The "Blue Book of the College Entrance Examination: Report on China's College Entrance Examination" summarizes the propositional characteristics of the college entrance examination as "three lines": namelyThe gold line of core values, the silver line of competence and literacy, and the tandem line of situational carriers。At the same time, the four principles of proposition are emphasized:No value, no question, no thinking, no proposition, no situation, no task, no question。These views highly summarize the propositional trend of the college entrance examination. It is of great guiding significance for our daily learning.
At the same time, the higher-order thinking examined by the college entrance examination is emphasized in numerous sources, namelyInformation Acquisition and Processing, Logical Reasoning and Argumentation, Science** and Mind Modeling, Critical Thinking and Innovative Thinking, Language Organization and ExpressionWait. Of course, the thinking tested in these college entrance examinations is presented through situational carriers and subject tasks, that is, a material question is given and a question is asked for you to answer.
In the "General High School Curriculum Standards", the "subject tasks" of the ideological and political discipline of the college entrance examination are summarized into four aspects, namely:Description & Classification, Interpretation & Argumentation, ** & Selection, Analysis & Evaluation。From these four types of subject tasks, eight categories of questions are derived, forming a written test mode of "material plus questions". On the other hand, these eight types of questions represent different subject tasks, reflect students' thinking ability in different dimensions, and contain students' disciplinary literacy and core values.
Among them, the task of "description and classification" can be asked separately or implicitly in other questions. in the college entrance examination questions".Embody, reflect, implyThis type of questioning is a direct manifestation of this task. We abbreviate it".Embody the reflection class
There are generally two ways to present this type of question: one is that the situational material is presented in text, which requires you to summarize the material information (text contextual embodiment class); The second is that the situational material is presented in the form of text and charts, and you are asked to summarize the information reflected in the chart (diagram contextual reflection class). The logic of answering questions is the same for both forms. The basic thinking process is as follows: the first step is to analyze the situation - to classify the information of the material; The second step is abstract generalization - from the information point to a specific theoretical term, from the individual to the general inductive thinking, and then organize and describe. Its thinking path can be illustrated in the following diagram:
In recent years, this type of question type has occasionally appeared, and here are some examples of the embodiment of the real college entrance examination questions, you can feel this kind of thinking path.
1. Textual contextual embodiment class
Example 1(2021 Hunan Volume 17).Read the materials and complete the requirements below.
To build a modern socialist country in an all-round way and realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it is necessary to cultivate more high-quality technical and skilled talents, skilled craftsmen, and craftsmen of great powers.
Material 1 Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has built the world's largest vocational education system - 1There are 130,000 vocational schools with 30.88 million students, and more than 1,300 majors and more than 100,000 professional points have been opened in vocational schools across the country, basically covering all fields of the national economy. At present, there are about 16.5 billion people, accounting for only 21 percent of the total number of employed people3%, 47.91 million high-skilled talents, accounting for only 29% of the total number of skilled workers.
According to material 1, summarize the current situation of the training of technical and skilled personnel in China.
Cf. ***China's vocational education system is relatively perfect, and vocational education schools have more majors and wide coverage; However, the proportion of skilled workers in China is low and the structure is unreasonable, and there is a shortage of high-skilled talents.
Example 2(2023 Beijing Volume 19).The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to enhance the endogenous power and reliability of the domestic cycle, and improve the quality and level of the international cycle.
After more than 40 years of reform and opening up, China has a population of more than 1.4 billion, more than 400 million middle-income groups, and an annual per capita disposable income of nearly 3 million residents70,000 yuan. China has a labor force of nearly 900 million, and the number of people receiving higher education has exceeded 2400 million, with more than 15 million new labor force added every year, and the average number of years of education of the new labor force has reached 14 years.
According to the material, use the knowledge of "Economy and Society" to summarize the market advantages of our country.
Cf. ***Our country has a huge domestic market; per capita disposable income rising; The new number of workers has increased and the quality has improved.
Example 3(January 2022, Vol. 39).The Resolution of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party's Centennial Struggle (hereinafter referred to as the Resolution) deliberated and adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is a guide to action for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and has great practical significance and far-reaching historical significance. In the process of drafting the "Resolution," the opinions and suggestions of the responsible persons of the democratic parties, the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, and representatives of personages without party affiliation were specially listened to, and these opinions and suggestions were seriously considered in the revision of the draft of the "Resolution." The process of forming the "Resolution" has embodied the unique advantages of China's political party system.
Explain how the above-mentioned materials embody the basic content and advantages of China's political party system.
The status and significance of the Resolution of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party's Centennial Struggle reflects that the Communist Party of China is the leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and the premise of cooperation is to adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
In the process of drafting the draft of the "Resolution," the opinions of the democratic parties were listened to, which reflects China's implementation of the system of cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, which is the ruling party and the democratic parties are participating in the political process, and the two are close and friendly parties that work together to devote themselves to the cause of socialism.
In the process of drafting the draft resolution, listening to the opinions of the democratic parties is the embodiment of China's political party consultations, which are one of the main channels for consultative democracy, and consultative democracy is a unique form and unique advantage of China's socialist democratic politics.
Example 4(2021 Tianjin volume.)Read the material and answer the questions.
The spirit of the Long March is an important manifestation of the noble revolutionary culture, an important nourishment of the socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, and an important part of the spiritual pedigree of the Chinese Communists.
Material one
The two main principles of materialist dialectics contained in material 1 are clarified, and analyzed in combination with the materials.
Cf. ***The world is eternally developing, and the essence of development is the advance and rise of things, the birth of new things and the demise of old things. During the Red Army's Long March, our party dared to break the shackles of dogmatism, enriched and developed Marxism, and established a correct revolutionary line in line with China's reality.
The universality and particularity of contradictions are interconnected, and universality resides in particularity, and particularity is inseparable from universality. The basic tenets of Marxism are universal, and China's specific reality is special, and we should combine the two and, under the guidance of the basic tenets of Marxism, explore a road of socialist revolution, construction, and reform that suits China's national conditions.
Example 5(2022 Beijing Volume 17).Read the material and answer the questions.
【Memory】Beijing swifts come to Beijing to nest and breed in spring, and take newborn swifts across Central Asia to Africa at the end of summer, and fly back to Beijing on time in the next year. The scene of Beijing swifts flying over the ancient buildings is a beautiful memory for people.
In order to avoid defacement and damage, the eaves and arches of the ancient buildings were equipped with protective nets, but the Beijing swifts that nested here were inadvertently blocked from the "door". It is difficult not only to avoid damage to ancient buildings, but also to ensure the peaceful residence of Beijing swifts.
【Symbiosis】Under the guidance of the concept of biodiversity conservation and related technical support, relevant departments such as cultural relics and landscaping have worked closely together to set aside a "breeding window" for Beijing swifts on ancient buildings. At the same time, volunteers are actively building new homes for Beijing swifts and helping them migrate to modern buildings to build nests. Under the care of many parties, the population of Beijing swift is recovering and growing. Swifts and ancient buildings coexist in harmony in the city.
Combined with the materials and the knowledge of "Logic and Thinking", this paper illustrates how the conservation of swifts in Beijing embodies scientific thinking.
Refer to the protection of swifts in Beijing, understand the laws of survival and reproduction of swifts in Beijing in practice, make reasonable inferences about the overall effect of protection, and constantly update the protection concept and improve the protection measures in the test of practiceIt embodies the objectivity of scientific thinking and the pursuit of cognition;
The contradiction analysis method is used to deal with the relationship between the protection of ancient buildings and the protection of swifts in Beijing, and the two are unified in the process of urban developmentembodies the dialectical thinking method;
Think about how to realize the symbiosis between Beijing swifts and ancient buildings from multiple perspectives, and explore the cultural value of Beijing swiftsIt embodies the ability to think innovatively.
2. Diagram context reflection class
Example 6,YouNational Volume BRead the materials and complete the requirements below.
Material 1 2012 The number of working-age population in China and the average wage of employees in urban private units in 2022
Note: The working-age population refers to the working-age population aged 16 to 59.
Interpret the economic information reflected in material 1. (4 points).
[Answer].Material one reflectsFrom 2012 to 2022, the number of working-age population in China showed an overall decreasing trend, and the average wage of employees in urban private units showed an increasing trend year by yearVisibleThe phenomenon of difficult and expensive employment in enterprises is becoming increasingly prominent.
Example 7(2022 Liaoning Volume 17).Material 1 On January 1, 2022, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) officially entered into force in China. The RCEP rules include e-commerce, procurement, competition and other topics, raising the level of commitment on topics such as intellectual property. The effective implementation of RCEP will not only gradually achieve zero tariff on more than 90% of goods in the region, but also help give full play to the comparative advantages of member countries in the region and form a closed loop of industrial and advanced chains in the region.
Apply the knowledge of contemporary international politics and economics to interpret the economic information in Material 1.
From 2016 to 2020, China's total imports of goods showed an overall growth trend, and the total customs imports of goods between China and other RCEP member countries also showed an increasing trend, and the total customs imports of goods between China and other RCEP member countries accounted for a relatively large proportion of China's total imports of goods; It shows that China's level of opening up to the outside world is constantly improving, and it also shows that economic cooperation in the RCEP region is imperative.
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has officially entered into force in China, which has promoted the liberalization and facilitation of the region, promoted China's construction of a new development pattern of "dual circulation", and promoted mutual benefit and common development of the regional economy.
Example 82022 Hunan volumeRead the materials and complete the requirements below.
Consumption is the final demand, the key link and an important engine for smoothing the domestic cycle, which has a lasting driving force for the economy and is related to ensuring and improving people's livelihood.
Material oneFigure 1 is shown belowChina's household consumption rate from 2001 to 2020
FigIt is: the consumption rate of residents in some countries when the per capita GDP is between 3,000 and 10,000 US dollars
Please describe the economic information reflected in material 1.
Cf. ***From 2001 to 2007, the consumption rate of Chinese residents was declining; From 2007 to 2012, the consumption rate of Chinese residents was relatively stable; From 2012 to 2020, the consumption rate of Chinese residents increased, but the growth was slow;
When the country's per capita GDP is 3,000-10,000 US dollars, the consumption rate of Chinese residents is much lower than that of developed countries, which shows that the consumption level of Chinese residents is low, the consumption capacity is weak, and the consumption structure needs to be optimized.
Example 9, (2021 Beijing volume.)Human capital, the sum of the knowledge, skills and health levels accumulated by workers, is an important driver for a country to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth.
Material 1 Education is one of the main ways to accumulate human capital. The figure on the right shows data on tertiary education coverage in the 2015 China 1% Population Sample Survey. The left vertical axis represents the proportion of people with a college degree or higher in the population of all age groups, and the right vertical axis represents the proportion of urban and rural areas.
What information does material 1 reflect?
Cf. ***Rising tertiary education coverage; The rural-urban gap in tertiary education coverage has been narrowing overall.
Example 10, (2021 Hebei volume.)Read the materials and complete the requirements below.
The "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035" proposes to enrich the rural economic formats and develop modern rural industries with their own characteristics to enrich the people. In recent years, there has been an upsurge of innovation and entrepreneurship in rural areas, and new forms of agricultural business such as facility agriculture, agricultural experience, and e-commerce live broadcast have flourished. In 2019, China's leisure agriculture received 3.2 billion tourists, with an operating income of more than 850 billion yuan; The online sales of agricultural products reached 400 billion yuan.
From October 2019 to January 2020, a professional research institute conducted a field survey on the development of new business formats of 3,937 agricultural business entities. Some of the findings are shown in the figure below:
Interpret the economic information contained in the chart above.
Cf. ***The proportion of rural households participating in the new business format has increased, and the proportion of large-scale farmers has nearly doubled that of small-scale farmers. The operating income and the proportion of private brands of farmers participating in the new agricultural business have increased significantly, and the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has decreased. This shows that the development of new forms of agricultural business is conducive to increasing farmers' income, improving the quality and safety of agricultural products, and promoting high-quality agricultural development. However, the development of new forms of agricultural business still faces outstanding problems such as low participation of agricultural operators, shortage of funds, and insufficient technology.