Written report. The written report is mainly a report from a semicolon to the general number or other semicolons. Written reports are divided into several types: positive report, re-report, supplementary report, market and narrative.
"Positive report" is a report on the business situation of this number directly to a certain semicolon. The report is made from the collection number to the intersection number, and its content is mainly to report how much business is done, when to pay, how much remittance fees and stickers. For example, on the 5th day of the fourth lunar month in 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), the 8th letter to the Suzhou branch said: "...Today, the remittance will go to Wanquan to approve a thousand taels of silver, and there is no ticket weight, and it is said that there will be no profit on the third day of the fifth month of the fifth month of Suzhou. Before the flat photo, every 100 taels is 3 dollars 8 more than our flat, and the empty period is in January, and we have paid six taels of silver, and we will pay it on the solstice. ......13]
"Re-report" refers to the content reported in the previous report of this number, such as the business matters directly to a certain semicolon. Due to the inconvenience of transportation and communication, the long delivery time of letters, and the need to avoid losses caused by loss on the way, a re-reporting system was established. For example, in the 20th letter to the Suzhou branch on the 16th day of the fifth lunar month in 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), the Weitai Houjing branch said: "On the 12th day of the (May) day, the enlightener sent 19 letters to the Tiancheng Bureau, reporting the receipt of remittances to Wanquan to approve 2,000 taels of silver, without a ticket weight, and said that it was determined that the letter would be handed over to Yi on June 22, and before the peace, it would be more than one hundred taels and three dollars and eight dollars per us." [14] Since it had been reported in the 19th letter, but the payment was not yet due, it was again admonished in the 20th letter.
"Attached report" is the largest workload report in the ticket number business report, which requires each number to notify each branch of all business receipts and payments and business conditions every day. The purpose of the report is, first, to let each semicolon understand each other's receipt and payment situation; The second is to take the initiative to do business and support each other according to the situation they understand, so as to avoid payment difficulties due to excessive payment in a certain place or a shortage of inventory, which will affect the local business and the reputation of the number. If the Beijing branch knows that the Xi'an branch receives more money, it will take the initiative to find business to exchange money in Xi'an, and the adjustment is weak. Due to the development of the business, the workload of writing the supplementary report was too large, and later some ticket numbers were lined up for a round of five days. For example, the report date of the Hankou Baichuan Pass semicolon is: the first day of the new year: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuzhou; Second year: Chengdu, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Xi'an; The third year of junior high school: Xiangtan, Changsha, Guilin; The fourth day of the first month: Shashi, Changde, De'an; The fifth day of the first month: Pingyao General Number. [15]
"Market" is a report on each other's local catchments, interest markets, and "sluggish" capital turnover, as well as social, economic, and financial information at that time. It is the content of the routine report after the "positive report" and "supplementary report". For example, in the 20th letter to the Suzhou branch on the 6th day of the fifth lunar month in 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), the Weitai Houjing branch said: "At present, the wind is rumored that the weight in the library is going to aggravate the evils. ...Engrave the monthly interest rate of four cents in Beijing. Later, after the "main report" and "supplementary report" in another letter, there was another number: "This letter is going to ......."The edict was checked and collected, and the monthly interest rate in Beijing was engraved at five cents, four cents and seven five, and the money plate was three dry and two folded five or six coins, and the Songjiang color was two or two ......”16]
"Narrative newspaper", also known as "another one", is the instructions, comments and opinions of the general number or semicolon on a certain semicolon business. Most of the contents of the report were written by the shopkeepers themselves. It is written after the "main report", "supplementary report" and "market", that is, after the date, month, and date of the letter. Generally speaking, after the "management letter" writes the "main report", "attached newspaper" and "market", the shopkeeper has time to write it in the evening, or the "management letter" first starts the draft and waits for the shopkeeper to revise it before transcribing it.
At the end of each year, the general manager summarizes the business figures, writes a written report, and reports to the owner. After the completion of the financial accounts in four years, the chief treasurer should put forward the profit distribution plan, and at the same time carry out personnel assessment, put forward rewards and punishments and suggestions for the promotion of employees, and jointly agree with the owner.
The continuous communication and coordination of business information between the semicolons and between the semicolons and the general numbers enable the general number to timely grasp the market dynamics across the country and the business progress of each semicolon, and to turn the decision-making of the general number decision-making level into action.
Human capital system
Allowing ordinary employees to take stock is a special system for Jin merchants, which was born in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and more than 400 years before the option system in the United States. At that time, the Jin merchants cooperated with the merchants along the border (the Great Wall) to pay grain, and once implemented "friend joint profits" through contracts. From 1567 to 1572 (during the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty), the Prime Minister Tuntian Du Yu Shi Pang Shangpeng's "Cleaning up Yansui Tuntian Shu" can be proved: "From time to time, Shanxi merchants came to the town and handed over huge sums of money to local merchants and friends for joint profits. Later, it evolved into the separation of ownership and management rights of the entrusted relationship, and gave the managers a share, "there is money to pay, strong contribution, the money is the shareholder, the person who contributes is the partner, and the east partner discusses it." "Life stock is the core of Jinshang's human resource management, and it is the "secret" of Jinshang's dominance in the business world for more than 500 years
The basic content of the Jinshang personal stock system.
The so-called body stock is also known as human resource stock. Owning a body stock is called a top body stock, a top human stock, or a top business. The main elements of this system are:
First, the conditions for the top shares. According to historical data, the personal shares of Shanxi businessmen are not the treatment that every employee can get. According to the practice of the firm, when an employee joins the firm, he or she only enjoys salary, clothing, food and other treatments, but with the growth of seniority, he will be qualified for the top stock. Generally speaking, after serving for one or two decades, without much fault, the salary has been increased to a certain level, and when it is about "seventy or eighty taels, it is eligible for one or two cents of the shares". [17] There are no special requirements or quota ratio for the qualification of top stocks, as long as they are loyal and dedicated, do not make mistakes, and serve for a certain number of years, everyone has the opportunity to top their shares. For example, the dividend account of the Dade Pass number can reflect this situation. According to the record of the dividend account in 1889 (the fifteenth year of Guangxu), the account period from 1885 to 1889 (the eleventh to the fifteenth year of Guangxu) received a total of 24,723 surplus profits03 taels. A total of 29 shares were participating7 shares, with a dividend of 850 taels per share. Among them, there are 20 silver shares, which belong to Qiao Zhongtang and other 5** east, and 9 personal shares7 shares, belonging to 23 employees including Ma Peide, of which 3 are deceased employees, and the total number of personal shares is less than 1 2 of the silver sharesBy 1905 to 1908 (Guangxu 31 to 34 years) account period, the profit was 74354525 taels, silver shares and personal shares totaled 4395 shares participated in the dividend, of which 20 capital shares were still 5** shares, while the personal shares increased to 2335 shares, with 57 top shares. In this way, not only has the number of personal shares and their holders more than doubled, but the number of personal shares participating in dividends has exceeded the number of silver shares, that is, in the distribution of profits, the share divided by labor exceeds the share divided by capital. [18] It can be seen that the implementation of the top stock system is beneficial to the majority of employees, and it is precisely because of this that the enthusiasm of employees has been greatly mobilized and the losses caused by employees' dereliction of duty have been greatly reduced.
Second, the assessment and promotion of personal stocks. Who can top the shares, and how many shares, is determined by the treasurer and the big shopkeeper according to the employee's tenure, ability, and contribution. Every time there is a big account period, it is necessary to conduct personnel evaluation, and decide whether to promote and how much according to the quality, ability and performance of the laborer. For those who have made meritorious contributions, the number of shares of the person shall be increased and recorded in the share capital account (ten thousand gold accounts). This shows that at that time, the Jin merchants had regarded labor as capital, and the measurement and assessment of labor capital had paid attention to the quantity and quality of labor of laborers.
Third, dividends of personal stocks. The income of personal shares comes from dividends, and at the end of the accounting period (fiscal year), the "personal shares" of the shopkeeper and the silver shares of Caidong participate in the profit distribution of the enterprise. In different enterprises, the amount of monetary capital of a share is different, and some enterprises are as high as 10,000 taels per share**, such as large financial enterprises; Some are only hundreds of taels, such as some small and medium-sized businesses. Therefore, the gold content of personal stocks of different enterprises is different.
Fourth, the inheritance and withdrawal of personal shares. Generally, the monetary capital shares of enterprises are not refundable, but they can be transferred. Personal life shares cannot be transferred, and employees who enjoy personal life shares are dismissed, dismissed or voluntarily resigned, and their personal shares are terminated immediately. After the retirement of employees who enjoy personal shares, their original shares will continue to pay dividends as usual; After the death of the top shareholder, he or she can also participate in the dividend for a certain period of time, at this time, his body stock is called "old stock", but his family and children cannot inherit it. In 1904 (the 30th year of Guangxu), Dadetong stipulated: "The old shares of the number of gangs shall be settled in three years for one to three percent, four or five percent for four years, six or seven percent for five years, eight or nine percent for six years, and one for seven ......years."Those who have been leaders are settled in eight years. [19] In other words, ordinary employees can also enjoy a dividend distribution of 3 to 7 years after their death, depending on their shareholding, and can be extended to 8 years if they have worked as a manager.
The well-known big business names such as Dashengkui, Changyuchuan, Dadetong, and Rishengchang all implemented this "personal stock" system, and brought extremely high economic benefits to its financial capital. The most typical is Dashengkui, which was jointly established by Wang Xiangqing, a businessman from Taigu, Qixian History University and Zhang Jie. The company was founded in the early years of Kangxi, after more than 230 years, the number of employees reached more than 7,000 people, it stipulates that every 3 years for a large account period (fiscal year) for a final account dividends. When dividends, the accumulation and use of the provident fund is placed in an important position, and the growth of the provident fund is the main symbol to measure the operating results of 3 years, and then the dividend per share, at the peak of the share can be divided into 10,000 taels**, and the treasurer and the top stock employees are benefited. Every time the account period is summarized, the merits and demerits of the staff should be evaluated, the achievements and problems of the past three years should be checked, the personnel should be rectified, and the "body stock" should be adjusted. It is said that the total number of "personal shares" in the later period of Dashengkui has exceeded the total number of capital shares of shareholders.
Regarding the significance of the personal stock system, there are at least two points that we need to pay attention to:
First, personal shares first reflect the property value of human capital, so that the property rights relationship between labor at all levels of the enterprise is clear. Monetary capital is the capital invested in the enterprise by materialized labor, and human capital is the capital invested in the enterprise by living labor. The production and operation process of any enterprise is a process of combining physical capital and human capital. Jinshang has solved the contradiction between labor and management, coordinated the relationship between labor and management, and realized a win-win business pattern between labor and capital. Because the personal stock is divided from the incremental wealth (profit) and transferred to the employee as an asset owned by the employee without reducing the interests of the financial owner, so that the employee will change from a pure proletarian to a propertied person. The reason why this practice can be accepted by Caidong is that Caidong did not cede the existing stock assets without compensation, but only promised to make profits. This practice can also be accepted by employees, because employees can also divide a piece of the profit as their own asset while receiving labor income. Under the expectation that certain assets can be obtained, employees are enthusiastic and proactive in their work, which makes the incremental wealth (profit) of the enterprise increase significantly. The personal stock system unifies the interests of employees, financial owners and firms, and unites them to help each other in the same boat, so that labor-management relations can be coordinated and business efficiency can be improved. For the shopkeeper and his associates, personal stock is not only a material incentive, but also a spiritual incentive. The number of shares marks the individual's ability, status and contribution, stimulates the "sense of achievement" and "sense of belonging" of employees, and realizes the coordination of material incentives and spiritual incentives.
Second, human stock is a long-term and effective incentive mechanism and power mechanism. Because the top shareholder can only participate in the dividend of corporate profits during the large account period, and the account period is generally 3 to 5 years, this mechanism has the characteristics of deferred payment, and is a long-term incentive mechanism, which can avoid the short-term behavior of the shopkeeper and the partner. Due to material incentives, this incentive mechanism will present a virtuous circle: personal stocks, shopkeepers work hard, corporate performance improves, profit dividends increase, continue to work hard, personal stocks continue to improve, firm performance continues to rise, and managers' earnings continue to expand. The infinite nature of the benefits inevitably produces the infinite nature of the incentive, which greatly enhances the sustainability of this incentive mechanism.
2. Human resource management
Jin Shang believes that the success of the business is inseparable from the time, location, and people, and between the three, "the time is not as good as the location, and the location is not as good as the people", people are the first factor, and the impact on the implementation of the system depends on people. In terms of human resource management, Jinshang's personal stock and salary incentive mechanism, employee selection and cultivation mechanism, and shop guarantee and number regulation restraint mechanism are the driving force for the efficient execution of Jinshang enterprises.
New employee selection system
The employees employed by Jinshang must meet at least two basic conditions: (1) they must be from Shanxi Province, which is not only easy to manage, but also benefits the villagers, leaving employment opportunities to the people of the same township, and also using the hometown to strengthen cohesion; (2) There must be a guarantee from a well-founded person, and the guarantor is fully responsible for "deviant behavior." [20] Due to the heavy responsibilities of the guarantor, it is not easy to find a guarantor unless there is a special relationship. If the guarantor goes bankrupt, loses the qualification to continue the guarantee, or requests to withdraw the guarantee, the guarantor must quickly find another one, otherwise there is a possibility of being suspended.
With the guarantee of the guarantor, you must also pass the corresponding examination and examination. The content of the inspection and examination mainly includes two aspects: (1) ask the person under investigation about his life experience, what occupation his ancestors did for three generations, his background, and his or her resume qualifications. Therefore, when I asked about the three generations, I was worried that my ancestors would be unjust and I was afraid of bad inheritance. (2) Test intelligence, writing. The test is divided into two types of written and oral examinations to make a judgment on the ability of the person being tested. If you pass all the tests, you can "choose a day to enter", and the name is "please enter", which is to show respect for the personality of the new entrant. At the same time, it is clearly stated that everyone has the opportunity to be promoted to manager, so as to encourage them to serve with peace of mind and give full play to their personal wisdom.
Due to the fact that after the establishment of the ticket number, the business is thriving, and the remuneration of employees is stable, and the position of the ticket number staff is favored by people. More importantly, many of the managers at all levels of Shanxi ticket number are promoted by ordinary employees, and once they reach this position, they are well paid, respected, and their families are thriving. Therefore, entering the ticket number is a convenient way to seek wealth in the eyes of many people. As there are more job seekers, the selection criteria for ticket numbers are also strict, and some are even extremely harsh. For example, the rules for the selection of staff for the Zhixin ticket number stipulate that the recruitment of employees must be over 15 years old, under 20 years old, 5 feet tall, innocent family background, good facial features, no defects, clear language, articulate, sensitive, good at abacus, and fine script. Moreover, the guarantor must have an interest in the ticket number. In addition to the requirements for age, family background, and arithmetic, the Xiecheng dry ticket number also requires job seekers to be generous, polite, and adapt to the life of long-term travel. With such a high level of recruitment, job seekers are required to have excellent education and quality. This strict selection system, especially the selection criteria that attach importance to origin and morality, provides a guarantee for the operation of the ticket number, so that the ticket number rarely suffers losses due to the dereliction of duty of employees in the daily operation. At the beginning of the 20th century, someone commented: "Since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there has been no danger in the business of Shanxi Ticket Village, and there has been no restriction on non-employment, which has eliminated its drawbacks." ”[21]
Apprenticeships
When a new employee joins a firm, he or she must undergo a period of training before he or she can work independently. The training of new employees is carried out in the general number, and the time is generally 3 years, some are smart and outstanding, and the training can be completed in 2 years, and there are also those who are too stupid, and they will be fired in less than 3 years. After completing the training, they are often assigned to semicolon work.
According to the recollection of the person in the ticket number, the training of new employees is divided into three stages:
The first year is mainly daily chores training. During the day, "the division sprinkles water, serves tea, and serves the shopkeeper in all matters", which is commonly known as the shopkeeper's "three pots", that is, teapots, kettles, and night pots (urinals), fetching water, sweeping the floor, doing chores, serving the shopkeeper, and not setting up a seat. "In the evening, he wrote, practiced bookkeeping, performed abacus, kept a detailed record of goods and goods, the quality of silver, and the barter of money, and practiced the grooming and language of the shopkeeper and customers"[22] At the same time, he was trained in ethics and the cultivation of merchants. The shopkeeper inspects whether he is loyal and diligent, whether he has any interest, and whether he is suitable for ticket number business. For example, put some silver in an inconspicuous place and see what the apprentice does. If the apprentice picks up the silver himself while cleaning, he will definitely let the apprentice leave in the future, and in a place like the ticket number, where the silver is dealing, character is very important; The second is to observe their work attitude and way of dealing with the world, and the year of moral training should be "re-emphasizing faith and righteousness, eliminating hypocrisy; section**, conduct; noble loyalty, despisy for self-interest; Fraternity, jealousy; Joy of hard work, abstain from luxury.
In the second year, students will enter the business study, including cultural courses (Chinese practice, four books and five classics, Mongolian, Manchu, Russian, etc.) and business courses (abacus, bookkeeping, transcribing letters, business letters, understanding the performance of goods, and memorizing the two colors of silver, etc.). Oral training by veteran workers or shopkeepers, teaching the recitation of "flat weight silver folding formula" and other merchants' textbooks, and can also do some copying, helping accounts and other affairs.
In the third year, I learned the skills of doing business from the master (old worker) at the counter. You are not allowed to go home for three years, and you will be formally hired after the assessment is mature. This stage of training is generally limited to promising employees, that is, "apprentices who are considered by the shopkeeper to be the most promising", and once the training is completed, they can be sent to a semicolon to take charge of themselves. [23]
For example, Da Shengkui's practice of recruiting apprentices is to select Taigu and Qi County, where the firm's Caidong or shopkeeper is from.
Ten. Outstanding young people of five or six years old, not tall or low, handsome, shrewd and intelligent, after passing the interview, first trekked to the Inner Mongolia Guihua City Branch, and then rode a camel to the location of the Outer Mongolia Kobdo Dashengkui General Account for intensive language training. Teach Mongolian, Uyghur and Russian, use Chinese phonetics, memorize foreign language business terms, and achieve the goal of being able to use the corresponding language to negotiate business and do business in Mongolia, Xinjiang and Russia. Then they will be assigned to the counters of various shops, and follow the old employees to learn the business, first as apprentices, and the old employees are masters. [24]
It can be seen that the training of new employees of Jinshang has basically formed a ladder of apprentices, masters, and shopkeepers, and new employees not only have basic requirements in terms of technology, but also have requirements in terms of morality.
Salary incentive system
The salary incentive system of Jinshang is mainly reflected in the dividends, salaries, payables, food, clothing and other aspects.
Salary. Salary is the main income of ordinary employees of the firm, especially those who have not been in the company for a long time, and is generally calculated on an annual basis and paid once or twice a year. The number varies depending on the number of years of experience and position. According to the 1906 (32nd year of Guangxu) Taigu's "Xiecheng Qianren Name Fold" records, the highest salary of Xiecheng Qian's ticket number employees is **100 taels, followed by 80 taels, 70 taels, and again from 66 taels, decreasing with a range of 2 taels until 4 taels. A total of 96 salaried employees are recorded in this name book, of which there are very few salaries of 100 taels and less than 10 taels (excluding 10 taels), the former is only 3 people, and the latter is 5 people. The salary is 80, and there is only 1 person in both of them. With a salary of 70 both, the two were the most, reaching 31 people, accounting for nearly 1 3the remaining 60 66 and 7 in both; 50 58 both 6 people; 40 48 both, 8 people; 30 38 11 both; 20 28 both, 12 people; 10 18 both 12 people. [25] This account reflects that: (1) the remuneration of the newcomers was extremely low, and their salaries could only be used for pocket money, and they were not able to support their families at all. (2) Seniority is the main basis for salary increase. From the above data, it can be seen that among the employees with a salary of less than 70 taels to more than 10 taels, every 10 taels is a section, and the number is roughly similar. Therefore, it can be inferred that the increase in ticket salary is mainly based on the seniority of the employees, and the number of employees in each salary segment is roughly the same, rather than a huge difference. (3) There are two limits to salary increases. Judging from the record, the highest salary is 100 taels, and it seems that 100 taels is the salary limit. It is worth noting that there are only a few people with a salary of 100 and a salary of 70 and 2 of them account for nearly 1 3This shows that only a small number of senior staff can reach a salary of 100 taels, and for most employees, a salary of 70 taels is the limit of growth.
In addition to salary income, there is also an income similar to a year-end bonus at the end of the year, which is called "tasting gold". The amount of the salary is generally based on the amount of salary, and the salary is more for the more and the salary is less, which is about a fraction of the salary.
Dividends. For older employees, another larger income is the dividend of body stocks. With the qualification of the top stock, the number of salaries basically no longer increases, and the way of increasing remuneration is changed from increasing the salary to increasing the number of top stocks. Therefore, in the "Xiecheng Qianren Name Fold", there are nearly 1 3 employees with a salary of 70 taels, while among the employees with a salary of 70 taels, the number of top shares is different, ranging from 1 to 9 percent. It shows that the salary increase of this number is limited to 70 taels, and after that, the increase in salary is replaced by the increase of the top stock. But even so, it is still beneficial for employees to gain shares, because the benefits of stock are much higher than the increase in salaries. The ticket number generally dividends once every 4 years, and during its heyday of operation, the earnings per share are thousands of taels **, or even tens of thousands of taels**. Even if the business is unfavorable and there are no dividends to share, the bank can still be withdrawn every year according to the number of shares owned. In the regulations of Dadetong, there are detailed provisions on this, such as 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu), which stipulates that the annual expenditure should be 120 taels for 1 tael, and then decreased, to 50 taels a year for 2 cents. In 1888, it was stipulated that 1 tael was 150 taels, followed by a decreasing amount, and 1 centith was 60 taels. By 1904 (the thirtieth year of Guangxu), it was stipulated that 1 tael was 200 taels, followed by a decreasing rate, and 1 centi, 60 taels. [26]
However, the main manager (manager) has no salary income and only participates in the dividends. Since the settlement of the ticket number is generally once every 4 years, the daily expenses of the manager will be withdrawn from the ticket number first, which is called "payable", and then deducted from the dividend when it is settled. The amount of annual payment shall be withdrawn according to the number of shares held, but there is no certain rule for each number. Some ticket numbers, "500 taels per share, less."
Three or four hundred taels are divided into four seasons. [27] Some ticket numbers should be paid 120 taels per share of silver per share, "divided into spring and winter." [28] If there is no profit to be shared at the time of settlement, the manager's payable is replaced by the salary and does not have to be refunded. This kind of remuneration directly links the interests of the manager with the business status of the ticket number, and prompts the manager to devote himself to the operation of the ticket number, which is very modern.
Food and clothing. Clothing, i.e. the purchase cost of clothing and bedding. Clothing treatment, only semicolon employees can enjoy, the total number of employees need to bring their own clothing, the number is not responsible. There are grade regulations for the issuance of clothing money, and according to the position and seniority in the number, you can enjoy different clothing treatment. The specific amount of clothing varies depending on the ticket number. Even with the same ticket number, the number of clothing items varies in different periods. For example, the Dade Pass No. 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu) stipulates that the general collar clothing is **2 taels per month, the deputy class is 1 tael, and the junior student intends to pay 5 yuan per month within 5 years. In 1888 (the 14th year of Guangxu), it was stipulated that those who were junior students would receive 5 yuan per month for 3 years. By 1921 (** decade), due to "high prices, fashion, and insufficient expenses", the number of clothing increased significantly, reaching 6 taels per month, and the number of beginners also increased to 2 taels per month. [29]
If the ticket number clothing is also reimbursed, the staff clothing quilt can be prepared by the semicolon to meet the needs. However, there are still differences in grades, and different grades can only buy a certain grade of clothing, otherwise they can take care of themselves. In the ticket number of the actual reimbursement of clothing expenses, there has been a phenomenon of cheating: when an employee goes to work in a semicolon, he only brings a bag, makes bedding and clothing after arriving at the number, and brings it all back when he gets off work two or three years later. When you go back to work, continue to do the same. In order to save money, the ticket number stipulates that the face of the clothes is provided by the employees, and the lining is reimbursed by the number, so as to avoid the pursuit of gorgeous fabrics by employees and increase the expenditure of clothing. As a result, some employees use cheap fabrics to make clothes and high-grade fabrics to make clothes, and when they get home from work, they exchange them inside and out, and re-sew them, just like a luxurious garment. [30]
Although it is only a welfare subsidy, it is a considerable income for employees with low qualifications. A new semicolon employee's salary is only more than ten taels a year, or twenty or thirty taels. And the monthly clothing and silver have 5 taels, a total of 6 taels a year, which accounts for half of the salary income, or at least 1 5. If calculated according to the monthly cost of clothing and silver, it is 24 taels a year, which is at least the same as its salary.
Ticket number staff meals, regardless of the total, semicolon, are by the number of **, in addition to vacation time, generally need to eat in the number, sleep in the number, in order to facilitate management.
Cultural life
Jinshang enterprises not only give employees a better living treatment, but also care about the cultural life of employees.
Jin merchant enterprises and guilds often hold cultural and entertainment activities. In the sacrifices, celebrations, festivals to the opera to reward the gods and entertainment, in the province outside the Jin merchants invited the hometown opera troupe to the local performance, competing to fund the Bangzi opera troupe. Qi County has Sanqing Opera Troupe, Juli Garden, Yuci has Sixi Opera Troupe, Sanhe Class, Erbao and Doll Class, Xugou has Wuni Garden, Xiaozicheng Class, Taigu Jinni Garden, Qingyuan Small Pear Garden, Taiping Class, Pingyao has Xiaozhufeng Garden, Huguan 100,000 Class, Jin Merchants in Zhangjiakou have Wolf Mountain Opera Troupe and Merchant Ticket Friends Self-Fun Class.