The Mongolian Question One of the Ethnic Inventories of China's Past Dynasties
In 1264 A.D., Kublai Khan defeated his younger brother Ali Buge and became the Great Khan of the Great Mongol State. Although he paid a heavy price, his goal was not only the unification of the Mongol Empire, but also the conquest of the Jiangnan region.
He knew that the Han people had great potential, and if they could not be conquered while they were weak, then what awaited them in the future would be the complete demise of the main body of power and the passive integration of the main body of the nation.
At the end of the same year, the Southern Song Dynasty underwent major personnel changes, and Zhao Kuangyin's eleventh grandson, Zhao Yu, succeeded to the throne as the sixth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty under the operation of the powerful minister Jia Yidao.
In order to protect Zhao Yu's intelligence, Jia Rudao took the government into his own hands and became the standard for powerful ministers, one person under ten thousand people.
Jia Rudao had a deep love for crickets, and he wrote a masterpiece called "Promoting Weaving Sutra". This book has two volumes, elaborating on the contents of crickets, on shape, on color, on victory, on nourishment, on fighting, on disease, etc., and is the world's first monograph on systematic study of crickets, which is unique!
Unparalleled! Breathtaking! After dealing with important personnel work, Song Duzong Zhao Yu began to imitate the style of the first emperor, often hiding in the harem, accompanied by pink skeletons, and no longer cared about the government and politics.
After Jia Rudao monopolized power in a high position, he gradually fell into a feeling of wealth and glory and omnipotence. Flattering people gathered around him all day long, praising his exploits, and the words of ** almost affected his sanity.
He pursued pleasure, comfort, and a life of living and living. Under the leadership of such monarchs and ministers, the Southern Song Dynasty presented a strong scene of destruction. In 1267 AD, Liu Quan, a general of the Southern Song Dynasty, proposed to Kublai Khan the strategy of attacking the Song Dynasty of "attacking Xiangyang first and withdrawing its defensive line".
When the Mongol army invaded the Song Dynasty, Sichuan and Lianghuai were always the main targets. However, the mountains and mountains of Shu were too numerous to carry out large-scale battles, the cavalry advantage could not be brought into play, and the logistical supply was difficult, so the Song army only had to hold the fortress to resist the enemy army.
The Lianghuai region is adjacent to the ruling center of the Southern Song Dynasty, and there are heavy troops guarding the fortified city all the year round, coupled with the dense river network in the area, which is also not conducive to cavalry combat. The strategic importance of Xiangfan was proven in Guan Erye's life.
Regardless of whether it is the Northern Expedition or the Southern Expedition, as long as Xiangfan is occupied, it will be able to gain the strategic initiative. Xiangyang and Fancheng relied on each other to hold the Han River, which was the most important barrier of the Jianghuai defense line in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Breaking through Xiangfan and entering the Yangtze River along the Han River not only cut off the connection between Jiangnan and Shudi, but also made the Jianghuai natural insurance lose its value. The Mongol army descended the river and approached Lin'an, and the Southern Song Dynasty could no longer salvage the situation.
Kublai Khan was determined to destroy the Song Dynasty, and although the city of Xiangyang was well defended and well-fed, it became almost an iron city that could not be conquered. He turned to the sixth brother Hülegü's son, Abha, and sent the Hui people, Ah Lao Wading and Yi Si Ma Yin, with advanced catapult craftsmen and gunners, to come to their aid.
In 1273 AD, the Yuan army conquered Fancheng, and Xiangyang became an isolated city. In February, the Xiangyang general Lü Wenhuan was forced to surrender, and his subordinate Fan Tianshun, the commander of Jinghu Road, would rather die and hang himself.
The battle of Xiangfan, which lasted for six years, finally ended with the complete victory of the Yuan army, and the door of the Southern Song Dynasty was opened, and the country was about to die. In 1274 A.D., Boyandu's 200,000 army marched by land and water, and went east along the river, and the Southern Song generals fled or surrendered along the way, unable to resist.
Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, fell, and Wen Tianxiang developed anti-Yuan forces in Jiangxi and insisted on resisting. However, the small court of the Southern Song Dynasty still adhered to the tradition of endless life and infighting, which chilled the hearts of loyal people.
In the spring of 1278, the Southern Song court arrived in Leizhou (present-day Zhanjiang, Guangdong). Soon, the little emperor Zhao Yu, who was only eleven years old, unfortunately passed away. At this time, Lu Xiufu and his ministers resolutely supported the six-year-old Zhao Yu (sound cake) as the emperor near Lantau Island in present-day Hong Kong, known as the late emperor of the Great Song Dynasty.
In the same year, Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured in Haifeng (Haifeng County, Guangdong), Leizhou was lost, and the imperial court moved to Yashan (now Xinhui, Guangdong). However, the Yuan army still pursued relentlessly, and the Song army was defeated at Yashan and fell into a desperate situation.
At this moment of life and death, Prime Minister Lu Xiufu tied the national seal to the little emperor, hugged him and took one last look at the splendid country, and then heroically committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea. The rest of the Zhao and Song royal families, courtiers, soldiers and civilians did not want to be slaves of the country, and they jumped into the sea to die one after another, and the corpses of more than 100,000 people surfaced.
From 1234 A.D., the Southern Song Dynasty Duanping entered Luo, the Mongol and Song Wars, to 1279 A.D. Yashan Naval Battle finally ended, after three generations of Great Khan, it took 46 years.
In this magnificent historical drama, the Southern Song Dynasty finally ended in defeat, and the rule of the Zhao and Song royal families in China, which lasted for nearly 300 years, came to an end. However, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, thus realized the unification of the whole world of China, ending the situation of coexistence of multi-ethnic regimes and war for nearly 400 years since the end of the Tang Dynasty.
The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty not only promoted the integration and development of multiple ethnic groups, but also laid the foundation for the largest empire in Chinese history. Of course, we must not forget the captured Wen Tianxiang.
Although he ate in prison for several years in the capital of Yuanda, and Kublai Khan repeatedly persuaded him to surrender, he always adhered to his integrity and martyred himself. Later, Kublai Khan wanted to release him, but unfortunately failed to carry it out.
In the first month of 1283 AD, Wen Tianxiang got his wish and was martyred at the age of forty-seven. The Ming Dynasty pursued the martyrs, and the Qing Dynasty worshiped the Confucian Temple. His heroic deeds and noble spirit will always be remembered and praised by future generations!
Since 877 A.D., after the collapse of the Tibetan Dynasty in a civil rebellion, the region has been in a state of secession for a long time. In this turbulent period, it was impossible to restore a unified regime.
However, as the Mongol Empire grew stronger, the ruling class of ** gradually realized that they could not compete with the invincible Mongol army. In the Ögedei era, Prince Kode led the Mongol army south in an attempt to annex the ** region.
After full communication with the monks and laymen, Sakya Panditta, the religious leader of the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, held an alliance with Prince Kude at the Baita Monastery in Wuwei, Liangzhou, in 1247 AD.
In the alliance, the ten-year-old Phag-pa walked along. After the end of the alliance, Sakya Pandita promulgated the "Sakya Pandita Letter to the Tibetan People" to the monks and laymen. The main content is as follows: **local monks and laymen** and the common people need to recognize themselves as subjects of the Mongol Great Khan.
With regard to administration, the affairs of the monks and laymen and the common people in various places will be managed by the Mongols. At the same time, matters concerning religion and monastic monks were to be entrusted by Mongolia to the Sakya chieftains.
The promulgation of this document officially declared that the country had been incorporated into the territory of China since then, ending the four-hundred-year situation and the Sakya sect began to rule the region. At the end of 1251, at the age of seventeen, Phags-pa succeeded to the position of head of the Sakya sect.
In 1253 AD, Phags-pa met with Kublai Khan, who had conquered Dali in the south. In 1255 A.D., Phags-pa entered Shangdu (Kublai Khan's stronghold) and engaged in religious activities.
Later, Kublai Khan competed with Ali Buge for the throne, and Pasipa loyally followed Kublai Khan. In December 1260, Kublai Khan appointed the twenty-two-year-old Phags-pa as the national teacher, and made him the leader of Buddhism.
In 1264 A.D., Kublai Khan sent his brother Hui to preside over the establishment of an administrative system and set up a general system to manage Buddhist and Tibetan affairs.
Pas-pa, a great figure, returned to the capital in 1269 A.D. and presented the new Mongolian character he had created to Emperor Kublai Khan. This script combines the Tibetan alphabet and Mongolian pronunciation and is also known as the Phags-Pa Mongul.
Kublai Khan greatly appreciated his innovative move and immediately popularized the script throughout the country. In 1270 A.D., Kublai Khan further enhanced the status of the Eight Si Pa and named him the Great Yuan Emperor, whose full name is "Under the whole world, above the earth, the Buddha of the Western Heavens, incarnated as the Buddha, created writing, supported the state politics, and was proficient in the Five Ming Panzhida Eight Si Pa Emperor Shi", also known as the Emperor Dabao Dharma King, referred to as the Emperor Master.
He is not only the spiritual leader of the region, but also an important pillar of the country. However, Phags-pa's life ended in 1280 at the age of 46, and the cause of his death is still controversial to this day.
Even after his death, his influence continued. In 1288 A.D., the Xuanzheng Yuan was established, marking the official establishment of the first region to become a local administrative region directly under the jurisdiction of China.
Paspa's life was full of innovation and contribution, and his influence transcended the limitations of time and space. His name will forever be etched in the pages of history, and as a great man, his spirit will continue to inspire and inspire us.