The history of the Two Song Dynasty is really a history of grievancesFrom the founding of the country to its demise, whether it was against Western Xia, Liao, Dali, Vietnam, or Jurchen and Mongolia, the Song army hardly fought a few decent victories.
The land battle is not good, and the naval battle is also lost.
Even though there are countless literati who rub grease and whitewash it, from the shame of Jingkang to the Battle of Yashan, the jaw-dropping history of military shame of the Great Song Dynasty has never ended!
Especially the "Battle of Yashan",The Song Dynasty lost more than 100,000 soldiers and suffered heavy losses.
The shame of a country is completely caused by the unchanging rule of the Song Dynasty, which is endlessly sad and embarrassing.
A.D. 1127, luckily escaped from the shame of JingkangZhao GouHe first ascended the throne in Shangqiu and became emperor and established the Southern Song Dynasty.
Soon after, due to the southward movement of the Jin army, Zhao Gou led his people to flee all the way south to Hangzhou.
A.D. 1138, Zhao Gou officially changed Hangzhou to Lin'an, moved the capital here, the reason why Lin'an was named at that time, perhaps the Northern Song Dynasty monarchs and ministers still had a little bit of the meaning of returning to the north.
But what happened after that is very clear to everyone, in line with the principle of being submissive to the outside and striking hard internallyZhao Gou instigated the traitorous minister Qin Hui and killed many generals of the main battle faction represented by Yue Fei.
And in 1141Through a series of humiliating treaties such as paying tribute to the Jin State, the Shaoxing Peace was reached with the Jin Dynasty.
Then, to:Song GaozongThe monarchs and ministers of the Great Song Dynasty, as represented, began to germinate in this half of the country again, repeating the mistakes of the past!
continue to emphasize literature over military force, suppress the military generals who are emerging, and those that are not easy to control, such as Yue Fei directly killed.
easy to control, such as Han Shizhong, even if he saved Zhao Gou's life, he was also removed from the army.
In addition to cleaning up the dissidents in the court, the scholars and doctors of the Southern Song Dynasty did not have the melancholy of ruining their families at all, but began to buy family property in the wealthy Jiangnan and squeeze the people!
In addition to large-scale land annexationsIn addition to driving the people to build luxury houses and beautiful houses, all kinds of harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes are also countless!
The early years of the Southern Song DynastyIn order to strengthen the army construction and recover the Central Plains, the imperial court levied the general system of money from the people.
But later, after the Southern Song Dynasty court lost interest in the Northern Expedition and just wanted to enjoy itself in the south, the so-called Northern Expedition military expenses never stopped being collected!
By the time of Song Ningzong, the total annual income was nearly 20 million yuan!
These were originally used to strengthen the army, but one of them was used in the army!
Could it be that the Southern Song Dynasty at that time did not have the knowledge to criticize the nonsense of the Southern Song court?
Of course there are, for exampleGeneral Shao Long resolutely opposed the cession of land and sued for peace, so a cup of poisonous wine gave him death!
Wicked people know better than others that they are not things, so they never have to think about the lower limit when they do things! And they also know better how to clean up people.
In order to grease and powder yourself,Qin Hui's son Qin Rong was appointed as the editor-in-chief of the official history, arbitrarily tampered with historical facts, and strictly prohibited private history.
In order to prevent dissatisfaction among the people, they also implemented spy rule.
But those who are dissatisfied with the speech will be poisoned!
The rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty have long forgotten the shame of Jingkang, the country is ruined, from the insects of the Northern Song Dynasty to the insects of the Southern Song Dynasty, it is just a raccoon dog!
What's even more speechless is that after a tragic lesson of the country's ruin, the Southern Song Dynasty still almost completely inherited all the ** diseases of the Northern Song Dynasty: politically corrupt and incompetent, militarily heavy on literature and light on military force, and diplomatically, there was another long-distance and close attack!
A.D. 1234, the Southern Song Dynasty general Meng Heng led the army and jointly attacked Caizhou with the Mongol armyJin Aizong finished his facecommitted suicide and the Jin Dynasty perished.
Of course, in this battle, the Southern Song Dynasty was mainly responsible for providing food for the Mongol army, as well as a few arrows at Jin Aizong's corpse after Jin Aizong's suicide.
As for the performance on the battlefield, it was, as always, unsightly.
Even after the fall of the Jin Dynasty, Song Lizong sent an army of 60,000 troops to the north with the intention of recovering the lost territory, but it was unsurprisingly taken away by the Mongols in waves.
This battle convinced the Mongols that the Southern Song Dynasty was really a dish.
But did the Southern Song Dynasty really have no chance?
The answer is yes.
Year 1234Although the failure of the Southern Song Dynasty to enter Luo became the fuse for the war between the Yuan Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty did not have a chance.
Year 1227Genghis KhanBefore he died, he made a foolish arrangement and passed the throne to Ogedei, but he gave most of the land and population to Tulei, which would be a ghost if there was no problem.
Even ifYear 1232, only 39-year-old after the death of a thunderstormThe descendants of Tuolei and the descendants of Ogedai still fought for the throne of the Great KhanIn the end, relying on the advantage of strong soldiers and horses, the descendants of Tuo Lei won the sweat position.
Then the sons of Tuo Lei began to fight among themselves againTorre's eldest son, Möngke Khan, his fourth son, Kublai Khan, and his seventh son, Ali Buge, fought a decades-long battle between the open and the dark.
Year 1259, Möngke Khan died under the Diaoyu City, the position of the Mongol Great Khan was vacant, and then Kublai Khan met with Ali Buge
It was not until 1268 that Kublai Khan, who finally grasped the supreme power and cleared out his internal political enemies, was finally able to concentrate his forces on the war to destroy the Song Dynasty.
In the past 30 years, although Mongolia has also had several battles to attack the Song Dynasty in the south, it is either trapped in the terrain of Sichuan, such as the Battle of Diaoyu City, or there are internal problems, and the army returns north.
But if the Southern Song Dynasty can compete for some energy, it will not end up jumping into the sea in the end!
From 1268 to 1274,Xiangyang defender Lu Wenhuan held out for six years without reinforcements from the rear, because of the exhaustion of ammunition and food, he had to surrender!
Yes, in this six-year-long battle to defend Xiangyang, the entire Southern Song Dynasty court was closing its eyes and dying!
In 1275, the Yuan army arrived in Lin'an, and Lin'an surrendered.
After the destruction of Lin'an City, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie took the two young emperors to various parties one after another, and finally ushered in their own endgame in Yashan.
In 1279, the Battle of Yashan began.
There were more than 200,000 officials, soldiers and civilians in the Song Dynasty, and more than 1,000 warships, even if you draw one out of five, you can pull out 40,000 troops.
The total strength of the Yuan army was about 20,000 and 400 warships.
There were only about 1,000 Mongols in the Yuan army, and they were all cavalry. The composition of the rest of the troops is quite complicated, with Han, Jin, Khitan, and even Koreans, which is really a pot of chowder.
It stands to reason that the southerners are good at ships, the northerners are good at horses, and in naval battles, the Southern Song Dynasty army should have an advantage, right?
Moreover, the number of warships in this battle in the Southern Song Dynasty was much greater than that of the Yuan army, if we take into account the complex ethnic composition of the Yuan army.
It can be said that this battle, for the Song army, is another advantage in me.
However, from the Northern Song Dynasty to the present, how many times has the Song army not had an advantage on the battlefield, but how many times has it really been able not to capsize against the wind?
In this final battle of the Northern Song Dynasty,Zhang Shijie, the main general of the Northern Song Dynasty, faced Zhang Hongfan, the main general of the Yuan Army.
Although Zhang Shijie is known as the three heroes of the late Song Dynasty, he has always adhered to the anti-Yuan Dynasty, and would rather die than surrender, and his personality quality is worthy of praise.
But character has little to do with ability, as the traditional civil official coach of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhang Shijie's performance in this battle is really in the same vein as the previous Northern Song Dynasty civil official leadership style.
At that time, there were two entrances and exits in the south and north on the Yashan sea where the Song and Yuan armies fought.
The Song army's sea ships had a large draft and a deep draft, logically speaking, it should occupy the southern deep sea port, but Zhang Shijie ordered Song ** boats to dock in the northwest port with shallow water.
In addition, perhapsZhang Shijie took into account the lessons of the Song army's friendly troops in the past when they were in trouble and the friendly forces were scattered, and ordered the Song ships to be connected to each other by iron cables.
I don't know if you are familiar with this operation?
That's rightWasn't that how Cao Cao played in the Battle of Chibi back then?
To tell the truth, Zhang Shijie, an outstanding scholar and doctor in the Southern Song Dynasty who is familiar with the Four Books and Five Classics, should not have read it before"Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
When Zhang Hongfan, the commander of the Yuan army, saw Zhang Shijie's arrangement, he laughed out loud, he had never seen such a battle. The Southern Song Dynasty navy had far more ships than the Yuan army, but it concentrated its forces in the north and left no troops in the south to defend it.
Obviously, the ships of the Southern Song Dynasty were large and should be stranded in deep waterHowever, the sea ships of the Song Dynasty were concentrated in the north where the sea was shallow, and once the tide receded, they could not even walk.
Obviously, the sea was wide, and the ships of the Yuan army could not cross the sea to chase and kill the Song army's sea ships, but the Song army killed each other's ships with iron cables, and none of them could run.
In other words, did the Song army coach on the other side really fight?
Facts have proved that Zhang Shijie really can't fight, when Zhang Hongfan took the lead in seizing the southern seaport, Zhang Shijie, who had the advantage of troops, always flinched and did not dare to take the initiative to attack, so that the Yuan army easily cut off the supply line of the Song army.
The next thing is simpler, the Yuan army waits until after the tide ebbs,The large ships of the Song army were inconvenient to travel, and even when they were stranded, small boats loaded with gunpowder and other things that ignited the fire came to burn the cliff mountain.
However, because the Song army had taken precautions and smeared the ship with thick soil, it did not repeat the mistake of Chibi.
However, due to being cut off from the outside world by the Yuan army, the Song army's fresh water reserves soon ran out, which seriously affected the Song army's combat effectiveness.
And then,Zhang Hongfan ventured into the battlefield with thousands of Mongol cavalry.
It stands to reason that cavalry will not play a role in this kind of naval battle, after all, the turbulence of the sea ships alone is enough for these cavalrymen to drink.
However, many sea ships in the Song Dynasty are connected, so that the Mongolian cavalry can kill all directions as if they were walking on the ground！(The reason why Cao Cao wanted to connect the ships in the Battle of Chibi was precisely because after the ships were connected, the northern soldiers who could not tolerate the bumps on the water had greatly improved the seasickness.) ）
There was nothing to say about what happened after that, as the Song dynasty's sea ships were connected to each other, lost their mobility, and faced the overwhelming Mongol cavalry.
The Song army, which was scattered on various sea ships, was powerless to resist, and the back road was cut off, so they could only wait for death!
Seeing that he could not break through, Lu Xiufu, the left prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, threw himself into the sea with Zhao Yu, the king of Wei, on his back, and more than 100,000 corpses floated into the sea after the war.
As forZhang ShijieInstead, he managed to escape, and soon drowned at the foot of Pingzhang Mountain.
Later generations of scholars and doctors would always try their best to whitewash Zhang Shijie and praise him as a loyal minister of the country, and after the Battle of Yashan was also hyped up for a time, it became a witness to the hard bones of the Southern Song Dynasty.
But intellectuallyIn the Battle of Yashan, can Zhang Shijie's performance really afford the word "capable minister"?
In the case that the Song army originally had the advantage, the last commander of the Great Song Dynasty made almost all the mistakes he could!
If you are determined to fight the enemy to the death in Yashan, why do you never dare to take the initiative to attack the enemy? So that the Yuan army was easily cut off from the back road?
If you didn't dare to fight from the beginning, then why didn't you continue to sail south with the blood of these Great Song Dynasty?
Judging by the current archaeological findings of shipwrecks,At that time, the sea ships of the Song Dynasty could reach Taiwan, Southeast Asia and even the Philippines.
Of course, compared to the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the vast majority of scholars who surrendered to foreign racesZhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu and Wen Tianxiang are people who at least use their lives to prove their integrity worthy of admiration.
But can the morality of these people really cover up their incompetence and that of the entire Song Dynasty?
Why can't the huge Song Dynasty find a few commanders who can match the position? Instead of letting these scholars who don't know about military affairs bury the fortunes of the country? Isn't that a great sorrow?
The only lesson that mankind can learn from history is that it never learns a lesson, and this is so apt for the Northern Song and Southern Song Dynasty!
History gave the Song Dynasty a chance to be reborn, but the Southern Song Dynasty once again embarked on a path of destruction that was almost exactly the same as that of the Northern Song Dynasty.
A dynasty that values civility over military force, and regards its own army as a thief, no matter how many advantages it has, it will only end up in a mess.
Rather than glorifying the qualities of the victims of several eras, analyzing the causes of the two downfalls of an empire in order to find a way to avoid it is only more valuable!