In ancient China, the "merchant" was a kind of merchant who "traveled from the south to the north" with sales as the main characteristic.
From before the Song Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, long-distance folk trafficking had formed a certain scale, and there were still some occupations in human trafficking, such as porters, grooms, boatmen, and so on.
However, in the Tang Dynasty, the organizational form of civil transportation was basically in the state of self-transportation of small merchants and hawkers. Transports, transport personnel, caravan guards, etc., are basically within the commercial entity.
During the period of the Two Song Dynasty, along with the prosperity of the commodity economy, private transportation also developed greatly.
Among these industries, the development of civil shipping was the most significant, and the exchange of goods and the concentration of goods transactions between the commercial centers of the Song Dynasty led to the exchange of goods between the Yangtze River and the Grand Canal, as well as the southeast coast.
The private shipping industry is gradually becoming a self-sufficient industry. According to the research of some scholars, in the Song Dynasty, "the maritime industry has gradually separated from maritime commerce. In the offshore area, there are also some maritime merchants who use their own ships to transport goods for the merchants, and use this as their main income.
At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Ye Meng of Zhexi Road got a twist and turn:"My boat south of the Yangtze River often travels with the boat of Goryeo, if there is a business trip, I often know its topography and landform, and know its distance.
So he ordered the decree to be handed downattracted businessmen Liu Yue and Huang Shishun to ask.
Both of them were from Quanzhou and had been Goryeo merchants for generations.
Zhang Zhu was a sailor who received a certificate from the government, and Liu Yue and Huang Shishun were both merchants from Zhejiang and Hui, who hired a ship to come here from Quanzhou to trade at sea. The men on the ship, known as "the feet of the boat", bought more than 10,000 pieces of salt a day, a total of 830 copper coins, and in addition to the 200 copper coins, there were 630 copper coins.
At the beginning of the Great Song Dynasty, when all kinds of waste were waiting to be rebuilt, the Qing Dynasty opened up an "official road" on the Shuling River, making it passable in all directions.
In order to reduce the burden of labor, the Song Dynasty formulated a policy:Let ** be responsible for transporting goods to the capital and other places, so that agricultural production will not be affected.
"Reverse paving".It was the most important transportation force in the Song Dynasty, and was responsible for the political and military transportation missions of the Song Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the completion of basic public facilities such as waterways and land routes freed the common people from the shackles of transporting labor, and in a sense, promoted the development of civil commerce and enterprises. With the increase of the economic benefits of the whole society, the industrial benefits of the transportation industry and the individual benefits, the functions of the public sector and its public management have been further established and expanded.
The traffic in the early Song Dynasty was one"The government and the people coexist".situation. In terms of the governance of the civil transportation industry, the Song Dynasty classified private ships and ships engaged in passenger and cargo purposes as "ship households".
The registration of imported vessels must be inspected to distinguish the old and new timber, and the sails must be engraved with sandalwood. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the vehicles used to transport grain and salt were called "Li Sheng Qian", and customs gates were set up to collect fees such as "river crossing money" from passing merchants.
In the 6th year of the reign of Emperor Zhezong (1019)., the imperial court issued a decree on the "armor" of coastal ships。"The order was sent down, and the five prefectures and counties of Guang, Hui, Nanen, Duan, and Chao were selected as groups of twenty to select two capable people to be the leaders of this group.
The name of the county, the name of the household, the age of the ship, and the number of ships. He didn't enter the official mansion, Mei Yi had already done it a few times, and when it was time to **, another stranger got on the boat, which was a dead end. In the case of bandits, different punishments are imposed according to the severity of the punishment they receive, with corresponding rewards and punishments.
In the long years, in the transportation industry in the early Song Dynasty, the relationship between the government and the people was broken, the competition between the officials and the people became more and more fierce, and the contradictions between the officials and the people became more and more prominent.
In the naturalization process, ** often embarrassed and blackmailed people on the ship, caused"Detention and imprisonment shall not be less than six months, hindering the abolition of trafficking and making many small and medium-sized families without work."
The five grains are better than coins, and the harvest at one time is not high, but it has to pass through many gates, such as long-distance transportation, and the fees that need to be paid are also a lot of money.
In the year of natural disasters, the emergence of "Lisheng Coin" has made the price of grain obvious, has had a significant impact on food prices, and then has an impact on the flow of food sources, and then has an impact on the allocation of food sources.
Song Renzong once ordered the abolition of the "Lisheng Qian" of grains and other crops, but the Lisheng Qian was the responsibility of the local **, involving local financial revenue, so this will is in vain.
Later, during the period of Song Zhezong, Su Shi specially asked for "the victor of the five grains to be exempted from taxes", but it was still repeatedly banned.
Didian is a commercial place that combines goods, trading and accommodation, and is distributed in various places, especially in some places where various products are produced.
Houses in large cities, towns, and suburbs are highly profitable because of their prosperous commodity economy, especially the ease of circulation and transportation of goods.
At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Pu "set up a Guangdi mansion, set up a treasury, and forcibly took people's wealth" in Tokyo, and at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty"Headed by He Zhizhong and produced by Guangzhugui, there are more shops here than in the entire capital. ”
The Song Dynasty bureaucracy seized the market, seized and monopolized the best position, and squeezed private operations and profits.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, this was only for dignitaries, but in the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou, it was a caravan composed of "Ciyuan Palace" and "rich households", in the north pass of the city, there was a waterway several kilometers long, from Meijia Bridge to Fangjia Bridge in Baiyang Lake, and then to the city ship of the Fawuku, all of which were built by the "Ciyuan Palace" and "rich households", built houses, pretended to rent shops between the city and Guo, inns, and other items.
Naturalization and armor protection was originally a very strict system, and in the early Southern Song Dynasty, in order to deal with pirates, ** began to recruit and use the population near the sea, and introduced the "association" system.
Song Gaozong was in Shaoxing for five years"Decreed,Ordered the ** of Fujian and Guangdong to unite the people of the coastal waters to form an alliance to capture pirates
Weizhou County**, the people in the coastal areas are unified, every 500 people are a community, 300 people are insufficient, and the neighboring associations are the most courageous and powerful people as presidents, and the second is the vice president.
Get ready for the Master and send someone to catch the pirates. At the same time, the management of the firms is strictly controlled. If a ship wants to sail at sea, it must"Submit an application, be issued by **, be reviewed by **, and then you can sail at sea".
The approval of the daily navigation of the ship not only affects the operation of the ship, but also gives the opportunity to seek rent. The response time to the report, the time of processing, the degree of carefulness of the inspection, the result of the report, and the closeness of the distance from the reported vessel will all give the officer the opportunity to seek rent.
The military of the Song Dynasty was for profit. The military's direct profit-making behavior is called the "Hui Yi Hui".
In the early Southern Song Dynasty,Fan Zhongyan and the Yuejia army in the early Southern Song Dynasty, all in the form of "rebates" to make up for the financial shortfall.
However, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial court had always forbidden the army to return to Yidi. During the Northern Song Dynasty, it was not very common to march back to Yi. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the trend of marching back to divisions gradually expanded.
Liu Bao, the commander of Zhenjiang, appointed his subordinates as storekeepers in Huiyi, and opened shops in the city, and built a collapse mill and a firewood field at the mouth of the river. Of the more than 50,000 people under the command of Liu Guangshi, more than 8,000 participated in this war, accounting for almost one-fifth of this war.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a letter requesting the imperial court to strictly prohibit generals from buying real estate in their residences, or opening pawnshops and mansions, or selling goods privately.
Even with Xiaozong's approval, it is just a piece of waste paper. Before the Southern Song Dynasty Ningzong moved north,"When the army returns home, the restaurants and restaurants have more than enough."
The Song army's rebellion also put great pressure on the transportation of the Song Dynasty.
In the late Song Dynasty, the initial was abandonedexempt civilians from the suffering of transportation and service, and let the delivery soldiers and other bearers undertake the transportation of goods", a large number of civilian ships were used to transport the goods of the first class, and also used to send messengers, which had a great impact on the normal order of commercial life.
Generally, it is the people on the ship, all the goods on the ship, all the goods on the ship, are leased to the people on the ship, once there is any loss, it will be detained to make up, and in the four seasons of the year, even bankruptcy, it is only a small part of the compensation.
So, when the ** began to move the ships, everyone looked like the sky was falling apart.
Whenever there is a **escort of property and the rental of a boat, the people will panic, as if they have been captured, wailing, blocking transportation, and **interrupting.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, "dangfan" was the biggest sailor's burden. The imperial court took turns to send civilian boats from all over the country to Zhejiang, and fortified along the Huaidong Sea Road and the Yangtze River.
In the name of "dangfan", forcibly requisitioning civilian ships and confiscating the army is just bullying some small boat owners, but those rich people, because of their inextricable connection with the imperial court, can often lose money to avoid disasters and taxes. “
The land at home is fertile, and those who really have big ships are either bribed ** or forcibly occupied by pretending to be powerful.
Only those who were so poor that they were chosen for the imperial examination, their ships had been in place twenty years ago, but their ships were either blown by the wind, stolen, or unrepairable, or old, or dilapidated, or because of age.
None of them have cancelled their registrations, and they can only rely on debt collection year after year, either because of the farmland, the sale of their property, the sale of their wives and children, and the dispatch of their children, or worse, they will leave their homes and drown in the river, and those who are incompetent will become pirates. ”
From the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty to the early Southern Song Dynasty, ** has been interfering with and plundering the normal operating profits of private transportation enterprises, which has made the relationship between the government and the people gradually become tense and even hostile in transportation.
However, the relationship between the two sides is not too intense at the moment. The strong management of public mansions will certainly squeeze the income of private operations, but there are not many private owners of private mansions, and the impact is limited.
Although the public has complained about the new rules of "association" and "registration before entering the sea", it is generally acceptable. In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, the phenomenon of intervening in and plundering private transportation profits continued to increase, and the principle of "no need to serve the people and insult the peasants" in government-run transportation was completely abandoned, and the contradiction between the government and the people in the transportation industry became more and more prominent.
First, the call for the military to "return to Yi" is getting higher and higher; On the other side, there was a large number of recruitments, and the burden of labor soon increased.
"In the fourth year of Shaoxing, Wu Price, the governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, transferred Sichuan Fu to transport 1.5 million stones of rice to Lizhou, picking one stone in a hundred miles, suffering from hunger and cold, falling ill constantly, and dying at the hands of the Shu people. ”
There is only one road to Zaoyang, all the soldiers and horses have to be transported from the two places of Ding and Qi in Hubei, the road is far away, and at most eight loads of goods can be transported, but the quartermaster repeatedly asks for the soldiers and horses, and the materials required are more than ten times the cost.
A medium-sized family hired a husband, and the remuneration is four or five hundred thousand taels of silver, and if a weak man is enslaved by a man, then his family will be torn apart, and some people will even die on the road.
In the late Song Dynasty, due to the imperfection of the postal transportation system, the phenomenon of theft and accumulation of disadvantages was very prominent.