When the body responds to endotoxins, it triggers an inflammatory response on the one hand, and produces or activates substances that can remove and inactivate endotoxins, including anti-specific polysaccharide antibodies and anti-core polysaccharide antibodies. After the two antibodies bind to endotoxin, they then bind to FC receptors on the cell membrane to mediate endotoxin endogenization, thereby inactivating endotoxin in the cell. Anti-endotoxin antibodies can also interfere with the binding of endotoxin to LBP, preventing LBP from transporting endotoxin to CD14.
Unfortunately, antibodies against endotoxins in one strain have no neutralizing effect on endotoxins in other strains of the same genus; Animal models of endotoxemia and gram-negative bacteriemia showed that anti-endotoxin antibodies had a protective effect, but neither antibody showed significant protective effect when introduced into the body.
In conclusion, the body's defense system can effectively prevent the invasion of exogenous endotoxins and the translocation of endogenous endotoxins, and the body's defense system can effectively remove and inactivate endotoxins even when a small amount of endotoxin is released due to minor infection with gram-negative bacilli or a small amount of enterogenic endotoxin is displaced. However, when a large number of exogenous endotoxins are released or a large number of enterogenic endotoxins are translocated, the body's defense system not only cannot effectively remove and inactivate endotoxins, but under the action of endotoxins, its own defense function is significantly inhibited, and at the same time, innate immune cells are transformed from defensive cells to effector cells, synthesize and release a large number of inflammatory mediators, which leads to sepsis, and in severe cases, septic shock and even death.
It can be seen that the influence of the body's defense system on endotoxin metabolism is limited, and in order to effectively inhibit the biological activity of endotoxin, it is necessary to find effective endotoxin antagonism, but unfortunately, we still know little about the specific process of endotoxin metabolism in the liver, which seriously hinders the research of endotoxin antagonism.
Although there is no specific endotoxin antagonist in clinical practice, we are convinced that with the continuous research on the body's defense system and endotoxin metabolism, human beings will definitely find effective endotoxin antagonists.