In addition, Jin Shang also organized staff to practice martial arts. In order to solve the security problem of material transportation and currency liquidation, the Jin merchants created the dart game, and the dart master required a very strong martial art. Moreover, martial arts have dual functions of fitness and offense and defense. Many people in the Jin merchants also practiced martial arts on their own to strengthen their defense. Shanxi is the birthplace of China's Xinyiquan and Xingyiquan, and has always been encouraged and supported by local wealthy businessmen.
The Chamber of Commerce subsidizes the needy people and buys land to establish a "fragrant grain land". Businessmen who have no means of livelihood after a failed business can be subsidized and cared for. Xining, Suzhou, Beijing and other places have public cemeteries for Shanxi merchants. When an employee dies, the Chamber of Commerce will issue information to settle the matter.
Patriarchal Binding and Guarantee
The use of patriarchal relationship constraints is a characteristic of Jinshang's human resource management. The Jin merchants used traditional Confucian culture to establish their own restraint mechanisms. Confucian culture has three characteristics that are conducive to the establishment of a restraint mechanism: emphasizing the distinction between respect and inferiority and the concept of obedience, "the monarch, the minister, the father, the son", and the subordinate obeys the superior; that it is a supreme morality to restrain the greedy nature in human instinct; Loyalty is the core of ethics and morality, "people do not stand without trust", "they are entrusted by people, and they are loyal to people".
The restraint mechanism of Jinshang is based on the principle of employing people. The principle of employing people is to use the township without relatives, to select the best to sponsor, and to promote exceptionally. Use the township without relatives, use the township is to use the hometown to strengthen cohesion, and the hometown, know the roots, the fallen leaves return to the roots, someone misbehaves in the number and is expelled from the number, not only cut off the family's financial road, but also insult the face of the ancestors, the family is not followed, can not enter the ancestral grave. The use of the township is to facilitate restraint, and the use of relatives is to strictly manage the system, especially the third master (young master, aunt, uncle); Merit-based sponsorship, merit-based is the selection of excellent talents; Sponsorship is the implementation of the guarantee system, apprentices, employees into the firm, generally have the status of the local people to recommend, and need to be a solid shop for the guarantee, if the guarantor has an accident, not only affect the reputation of the guarantor, the guarantor is also responsible for economic compensation, which is also an effective constraint.
Trade name gauge
In the operation, Jinshang attaches great importance to the establishment and improvement of various internal rules and regulations of the enterprise, and takes it as a number of regulations, requiring the upper and lower levels to comply with the implementation. Although the rules and regulations are different from each other, they are basically the same in several main aspects, which are the management of people, money and materials, the requirements and norms for employees' conduct and ethics, and the regulations on business procedures and compliance with the code of conduct for employees.
For example, in the management of people, almost all business names stipulate that: no one in the number is allowed to bring family members; It is not allowed to borrow long and short debts; Do not embezzle all property in the number; shall not concurrently engage in other businesses; Prostitution, gambling and opium smoking are strictly prohibited; It is forbidden to receive personal relatives and friends; It is not allowed to visit the trumpet unless it is due to the number; When going home to visit relatives, you are not allowed to sit at the house of the treasurer and the shopkeeper, and you are not allowed to give gifts to the treasurer and the treasurer; If there is a wedding or funeral celebration in the number, friends are not allowed to give gifts to each other, nor are they allowed to borrow money from each other or cause trouble outside; If there is any fault, they shall not pass the buck to each other; Those who fight, play right and wrong, form a gang for personal gain, and do not listen to the dispatch will be dismissed, and those with outstanding achievements among the employees will be rewarded, etc. For apprentices, they are required not to return home for 3 years, and visit relatives every 3 years (later changed to 1 year) after leaving the school; Employees are not allowed to marry in the place of employment; Workshop craftsmen and herding workers are hired and are not employed in the account. The regulations of some general offices also stipulate that in addition to learning the general knowledge of doing business in the first three years of the first 10 years of apprenticeship, they must also go to Mongolia to study in Mongolia for three years to learn the Mongolian language and local living habits, and then learn how to do business with the Mongolians, and memorize the business routes and accommodation locations.
Among all the rules and regulations, it is worth mentioning some restrictions on the behavior of financial owners and the requirements for professional ethics of employees. For example, the Caidong can only exercise his power at the time of settlement, and is not allowed to eat and lodging in the number, borrow money, or instruct the personnel in the account to do things for himself, and shall not interfere in the personnel of the number. In the 1904 "Five Rules and Regulations of the Accounts of the Zhongdong", it is clearly stipulated that "the owner is not allowed to recommend the position of the owner, and if it is really difficult to push, it is allowed to recommend it to another number, and the person who is now in the number, no matter what kind of relatives and partners have with the owner, must be taken to the public **, and favoritism is not allowed." In terms of business, the relevant subordinate relationship stipulates that "all semicolons belong to the general number", "the semicolon manager shall be selected by the general number of people with excellent qualifications, carry various elements such as the general number stamp weight, and the capital shall be deposited in the general number, and when the semicolon is established, no additional capital will be issued, and only a certain amount of capital and start-up fees will be given to Sichuan. "The capital is stored in the general number, and the profit is also calculated in the general number. After the opening of the semicolon, when the business needs money, it will be received by other semicolons, and the overall planning will be carried out, regardless of the domain, and adhere to the eight-character principle of "making money and making money, and turning tired and fast". In terms of staffing, with the main purpose of "not hindering the progress of business", the establishment of the firm's personnel adheres to the principle of "employing people according to things, and never using people according to things". The general manager is in charge of all affairs, and the deputy manager assists the general manager in handling all affairs, which is divided into sales, clerical, accounting, and diplomatic groups. In addition to the detailed provisions on the scope of their business and tasks, special emphasis is placed on "honesty and non-deception, pragmatism and truth-seeking" as an important code of ethics for the profession. For example, in the "New Regulations of 1884" of the Dade Pass, it is clearly instructed that "all wharves should not discuss ticket loans and cargo affairs, although they should settle their accounts for profit and profit, but for the sake of motivating talents, there is a big difference between them, and they always seek truth from facts, and those who have not suffered from them will be meritorious." If you only care about your own profits, do not worry about other victims, and make an overall plan, the intention of the Grand Duke is ......All the wharves are full of money, buying and selling short, and the number is forbidden, and if there is a violator, the number will be issued immediately. ”[31]
From the above regulations, it can be seen that the internal management of the enterprise is quite strict. The strict internal control system has put an end to the occurrence of internal private fraud, and has played a favorable role in guaranteeing and promoting the prosperity of the Jin merchants.
Management talent selection
Jinshang enterprises employ people with the standard of understanding faithfulness. They think: "Those who win souls are prosperous, and the political world is true, but the business world is not the only one!" After recruiting apprentices according to certain standards, they need to go to the designated semicolon on foot, first become an apprentice, and do not have seats for three years, and are not allowed to go home. After the sage left the school, he was appointed as a full-time person, and the unsage was sent home. After years of practical business tests, we will select and appoint talents, entrust important tasks, and hire people regardless of their personal feelings. "Meritocracy" also includes knowing people and being good at their jobs, assigning jobs according to the talents of talents, and transferring them to semicolon managers (shopkeepers); Those who show off their talents are allowed to be clerks. Meng Ziyuan, the manager of the co-celebration ticket number, chose Zhao Houtian, "Adventure Gusu, emergency Gaolan (Lanzhou), back to Chengdu and Chongqing for more than 20 years, can make the overall labor stable and successful, all rely on Zhao Jun's strength." "The business development of each business relies on a large number of outstanding talents who are good at financial management, and the discovery and reuse of outstanding talents have also developed Shanxi's business.
Jin Shang believed, "Mortals are in danger of mountains and rivers, and it is difficult to know the sky, so it is impossible to know the way of employing people without experiments." Far away is easy to deceive, far away and look at its loyalty; If you are near, you will be easy, and you will be respectful when you are near; Annoyance is difficult to understand, annoyance and look at its ability; The pawn is difficult to distinguish, and the pawn is to observe its wisdom; Anxious and easy to refresh, anxious to observe its letter; Wealth is easy to be greedy, and the wealth is entrusted to see its benevolence; The danger also changes, and the danger is observed in order to observe the festival; If it is long and lazy, it will be easy to be lazy, and the shift period will be two years to see its laziness; Miscellaneous places are easy to promiscuous, sent to the prosperity to see its color, the period is in practice or grinding is not gravel, nirvana is not purified, it is enough to do big things. Therefore, in the No. 1, it cannot be asserted that all people are loyal, respectful, capable, wise, faithful, benevolent, temperate and well-behaved, but it is difficult for unscrupulous people to gain a foothold. [32] Only in this way can talents be tested and tempered in practice, and such talents can also contribute to the development of enterprises.
3. The art of management
In the long-term business activities, Jin merchants have gradually accumulated and summarized a set of their own business art, which is mainly as follows:
Maintain goodwill, credit first
Jin Shang regards goodwill as the root of life, insists on credit first, and must be down-to-earth in doing business, do not take risks, make no pride, lose money and not be discouraged, and would rather lose money than do things that tarnish the signboard of the business. For example, Qiaojia Baotou Fusheng Oil Mill in Qi County, transported sesame oil back to Shanxi for sale, and the handling workers adulterated in the oil for the sake of profits. Fusheng west shop in the Xianfeng year shopkeeper set up a tent to enlarge the bucket scale, than the city to add one percent, the public rushed to the number to buy. There are many records in the historical materials of the Jin Dynasty that do not hesitate to lose money and ensure the credibility of the enterprise. People from all over the country buy Jin Shang goods, only recognize the trademark, not return. It is precisely because of the integrity of Jin merchants and the prevention of fraud that their reputation in the business world is flourishing and business is prosperous.
Judging the situation, people abandon me and take it
During the Warring States period, the big businessman Bai Gui summarized the management technique as "people abandon me and take me, and people take me and I am". Jin merchants are quite good at this, they have a business proverb: "Tun has the right goods, and when you make money"; "People call people, wait and see, goods call people, and they will come with a nod. Wang Haifeng, a merchant in Puzhou in the Ming Dynasty, when most of the people in Puzhou went west to Qinlong, east to Huaizhe, and southwest to Sichuan to do business, he carefully thought about it and went to the Changluyan area where people did not want to go to do business. At that time, due to the collusion between bureaucrats and dignitaries, powerful and treacherous gentry, the transportation and marketing of this salt area could not be carried out normally, and the merchants left one after another. However, on the basis of understanding the history of transportation and sales in the salt area and the salt administration, Wang Haifeng judged the situation and decisively decided to do business in the Changlu salt area, and put forward a proposal to rectify the salt system and put an end to smuggling. Later, after the rectification of the Changlu salt area, the transportation and distribution of salt prospered again, and the salt merchants flocked to it, and the tax revenue of the Changlu salt area also increased more than three times compared with the past. Tuzhang Siwei of the Ming Dynasty University said: "The prince of Haifeng is also a Xiongqi person." ......I have a plan in my chest, I take what people abandon, and I take what people go. "There is also Yuxian businessman Zhang Zhi, you are good at judging the situation, "Shiyi hat Jia is known as a felt crown in the south, the value of Wu Sangui is anti, the stalk does not dare to go, Zhi out of the cheap to receive its goods resolutely to, to the halfway to the appropriate domain flattened, the country Yanwu Xiuwen, the goods are sold like flowing water,......The family is rich because of this. Wang Qianguang, a Hongdong man, operates Shandong salt, "Accumulated ten thousand gold, when the salt luck is disadvantaged, I know that I can't do it, but I decided to abandon it." After Shandong Salt is tired, the business is in great difficulty, and people are in danger, Shi Qianguang has been thankful for a long time, and he is not harmed, and everyone is obedient to Qianguang's vision. "Yangcheng Wang Re" is heavy-hearted, wise and slight, less Jia is outside, not a few years, and he is on the side of Zixiong. "There is also Wang Hai", the young from his father Jia Henan ,......Talent is sensitive, resourceful and brave". These examples illustrate that being good at judging the situation is a necessary condition for success in business.
Pay attention to information and flexible marketing
Jinshang attaches great importance to understanding market information, material shortages and other factors affecting business through various channels. They have a business proverb that says: "Buying and selling losses and profits, ** accounts for half." The preface of the "* Taigu County Chronicle" said that the Taigu merchants "are very good at planning, good at billions of times, and are trustworthy and hard-working, especially the characteristics of the Gu people, and they have been in the middle of the Qing Dynasty since the Ming Dynasty, and the traces of the merchants have traveled several times." Being able to "keep a plan and make a good fortune" is related to the fact that they have the right information.
The market is changing rapidly, consumer requirements are constantly changing, on the basis of a full understanding of market information, only flexible business activities, good at organizing the most needed sources of goods for customers, in order to achieve both purchase and sales. For example, Dashengkui has experienced more than 200 years of long-term success, and one of the experiences is that the organization of goods is targeted and the marketing method is flexible. Mongolian herdsmen mainly eat meat and like to drink brick tea, so Dashengkui set up his own tea house to process brick tea to meet the needs of herdsmen. Mongolian herders like to wear strong and durable twill; Da Shengkui organized a large number of supplies to meet the needs of the world, and the fabrics were pulled into Mongolian robes of different sizes according to the habits of Mongolian herdsmen, which were purchased by Mongolian herdsmen at will. Da Shengkui is specially processed and customized in accordance with the habits of herdsmen and lamas. Therefore, as long as Mongolian herdsmen see that it is a commodity of Dasheng Kuiji, they rush to buy it. Mongolian herders live a nomadic life, with irregular settlements and scattered residents. Da Shengkui used the form of mobile ** to form a camel caravan and went deep into the tents where Mongolian herdsmen lived to do business, which was very convenient for Mongolian herdsmen. The monetary economy in Mongolia's pastoral areas was underdeveloped, so Da Shengkui adopted the method of bartering and selling on credit, and even did not collect cash when due, but repaid the herdsmen's sheep, horses, cattle, camels, animal products, skins, etc. at a discount. Due to the targeted supply organization and flexible marketing methods, Dashengkui has achieved great success in its business activities in the Mongolian steppe.
Combined with sales and marketing
Jin merchants are engaged in non-local trafficking**, communicate production and consumption, not only need to understand the consumption habits, consumption level, and market capacity of the place of sale, but also know the product performance, specifications, varieties, output and selling price of the place of origin. In order to ensure goodwill, improve service quality, expand business, and stabilize the production and marketing relationship, it is naturally very important. For example, as a large number of export tea, Pingqitai businessmen mostly set up tea processing factories in Yanglou Division and Yangloudong in Hunan, Lu'an in Anhui, Wuyishan in Fujian and other places, or purchase tea mountain products in a package, process and package them in a unified package, and affix their own trade name trademarks. After arriving at the place of sale, the reputation is very high, and the customer only recognizes the trademark without inspection. So as to ensure the stability of customers, market stability and business stability. Others, such as Lu'an, Zezhou iron goods, Yangzhou Huai salt, as well as Suzhou, Hangzhou, Lu'an silk and satin, Jiaocheng leather goods, etc., are due to fixed purchase and sales, not only sufficient supply, but also quality guaranteed.
In order to ensure timely supply, the goods are in good condition, and earn transportation costs, the combination of sales and transportation, self-transport and self-sale. The head office of Dashengkui is located in Kobdo, Outer Mongolia, buys tea and other agricultural products and handicraft products in the south of the Yangtze River and the Central Plains, carries ships and cars in Henan, and changes mules to go north to Kulun, Kyakhta, Kashgar Gur, Tangnu Ulianghai, and enters the Siberian, Moscow and European markets, or goes west through Kobdo to the ancient city of Xinjiang and Tarbagatai and enters West Asia. In its long-distance trafficking, it mainly relies on its own camel caravan, with as many as 16,000 20,000 camels, more than 1,000 dogs, and does not set up too many intermediate links, and the entire Mongolian region is more than 6,000 miles from east to west, more than 2,000 miles from north to south, and basically relies on the general number and two semicolons to organize ** activities. According to the characteristics of Mongolia, it basically does not rely on the shop counter to do business, but uses its own camel team to move and sell goods on the grassland, and the movement route and sales business of the camel team are directly dispatched by the general number and two semicolons. It also has an independent accounting "trumpet" in the Mainland, which specializes in or concurrently operates certain businesses suitable for the Mainland, and is flexible and adaptable.
Thoughtful service, small profits but quick turnover
Jinshang wins the joy of customers with thoughtful service and small profits, which is the basic way to expand turnover and increase profits. For example, in order to adapt to the lack of medical care and living habits of grassland herdsmen, practitioners learn acupuncture, and encounter herdsmen's general diseases in Mongolia, which can help them and win the trust of herdsmen, and the herdsmen will not ask about them. In the interior, they purchased brick tea, tobacco, cloth, ironware, silverware, liquor, sugar, fried rice, cakes, wooden barrels, wooden bowls, pots, medicine bags, Mongolian boots, horse felt, saddles, and monastic lama supplies, etc., which were purchased by Mongolians, and made medicine bags into 72 flavors, 48 flavors, 36 flavors, and 24 flavors according to Mongolian medical habits, and indicated the names and effects of medicines in Mongolian, Chinese, and Tibetan languages, so as to fully meet the life needs of customers. Even after the winter solstice every year, a large number of dumplings are processed with white flour and mutton, naturally frozen, and shipped to yurts for sale as a seasonal commodity for the Spring Festival. Whatever commodity, as long as it is needed, they will operate it, and they will have everything. Sometimes, when a new customer does not understand Da Shengkui's business style, if the salesperson finds that the other party doubts the quality of the product, such as whether the sole of the cloth shoe is made of cloth or straw paper, he will use a knife to cut the sole of the shoe into two sections in front of everyone, so as to publicize it, expand its influence, and increase its turnover.
Commercial bills are complementary, and efficient financing is achieved
Most of the financial enterprises such as money banks, pawnshops, account offices, and ticket numbers of the Jin merchants were established on the basis of the accumulation and development of capital in the commodity economy. When their financial enterprises developed, they not only did not abandon the original business names, warehouses, and stores, but also strengthened them in some aspects. Many large business families not only have many business names, but also have many bank numbers, Jiexiu Ji family has silk, tea, fur, cloth, groceries and other businesses and financial institutions such as account bureaus, money villages, ticket numbers, pawnshops, etc., only in Xiangfan, Hubei Province, there are more than 70 business names, more than a dozen pawnshops, business locations, south from Hubei, north to Lama Temple and Kulun. His financial sector is first and foremost a financial need to support his department store business. Some of them have invested some of their capital in light and heavy industries such as textiles, flour, matches, brewing, mining, and smelting. As a result, the organic combination and mutual promotion and interaction of financial capital and industrial and commercial capital have been formed. It is precisely because Shanxi businessmen closely integrated and infiltrated monetary capital with industrial and commercial capital that their various enterprises penetrated each other, promoted each other, and grew in a mixed manner, forming a mechanism for commercial financing and accelerating capital turnover and appreciation.
To each his own, to each his own division**
The trade routes and business areas of the Jin merchants, each gang had its own choice, never rushed to the top, competing with each other in one industry and one place, and naturally formed a relatively fixed trade route and business area of each gang of merchants. For example, Linfen and Xiangfen helped go to Beijing, Lanzhou and Tianshui; Jiangzhou helped Xi'an, Sanyuan, Baoji, and Lanzhou; Pingyao, Qixian, Taigu to help the Northeast, Beijing, Tianjin, Zhangjiakou, Outer Mongolia, Xinjiang, Suzhou, Yangzhou; Fenyang Gang and Xugou Gang Walking**, Mongolia; Ningwu and Daizhou helped Hulunbuir and naturalize; Zezhou helped Henan, Anhui, and Shandong; Lu'an helped Beijing, Hebei and so on. For those who go to the northeast, Yuci Changjia firm mainly buys Changbai Mountain ginseng and Korean ginseng, and exports Sichuan Xiabu; In Yangzhou, the Qu family in Qi County and the Kang family in Linfen are the masters of the Huai salt business; Those who go to Outer Mongolia, the Wang family of Qi County, and the historian of Taigu. There are also fixed places for each gang to sell tea in the south. Of course, this tactic must be based on the accuracy of the market, and its accuracy is based on the principle of "service" from the idea of "righteousness and benefit", the second is from the accumulation of experience, and the third is timely and accurate information from all parties.
Organize guilds to protect business interests
The Jin merchants' self-management, self-restraint, and self-defense of interests were achieved through their self-governing guilds. No matter where the Jin merchants operated, they all established townspeople's associations, guilds, built guilds, and the managers of each business took turns to serve as deacons, meet regularly and irregularly, discuss the affairs of the association, formulate business rules, deal with business disputes, handle commercial legislation and law enforcement matters, and even establish merchant groups to defend business, and even patrol and suppress, and implement local security, such as the chamber of commerce in Baotou has the above functions. There is a bronze tablet of "strictly prohibiting sand money" in the Sanxian Temple of Guihua City, which is a "permanent notice" of banning the circulation of sand money forever after the Baofeng Society, a guild of currency merchants in Shanxi, in order to maintain the normal circulation of currency and confiscate the sand money that was burned down. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the Twist Army was active, Zhang Lianhui, a merchant from Xugou, organized a merchant group in Chenzhou to cooperate with the Qing army and was rewarded by the Qing court. Jin merchants also came forward in the name of guilds to negotiate business disputes with local ** or other merchant gangs to safeguard the interests of their own merchants.
1] Guangxu "Shanxi Tongzhi", volume 142, "Yixinglu".
2] (Ming) Shen Sixiao, Jin Lu
3] Xu Ke: "Qing Barnyard Banknotes", agricultural and commercial category.
4] "Ten Thousand Gold Accounts" is the Jin Merchants' stock gold account, which records the number of shares invested in the monetary capital of the owner and the number of shares of the managers and employees who enjoy personal shares, and records the silver taels per share.
5] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990, p. 591.
6] Zhang Haiying, Zhang Zhengming, Huang Jianhui, Gao Chunping, Shanxi Business Gang, Hong Kong Chung Hwa Book Company, 1995, p. 115.
7] "An Investigation into the Rise and Fall of Shanxi Ticket Merchants," Sino-Foreign Economic Weekly, July 4, 1925, p. 119.
8] "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 598.
9] "Investigation of the Rise and Fall of Shanxi Ticket Numbers", Sino-Foreign Economic Weekly, July 4, 1925, p. 119.
10] Li Qingwei, "Shanxi Taigu Silver and Money Industry in the Past and Present", Bank Monthly, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 187, February 1937.
11] Li Qingwei, "Shanxi Taigu Silver and Money Industry in the Past and Present", Bank Monthly, Vol. 6, No. 2, p. 189, February 1937.
12] Chen Qitian, "Shanxi Piao Zhuang Kaolu", The Commercial Press, 1937, pp. 83-84.
13] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Historical Materials of Shanxi Ticket Number", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 29.
14] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of People's Bank of China: "Historical Materials of Shanxi Ticket Number", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 29.
15] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 627.
16] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 627.
17] Chen Qitian, "Shanxi Piao Zhuang Kaolu", The Commercial Press, 1937, p. 88.
18] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Historical Materials of Shanxi Ticket Number", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990, pp. 635 638.
19] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Historical Materials of Shanxi Ticket Number", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990, p. 604.
20] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990 edition, p. 616.
21] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of People's Bank of China: "Historical Materials of Shanxi Ticket Number", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990, p. 618.
22] Liu Wenbing, "Chronicles of Xugou County".
23] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of People's Bank of China: "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990, p. 618.
24] Xu Shiru: "Old Guan Experience" (unpublished).
25] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990, p. 610.
26] "Shanxi Ticket Number Historical Materials", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990 edition, pp. 600-605.
27] Chen Qitian, "Shanxi Piao Zhuang Kaolu", The Commercial Press, 1937, p. 87.
28] Wei Juxian, "The History of Shanxi Ticket Number", Shuowenshe, 1944 edition, p. 58.
29] Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Shanxi Branch of the People's Bank of China: "Historical Materials of Shanxi Ticket Number", Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1990, pp. 601-607.
30] Chen Qitian, "Shanxi Piao Zhuang Kaolu", Shangge Press, 1937 edition, p. 89.
31] p. 596.
32] Wei Juxian, "The History of Shanxi Ticket Number", Chongqing Shuowen Society, 1944.