The guild is a relatively independent social organization of regional businessmen and industry businessmen, and the Jin merchant guild is a social organization of autonomy, self-discipline and self-defense of Jin merchants, and is the link to maintain the harmonious development of Jin merchants, which plays an important role in the development of Jin merchants. Due to the economic strength and social influence of the Jin merchants, the management of the social economy often relies on the merchant guild to achieve, so the Jin merchant guild is also the assistant of the social and economic management. The generation, development and activity forms of Jin merchants have many of their own characteristics, and they are also a treasure trove in the culture of Jin merchants.
1. The formation and development of the Jin Commercial Guild.
Guilds have their roots in the custom of folk association. Originally, the "sha" was an autonomous organization centered on godliness that was formed spontaneously in accordance with the will of the people. With the development of commerce, the Han and Tang dynasties implemented the "fang market system", and industrial and commercial households lined up according to commodity categories in a fixed fang market, which was called a line. Tang has 220 lines, and Song has 360 lines. In the Tang Dynasty, a kind of institution that helped each other with affinity, upbringing, and economy appeared in the countryside of Fangxiang - "Sheyi" or "She", and it was popular throughout the country in the seventh year of Tang Tianbao (748). The self-governing societies organized by fellow merchants were the merchant guilds. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, guilds were also called "guilds", "guilds" or "guilds", etc., and sometimes called "gangs" or "guilds". It seems that there is no unified standard for the name of the Jin merchant guild, and each is named according to its own beliefs and preferences. Some were called "she", some were called "guilds", some were later renamed "gongsho" or "guild", and later some were changed to "chamber of commerce".
There are few historical records of when the Shanxi commercial guild took place, but the existing historical materials show that the Jin merchant guild was already very complete during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (mid-16th century). According to Mr. Zhang Zhengming's research, Shanxi people first established guild halls in other places in the Ming Dynasty in the Longqing Wanli era; According to the "Tengyin Miscellaneous Records" volume 6 "Dongcheng": "Shangshu Jia Gong, Zhidi Chongwen Gate outside the east, as a guest house to the pavilion Quwo people, back to Qiaoshan Academy, and cut the south of the house for the Sanjin Hall, and before the capital has the Yanlao Pavilion, Ciren Temple has the Pavilion of Farewell. This Jia Gong is Jia Renyuan, the word Xichi, a native of Wanquan, Shanxi, a Jinshi in the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562), once served as the left waiter of the military department, the assistant of the Beijing camp military administration, and the official of the banquet. When the Jia family was appointed as a Beijing official, the house was outside the Chongwen Gate, and the south of the house was the Sanjin Hall. At that time, the guild hall was small in scale, and its function was mainly a meeting place for Jin scholars in Beijing. Since the implementation of the Kaizhong Law in the Ming Dynasty, the Jin merchants gradually became the most powerful merchant group in the Ming Dynasty, and the Jingshi became an important place for the activities of the Jin merchants. "The Inscription of the Jinji Guild Hall" describes the original reason for the establishment of the guild hall: "The people who have always served the officials, the ** people, and the people who traveled back and forth do not know how many, and the establishment of the guild hall is lacking. ......Although there has always been a guild, and there is no special shrine for worshipping gods, and Shuowang Jidan is clustered, it is impossible to be cold without connecting with it. It was proposed to buy a house in the east of Jiangjia Hutong in Buxiang, which was destroyed and renewed, and thought it was the Yiren Hall. "The earliest era of the founding of the Jin Chamber of Commerce was about the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Shanxi Pingyao pigment merchants established the pigment hall, Qing Dynasty Qianlong six years "construction and repair of the stage canopy inscription" said that "my line of ancestors, the establishment of the door, worship Mei, Ge two immortals, incense is long, from the Ming Dynasty to the national dynasty for more than 100 years", according to 1741 (the sixth year of Qianlong) up to more than 100 years, when the Ming Dynasty Wanli late apocalypse early years. And "Linxiangguan Mountain Right Pavilion Caishen Nunnery Sangong Land Rebuilt Building Completion Monument" contains: "My hometown since the former Ming Dynasty, that is, there is a mountain right hall. In 1767 (the 32nd year of Qianlong), the "Record of Rebuilding the East Pavilion of Linfen" recorded: "Linfen is the capital of Pingyang on the right side of the mountain, and its museum is established in Beijing, since the beginning of the former Ming Dynasty" (see Li Hua's "Selected Industrial and Commercial Inscriptions in Beijing since the Ming and Qing Dynasties"), which shows that the Jin merchants had set up a guild hall in Beijing in the middle and late Ming Dynasty at the latest.
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Jin merchant guild in Beijing had a pigment guild, which was founded by the Pingyao pigment merchant guild in the Ming Dynasty; Linxiang Guild Hall was founded in the Ming Dynasty by the Linfen and Xiangling Oil, Salt and Grain Merchants Guild; Linfen East Pavilion, founded by the Linfen Paper, Dried Fruit, Tobacco, and Grocery Merchants Guild in the Ming Dynasty; Linfen West Pavilion, founded by the Linfen Merchant Guild in the Ming Dynasty; Lu'an Guild Hall, founded in the Ming Dynasty by the Lu'an Copper, Iron, Tin, Charcoal, and Tobacco Merchants' Guild; Hedong Guild Hall, founded by the Shanxi Tobacco Merchants Guild in the Qing Dynasty; The Taiping Guild Hall was founded in the Qing Dynasty by the merchant guild of Taiping County (now Xiangfen County); Jinji Guild Hall, founded by the Shanxi Cloth Merchants Guild in the Qing Dynasty; Tongzhou Jinji Guild Hall, founded by the Shanxi Yicheng Merchant Guild in the Qing Dynasty; Yuxian Guild Hall, founded in the Qing Dynasty by the Shanxi Mengxian Merchant Guild; The Pingding Guild Hall was founded in the Qing Dynasty by the Shanxi Pingding raincoat, money village, and dyeing workshop merchant guild. "After entering the Qing Dynasty, the guild halls set up by the Jin merchants flourished, and there were more than 40 guild halls in Beijing before and after."
Henan credit flag town is located in the upper reaches of the Tang River, south into Hubei Xiangyang (now Xiangfan) into the Han River, straight to Hankou, and north through Wancheng, Pingdingshan, can go directly to Luoyang, Kaifeng, is a "extending in all directions of water and land to rush, two lakes, Jiangxi, Fujian, Anhui, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi nine provinces thoroughfare, is also the middle station of Beijing to Yunnan-Guizhou post road, so Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces businessmen have come here to build houses and set up shops, flow to settle down, so that the credit flag boat and horses, lively extraordinary. ......The most active and powerful businessman in the credit shop is the Shanxi businessman. They were the first to come to the credit flag shop to engage in the north-south transshipment of tea, silk, embroidery, timber, salt, cloth and other commodities, among which tea was the largest commodity operated by Jin merchants. ......The credit flag shop is an important transit station on this 'tea trade route'. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of the first, Shanxi businessmen first created the Jin Chamber of Commerce in the credit store. From the above, it can be seen that the establishment of the Jin Chamber of Commerce in the commercial ports of various towns is the need for business activities. ”
In Kaifeng, Shanxi merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties were very active, they shipped furs and mountains from the northwest to Kaifeng, and transported tea, silk and sugar from the south to the north. In Henan, Shanxi, merchants gathered, and then raised funds to build a Shanxi Traveler Merchant Association in Jinlao Huiguan Street (east of Longting). Later, merchants from Shaanxi and Gansu joined in, and the Shanxi Guild Hall was renamed the Shanxi Gan Guild Hall.
In Liaocheng, Shandong, the towns in the middle section of the Shandong Canal during the Ming and Qing dynasties were the denser distribution areas of Shanxi merchants, among them, Liaocheng and Linqing were the most, and there were also many Shanxi merchants in the counties and towns of Liaocheng, such as Chiping, Dong'e, Guanxian, Nanguantao, Gaotang and Zhangqiu. There are nearly 600,000 immigrants from Shanxi in the Luxi area, of which Dongchang Province accounts for nearly 90% of the total local population. The Taifen Mansion (Guild Hall) in the east of the original Dongguan Mishi Street in Liaocheng was built by the merchants of Taiyuan Mansion and Fenyang Mansion in Shanxi Province during the Kangxi period. There are Shanxi guild halls in Dong'e County, Guanxian Nanguan Tao, Yanggu Acheng Haihui Temple, Yanggu Zhangqiu and other places. Among them, during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Zhiyun, Liang Ruying, etc., Western businessmen, contacted the merchants and donated funds to build the "Golden Dragon King Temple" (guild hall), which was spectacular in scale; Shanxi merchants in the Qing Dynasty established the Shanxi Guild Hall in Zhangqiu Panghe. At the same time, Shanxi merchants also united with merchants from provinces with close geographical relations to form a wider geographical chamber of commerce, such as the Shanxi Guild Hall in Liaocheng, which has been preserved so far.
In Xuzhou, Jin merchants operate pawnshops, medicinal materials, cloth, cotton yarn, tea, salt industry, restaurants, etc., and many famous Jin merchants are active: Ren Dashun, Wang Guangsheng, Jin Tai, Jin He, etc., among which Zhao's Jinfeng pawnshop is the largest, more than 100 practitioners are all Shanxi people, the pawnshop has accumulated huge property because of the three generations of grandparents and grandchildren, and purchased more than 1,000 houses. In 1742 (the seventh year of Qianlong), the Shanxi people, who had a particularly strong sense of fellow villagers, expanded and repaired the Xiangshan Shrine at the eastern foot of Yunlong Mountain in the southern suburbs of Xuzhou into a public house of the guild hall, and raised funds to purchase more than two hectares of land in Sanbao in the south of Xuzhou (now belonging to Tongshan County), and used the income as the guild hall funds. The Xiangshan Shrine was changed to the Shanxi Guild Hall, and the two gods of water and fire in the original shrine were no longer worshipped, but the Emperor Guan Gong was respected. Later, three large-scale reconstructions and expansions were carried out in 1752 (the 17th year of Qianlong) and 1825 (the 5th year of Daoguang (the 13th year of Guangxu).
In Suzhou, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, a large number of Shanxi businessmen came to Suzhou, they were not familiar with the place, the communication was inconvenient, and the business competition was fierce. One is the Quanjin Hall, and the other is the Yicheng Hall that was destroyed early. In 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom approached Suzhou, and the Qing army was defeated and set fire outside the city, and this was built in 1765 (the 30th year of Qianlong). After the defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Jin merchants rebuilt the hall, from 1879 (Guangxu five years) to the first year, successively repaired for more than 30 years, before it has today's scale, covering an area of about 6,000 square meters, there are merchants to discuss, board, inventory room, for the short-term to Suzhou to contact the affairs of the Jin merchants boarding, inventory, and in Suzhou bankrupt and unemployed Jin merchants borrowed, Wanshou Nunnery or parked in the place where the coffin of the deceased Su Jin merchants, every year by the hall sent a special ship to move the coffin back to the homeland.
The Jin merchant guild in the city of naturalization was built in the Qing Dynasty and is mostly called "she". There are leather societies and leather merchants' guilds; Xianweng Society, Wine and Rice Merchants' Guild; Victory Society, Butcher Merchants' Guild; Yaowang Society, Pharmaceutical Business Association; Spike Society, shoe repair merchants' guild; Paper House Society, Paper Merchants Guild; Jujin Society, department store merchants' guild; Hair Salon, Barber Trade Guild; Golden Furnace Society, Iron Merchant Guild; Luban Society, Wood Industry and Wood Merchants Association; Wu Zhenshe, Paint Merchants' Guild; Garment Society, Garment Industry Guild; Collections, pawnshop merchants' guilds; Baofeng Society, Qianzhuang Commercial Guild; banking associations, ticket number merchant associations; Xinzhou Society, Xinzhou Merchant Guild; Taigu Society, Taigu Merchant Guild and so on.
In Gansu on the ancient Silk Road, since the Song and Yuan dynasties, there were Shanxi merchants who went to Gansu to sell mules, horses, and white felt, or from Gansu to the Western Regions, or opened businesses in Gansu. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of Shanxi people went to Gansu to do business, and most of the Shanxi guilds here were built in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty during the Kangxi and Qianlong periods, such as the Shanxi Guild Hall, the Sanjin Guild Hall, and the Shanxi Guild Hall of Tianshui and Zhangye. Lanzhou Yongdeng County Red Town is out of Lanzhou westward second stop, since ancient times the business is prosperous, there are many shops, most of the operators are Shanxi, Shaanxi businessmen, among which the larger Shanxi cloth merchants have Tianchengfu, Xinyide, Juxingkui, Jin Xingkui, Dashuncheng and other 15, Jin merchants built Kuching Hall here, Shanxi Hall, set up Jinmei Primary School and Jinnan Pu Opera Troupe.
With the expansion of Jin merchants' activities, the Jin Chamber of Commerce continues to develop, "according to incomplete statistics, in addition to the Jin merchants in Beijing set up many halls, but also in Tianjin, Shandong Liaocheng, Guantao County, Dong'e, Jinan, Shanghai, Jiangsu Yangzhou, Jiangsu Nanjing, Jiangsu Suzhou, Jiangsu Shengze Daguan Wei, Jiangsu Shengze West Yangwei, Jiangsu Zhenjiang, Hubei Hankou, Hubei Zhongxiang, Hubei Dangyang, Hubei Yunxi, Hubei Suizhou, Hubei Jiangling, Hubei Public Security, Hubei Shashi, Zhejiang Hangzhou, Henan Zhechuan, Henan Shunyang, Henan Luoyang, Henan Kaifeng, Henan credit, Guangdong Foshan, Guangdong Guangzhou, Hunan Changsha, Hunan Xiangtan, Guangxi Nanning, Qinghai Xining, Xinjiang Balikun, Anhui Wuhu, Anhui Wuyang, Jilin, Shenyang, Chongqing, Sichuan Chengdu, Sichuan Guan County, Fujian Fuzhou, Inner Mongolia Duolunuoer and other places have halls, Qing Dynasty Jin Chamber of Commerce almost all over the country, commercial ports. ”
Judging from the names of the Jin merchant guilds in various places, they can be divided into two categories, one is formed by their hometown, because they are doing business and are far away from their hometowns and relatives, they must care for each other and unite as one to defend against bullying by outsiders and smoothly engage in commercial activities; One type is a guild formed by the bond of occupation, named after the god worshipped, named after the profession, named after auspicious words, and named after faith and righteousness. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 39 chambers of commerce organized by industry and 13 chambers of commerce organized by nationality.
The Jin merchant guild has many idols worshiped by its own industry, such as the livestock line worships the horse king, the wine and rice shop is for Li Bai and Du Kang, the iron shop is for the king, the paper shop is for Cai Lun, the Li hair is for Luo Zu, the paint and paste line is for Wu Daozi, the shoe repair shop is for Sun Bin, the meat shop is for Zhang Fei, the ticket number is for the Virgin of Jinhua, the silver money line is for the four kings of the golden dragon, etc., as a link or spiritual pillar of connection, but there is no chamber of commerce that does not worship Emperor Guan, Emperor Guan is the idol of the Jin merchants, they generally hold meetings in the temple of Emperor Guan, It is the office of the Jin Commercial Guild.
Henan Wuyang North Wudu Shanxi Hall has a piece of "the creation of the opera floor tablet" said the reason why Shanxi businessmen worship Guan Yu, the original inscription said: "There is Confucius on the left side of the mountain, the morality is higher than Wanshan, the world values its text, but there is a text for the scriptures, there must be a martial arts for the weft." But I Guan Yu was born on the right side of the mountain, Shi in the Han Dynasty, the merit covers the world, the three armies of the Shenwu crown, especially the candle Dadan, the big festival hangs in the annals of history, Tao Zu is comparable to Confucius, bow to the martial master said, protect the country and bless the people, from the middle to the outside, so far the whole world has flesh and blood, do not respect the relatives, the three Jin Dynasty businessmen ** on the dream of the gods to protect the invincible, Si Yang replied in case of the Buddha statue to express sincerity (the following words are not clear) Yongzheng eight years of October in the Huan". The "Sacrificial Regulations" of the Beijing Linxiang Guild Hall can be seen in the diversity of beliefs of the sacrificial guilds.
Beijing's Linxiang Hall Ritual Regulations:
On the second day of the first month, sacrifice to the God of Wealth.
On March 15th, the Xuantan Christmas Festival was held.
On May 13th, Emperor Guan's Christmas was celebrated.
On June 22nd and 23rd, the Christmas of the King of Horses and the Christmas of the Fire Emperor were celebrated.
On the first day of the seventh month, worship the sauce ancestor and vinegar aunt.
On July 22, the God of Wealth is celebrated.
On August 18, celebrate the Christmas of the Wine Fairy.
On September 18, the God of Wealth was worshipped.
October 1st, God of Strips.
On the Chinese New Year's Eve at the end of each lunar year, the Holy Spirit is honored.
In 1903 (the 29th year of Guangxu), the Qing Dynasty set up the "Ministry of Commerce" and promulgated the "Chamber of Commerce". In 1007 (the 33rd year of Guangxu), the Qing Dynasty set up a general association of commerce in Beijing, and branches were set up in various provinces, and semi-official institutions that led various "industries" or "trade unions" were set up in various places - chambers of commerce, which were called "commercial offices", "commercial trade unions" and "commercial offices". So far, the name of the national unified chamber of commerce has gradually spread to all industries across the country. In 1915, Beiyang** promulgated the "Chamber of Commerce Law". In 1929, the Law on Industrial and Commercial Trade Unions was promulgated, which stipulated that the "guilds", "offices" and "guilds" of various industries were changed to "trade unions" on the date of promulgation of this law, and were organized and led by the local chambers of commerce.
Second, the organization and system of the Jin Commercial Guild.
Small Lines vs. Big Lines.
Jin Commercial Guild is divided into single association (society) and association (society), and the single association (society) is a single industry organization, called "small line" or "line", and acts independently. A federation (society) is a consortium of several associations (societies) that are united into a consortium, with a common head and office, and manage common affairs, which is called "Daxing".
Most of the participants of the "small line" are not divided into masters or apprentices, and the management or labor parties participate together; A small number are composed of pure management or pure labor. The Luban Society in Naturalization City is a labor-management cooperative, both master and apprentice can participate, and the shopkeeper and his partner are in one club, with a good relationship and working together. There are also labor-management cooperatives that have gradually changed and changed to be separated, such as the Yihe Society in Salaqi, Inner Mongolia, which is a labor-management cooperative, but around 1829 (the ninth year of Daoguang), the labor-management was separated, and the management formed the paper house society, and the labor party formed the Gongyi Society, which still had a good relationship, and worked in the same place, often issuing unified announcements through negotiation to maintain their business relations. The head of the "small line" is also called the deacon, one is the first deacon, or one is the second deputy, and there is another secretary, called the temple, to deal with the affairs of the meeting. Some small banks also have "righteous land" or "fragrant grain land", which is rented to local farmers, and its income is used as a guild fund, and the righteous land is also used as a public cemetery after the death of the members of the association. In addition to the income of the "fragrant grain land", the income of the guild also includes donations from various firms, and the amount of donations depends on the size of the capital and business conditions of each number. The expenses are mainly the living expenses of the treasury personnel (monks, Taoist masters), and the expenses of guild affairs. These funds are often deposited in firms and banks to earn interest before they have been collected and disbursed, and their finances are open.
The head of the "big bank" is the head of the big bank, and the head of the "small bank" will take turns to serve as the obligatory, and its prestige and qualification are not determined by personal ability, but by the status of the "small bank" where they are located. Every spring temple fair, the head of the big guild is re-elected, and the term of office is generally one year. The "big line" of the naturalization city is the association of the twelve lines, which was established before the Yongzheng year of the Qing Dynasty, and has become the association of the fifteen societies at the end of the Qianlong Dynasty, and was renamed the business office at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and people still habitually call it the "big line". Under the head of the "big bank", there are also a number of clerks to deal with the affairs of the association. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, some big banks also had their own armed guards, also known as merchant groups. In addition to dealing with business activities, they even assist the local government, patrolling and arresting criminals." "For a long time, Baotou has been maintained by the 'Daxing' of the Guandi Temple and the 'Farm Society' of the Donghe River using the 'Liangshan' of the 'Dead Man's Valley'." Duan Jingzhai, the last manager of the famous Dashengkui firm, became the chairman of the business of Guihua City and then the head of the Baoshang Regiment, which had two regiments, a Mongolian cavalry regiment and a Han cavalry regiment. Zhang Lianhui, a merchant in Xugou, was in Chenzhou, Henan, and when the activities of the Twisting Army approached Chenzhou, he mobilized merchants in the guild to donate money, organized the army, and assisted the regular troops of the Qing Dynasty to fight.
Guild system. The goal of the Jin Merchants Guild can be explained in the constitution of the Shanxi Ticket Number Merchants Guild in Beijing: "The establishment of the Chamber of Commerce is to liaise with the industry and communicate widely. China's business sentiment is said to be scattered, but it is just competing for profit in the same industry. As everyone knows, one person has little wisdom, and even if he can compete for profit, he is not geometrical, and he does not do it for the greatest. If we can meet and discuss from time to time, and express what we see, we will be able to get clever organs and make huge profits. That is, one person is beyond the reach of each other, and they believe in each other. It's not hard to work together to gather the benefits of brainstorming. It is scheduled for the beginning of each month.
1. The 15th and 2th days are the period of the General Assembly, and the meeting is allowed to meet at 11 o'clock in the morning and discontinue at 1 o'clock in the afternoon, and the deacons of the same industry gather to attend the meeting, and those who are beneficial to business or sick to business can be decided fairly, and the majority of them can be approved and implemented. If there is an important matter in the industry, the directors of the Chamber of Commerce can be informed of the situation, and leaflets can be distributed and held at any time for regular meetings. ”
Therefore, the "main purpose of the guild is to provide mutual harmony in social life and to provide financial assistance, that is, the so-called protection of the common good." Faith itself is an idea thing, but the center of 'society' must depend on faith. Pingyao pigment line in the Qing Dynasty Qianlong six years in the Beijing hall inscription said: "It is difficult for the founder of the husband, and it is not easy for the person who follows his will." I line the Zhu generation, the establishment of the Dumen, worship Meimei, Ge Xianweng, the incense is long, from the Ming Dynasty to the dynasty, more than 100 years. The inscription of Beijing Linxiang Hall reads: "Friends live in one of the five Lun, within the four seas, and they are all brothers." However, those who belong to the same well are more appropriate; It is especially good to meet him in another country. Then they raised a place for their fellow villagers to gather, a place to stop the coffin, and a permanent fund for the husband. Therefore, the construction of the guild hall Yiyuan property was started. The meaning is beautiful, and the law is good. Each donated money, bought the foundation, and built the ,...... of the associationTo talk about hometown friendship, communication, peace and travel, business is a grand event". It can be seen that the goal of the Jin Chamber of Commerce is to contact fellow villagers, implement self-management, restrain peers, and protect the interests of peers. In short, autonomy, self-discipline, self-defense. Since it is self-governing, it is natural to take a belief as the spiritual pillar, and to realize the connection and self-restraint through the worship of the gods of the industry. At the same time, there is a common guild discipline to be observed. The discipline of the guild is the rules of the association, and all those who establish the association (society) must have their own rules (society).
Guild Rules. The rules of the association (society) are also known as "regulations". It mainly stipulates the obligations, behaviors, membership dues and penalties of members. Here are a few examples from which you can see some of the rules of the Jin Chamber of Commerce.
In 1895 (the twenty-first year of Guangxu) on the thirteenth day of the first month of the first month, ten gangs of businessmen in Shanxi and Shaanxi jointly discussed the management regulations of the Shanxi Guild Hall, and there were 13 articles, the contents of which were mainly as follows:
1) All income and expenditure books, houses, furniture, vegetable gardens, foundations, and application of labor shall be attributed to the annual operating commission.
2) The hall should be kept clean and hygienic, and idlers are not allowed to enter the hall on normal days.
3) It is not allowed to help borrow the hall to act, and if there is favoritism, the punishment will be severed.
4) The lighting furniture in the museum is not allowed to be lent, and those who violate it will be punished.
5) Lock the door at 10 o'clock in the evening, if there is a banquet lantern show until 12 o'clock, except for the water dragon rescue, it is not allowed to open and close arbitrarily, such as the violator will be driven out of the museum.
6) The hall is most careful with the lights, and then my various gang names will be acting in the hall, and the master of the show will be the temple stage should be extinguished by the lights and candles at the end of the show, so as to show caution, such as violating the punishment.
7) Regardless of the thickness of the goods in the museum, they are not allowed to dry in order to show respect.
8) It is not difficult for the secretary and abbot of the museum to stay overnight, and it is not allowed to withdraw money and goods outside.
9) The water dragon is prepared, if there is an accident, the time out of the hall and other liquor funds are all implemented according to the regulations.
10) Offering incense, long-term magic lamp, is the abbot should do things, after the day by day long incense, to be respectful to worship, every time the meeting to offer incense and wine, since the abbot serves, the New Year festival three days, the monks have greedy and idle fake hands others, it is disrespectful, after self-discussion, the abbot two take turns to hold incense in the temple to serve in order to show sincerity.
11) All the librarians should be cautious and cautious, and those who are able to do things should be full, and they should not be indiscriminate. The inner and outer doors and alleys of the museum are cleaned every day, and the social property and housing affairs of the museum are allocated by the seniors, and the rent will not be slackened. Idlers are not allowed to drink and play in the museum, causing trouble. The streets and alleys outside the museum are not allowed to collect waste and set up stalls for gambling. Librarians are not allowed to show favoritism and conceal their claims. If you dare to disobey the rules of the museum, favoritism and laziness, you will be reprimanded.
12) The conference is on duty, and the top ten gangs take turns to hold the second year of the year. Today, the increase in foreign exchange industry, the fourth day of each year. With the gradual increase in ritual production, the museum affairs are complicated. Every year on the eighth day of the fourth month, the silver deposit is revealed, and all the sacrificial vessels and sacrifices are deed under the bus, and the service period is clear and thorough, and there is no extension.
13) The abbot of the monk was originally to offer incense, the daily long incense lamp, to be respectful, the temple incense case is cleaned every day during the meeting, and the temple is cleaned and cleaned in the temple to serve, so that the scholars and businessmen are respectful, and they are not allowed to go out to play casually on weekdays.
In 1785 (the 50th year of Qianlong), the "Jin Shang Grocery Store" in Wuyang, Henan Province and Beiwudu discussed the rules of the grocery business, and set up a monument in the guild hall to remember. The following is an excerpt from the rules of conduct:
Buying goods must not be piled up, it is necessary to weigh them one by one, and the offender will be fined fifty taels of silver.
It is forbidden to divide the partners with others, and if the offender violates it, he will be fined fifty taels of silver.
It is not allowed to meet customers along the road, and if you violate it, you will be fined 50 taels of silver.
The price of the goods shall not fall within this month, and the offender shall be fined 50 taels of silver.
Do not block the way outside the door to meet guests, let the guests vote, such as violators fined 50 taels of silver.
It is not allowed to fake the name and surname to stay in the guest, and if the offender is violated, he will be fined fifty taels of silver.
The settlement shall not be privately conceded, and the offender shall be fined fifty taels of silver.
It is not allowed to seduce customers to buy goods in other people's stores, and if you violate the rules, you will be fined 50 taels of silver.
It is not allowed to set up a signboard at the door of the storehouse, only write a store's store, and if the offender is fined 50 taels of silver.
On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month every year, all the performances are fully furnished, and those who violate them are not allowed to operate.
If there is a new bank, you must first pay 50 taels of official money to the store for dinner, and you need money for food.
The fiftieth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty was September 17.
The grocery stores in the town stand together.
In 1828 (the eighth year of Daoguang), the Beijing Pigment Guild formulated a code of conduct that said: "The former is due to the transactions in the industry, and the weighing is said to disturb the ancients." Therefore, the four poles of the public scale were calibrated, and the silver weight was placed at that time. Later, the people's hearts were often not ancient, so it was agreed to buy four new silver weights, each weighing fifty-two points, and send the four cities for public use. In the future, the price of silver will be directly exchanged with the new silver weight, which is no different to say. Today, because there are old rules in the industry, the matter of oil has been agreed. Outside oil, sincerely offer three dollars of temple incense, in order to be used in front of the gods. After the rules were established, everyone was happy. Recently, people have been cunning in their hearts, and they have bought and sold oil widely, and they do not report their actions in real numbers. If there are shameless people, who do not follow the rules, sell less at a short price, hide the number of baskets, find out on a different day, and be willing to be punished, a play in front of the gods, and a banquet is fully prepared, and no different words are allowed. If not, change to cunning, and have their own public opinion. If the audit is not carried out, the rules will be disobeyed, and the gods will not supervise it. Warning, warning".
In 1892 (the ninth year of Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty), the "New Regulations Tablet" of the Luban Society of Naturalization City recorded: "Because the world is not ancient, the people's hearts are not aligned, and there are many people who are indebted to the sacraments. My Luban Society has a long history, it belongs to the ancestor victory meeting, and the generosity is hidden and omitted, so that the head of the association repeatedly suffers, if it is not tidy, the social affairs will decline. We couldn't bear to sit idly by, so we agreed to make new regulations, strictly responsible for the shopkeepers and foremen, and Dong Qishi was at the first ,...... of the annual meetingSo that shameless work, know its new rules, have some fear, and the disadvantages of concealing cover in the past, can be eliminated, and now the new regulations are listed on the left, so as to be immortal forever. "The following four social regulations: first, the shop households and other 14 money cards, the number of money listed above, the head of the annual meeting each holds a card, according to the street door to collect one week; The second is that the people in the shop measure their capital and business and give alms, and the apprentices who have just graduated from the school are limited to two days' wages per month; the third is the head of the masonry, wood, and masonry, and each person saves money with 50 yuan per month; Fourth, temporary workers will be deducted from the delivery by the foreman according to two days' wages, as well as the receipt of the signature payment, and it is also stipulated that if the head of the annual meeting and the temple do not seriously converge, they will be fined ten pounds of candles, and the members of the society who should pay the payment will not be fined five pounds of candles, and so on. "If there is a person who does not obey the law, everyone will be punished."
The "Hui Guild Rules" of Beijing Shanxi Ticket Number Merchants stipulate that China's foreign exchange silver number, in addition to the exchange of silver, there are things that are accommodating and borrowing with officials and merchants, and the amount of interest and silver is different. Regardless of official or business, if there is a refund after the establishment of the evidence, it is agreed that the exchange fee will not be refunded; China's exchange of silver is based on bills and letters, and transactions are based on folded strips; China's exchange of silver taels should be collected and paid in the local currency, and the two should not lose each other, etc. Check the rules of a large number of guilds, each of which is similar to each other, all of which are industry discipline and punishment for violations, so I will not repeat them.