.5 million from Daning, fishing in Yanghai to defeat the Mongol Great Khan Tuoba Si Timur, the remnants of the Northern Yuan suffered a devastating blow, Tuoba Si Timur and the crown prince Tianbaonu, the prefect pinched timidly, and the prime minister lost Limen and dozens of people fled to the Tula River area of Hualin Road, Tianbaonu's son, and Dieyi Suer and other generals were hanged together.
After the Battle of Yuyang, the ** family lost its dominance in the minds of the Mongols, most of the Mongolian tribes broke away from the rule of the ** family, and the Mongolian steppe was officially divided into two parts, namely the Warat Department and the Tatar Department; The Tatar part was served as the Great Khan by Marco Polo Gigin Benyazakuri, a descendant of the ** family, but the power was in the hands of the great teacher Arutai; The Warat part is the most important, with Mahmud, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the Ker-Polo. In order to compete for the position of the Mongol Great Khan, the Warats and Tatars often clashed and their power declined.
In the eighth year of Yongle (1409), the counselor Arutai killed the Ming Dynasty envoy Guo Ji. Ming Chengzu Zhu Di was annoyed and angry, and sent the general Qiu Fu to lead an army of 100,000 to the north, but was defeated by Qiu Fu. From the second year onwards, Ming Chengzu Zhu Di conquered Mongolia five times. Under Zhu Di's attack, the Tatars suffered heavy losses, and Khan Benyamuri was killed by Varus.
Due to the successive wars of Chengzu, the national strength of the Ming Dynasty declined seriously, and during the Renxuan period, the Ming Dynasty began to shift from strategic offensive to strategic defense. In the ninth year of Xuande (1434), the leader of Warat, Ju Si Tuhuan, attacked and killed the Tatar khan Marco Porot Gazin Atai and the emperor's adviser Arutai, and in the early years of orthodoxy, he killed the kings of Xianyi and Anle to unify the Mongol Empire, and named Marco Porot Kazin Tokhan as a khan and established himself as the prime minister.
In the fourth year of orthodoxy (1439), Tuoba Huan died and was succeeded by his son Yixian, who was the king of Huai. At this time, the power of Warat was already very strong. In the fourteenth year of orthodoxy (1449), Yixian attacked the Ming Dynasty, and captured the prince and eunuch Zhenyingzong as a hostage, and was defeated in Tumubao, and Ming Yingzong was captured, which is known in history"The Rebellion of the Civil Fort"。
Vallo's rise was fraught with pitfalls, which laid the foundation for his eventual downfall.
The rise of Warat, although it is only a generation of ** family of mother-in-law in the Mengyuan period, does not have a very important historical position, but it cannot have the prestige and charm of the ** family, it can only be conquered by the power of the Mongolian tribes, but this bloody conquest is obviously very unfavorable to its rule.
Warat invaded the Chagatai Khanate, a descendant of the ** family, nominally ruled the Mongols, defeated the Vis Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, and forcibly married the sister of Vis Khan, Princess Hanim. Since Vis Khan was a member of the ** family, this political alliance gave the Warat a strong bloodline sufficient to rule all the Mongols, but the dominance of the Warat was still very fragile.
Although this move maintained the dominance of the Mongol tribes to a certain extent, there were also serious hidden dangers in Warat. Although he is named Khan, the real power is in the hands of Yixian, and Yixian's self-sufficiency and desire for the throne make him not very concerned about consumption, which also laid the foundation for the ** within Warat later.
After Yixian's defeat at the Battle of Beijing, he was forced to negotiate peace with the Ming Dynasty in the first year of Jingtai (1450) because his army did not like war and internal strife. The Ming Ying sect sent Zhu Qizhen to the Ming court to restore normal relations such as tribute and market exchanges, which directly led to the disrepute of Yixian.
Yixian killed Tuoba Buhua and established himself as Khan. Civil strife broke out, and Warat rapidly declined.
In the second year of Gyeongtai (1451), Yoshi-hyun asked Jebe-chan to make his sister's son the crown prince, but Jebe, wanting to take advantage of Yoshi-hyun's fall from grace to avoid his control, refused his request, and the long-standing dispute between the two sides soon erupted into a bitter war.
At first, Tuoba Buhua and his younger brother Ahadorji fought with Yixian, but later the brothers clashed, and Ahadorji defected to Yixian, defeated Tuoba Buhua, and then hid in Ulushaven, but was soon captured and killed by his ex-wife's father, Sha Boliu. Tuoba does not spend after death, to"Heavenly Sage Khan"The self-proclaimed righteous sage and the meritorious Ahadorji did not let the second son of Timur, the king of the fallen country"Ti Yuan"When the dynasty.
After Yixian proclaimed himself Khan, he aroused the discontent of the direct descendants of the Mongol ** family and the tribes they supported. As a result, Yixian turned to the Ming court, hoping for the support of the Ming court, and even declared himself a subject of the Ming court in the fourth year of Jingtai (1453), and although he succeeded in gaining the support of the Ming court, he seriously damaged his reputation.
At the same time, Yixuan's important retainer Aro Zhiyuan asked to defect to the Han chieftain, but Yixuan not only refused, but also killed his two sons Hallum, and Aro Zhiyuan was angry and raised an army to rebel in the sixth year of Jingtai (1455), and Yixuan was assassinated. After Yixun's death, his son, Tsuros Amasanchi, ascended the throne.
In the seventh year of Jingtai (1456), Zheluo-Amasanchi invaded the Chagatai Khanate and defeated Yunnusi Khan at the Ili River. At the same time, Queen Hanim (the sister of Wesi Khan) wreaked havoc in the hinterland, and her two sons, Ibu Zhixin and Iliyas, led an army against Amasanchi, but failed, and Oirat's power was severely weakened.
At the same time as the civil strife in Warat, the descendants of the ** family also rejoined the civil strife and took the opportunity to attack westward, and Warat was forced to retreat from central Mongolia. Due to the continuous decline of the Warrior Division, the League of Ministers finally collapsed in the 22nd year of Jiajing (1543 AD), and the Warrior Department of the Warriors was officially divided into four parts: Dzungaria, Heshut, Turki, and Durbot.