Around the Spring Festival, the Northeast was on fire.
Whether it is the small potatoes in the south to Harbin to play in the snow, or the high-speed rail encountered a snowstorm during the Spring Festival, the diesel locomotives in the northeast went south to assist, all of which received a high degree of attention.
The land of the Northeast reveals a unique temperament everywhere.
The most intuitive point is that the Northeast people are not very sensitive to the differences between the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, collectively known as the Northeast, and the regional concept is relatively weak, while the prefecture-level cities of Jiangsu are not convinced by each other, Kunshan skips Suzhou and Jiangsu, and calls itself Kunshan, China, has a strong local protectionism, and has been called the Thirteen Taibao of Jiangsu in recent years.
The reason why the Northeast is like this is largely because of the late Qing Dynasty's invasion of the eastern part of the country.
In the early years, when the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Dolgon brought out hundreds of thousands of Manchurian bannermen and Han people in order to concentrate his troops to eliminate Li Zicheng and Nanming.
Later, Emperor Shunzhi felt that it was not good, there were only more than 5,000 men in Fengtian City, and the land of Longxing was too desolate, so he promulgated the "Regulations on Recruiting People to Reclamation in Liaodong" in 1653 to encourage Han people to migrate to the northeast to reclaim barren land and defend the frontier.
But the time of this immigration was very short, and in 1668, the Kangxi Emperor and the auxiliary ministers canceled the "Liaodong Recruitment and Reclamation Regulations", did not allow the Han people to immigrate to the Northeast, and began to build wicker side walls, and used the Northeast as the self-reserved land of Aixinjue Luo, the permanent industry of the banner people
In order to prepare for the retired soldiers as a permanent production. ”
Since then, only the banner people can operate normally in the Northeast, and the Han people in the Northeast are basically prisoners, such as the literati who have failed in the political struggle and the literati who have offended the Northeast, and the term "exiled Ningguta" comes from this.
According to statistics,More than half a million Han Chinese were exiled to the northeast by the Qing Dynasty.
The Han people entered the Northeast on a large scale again, and it was not until the late Qing Dynasty.
Since the Opium War, the great powers that participated in the partition of China gradually penetrated into the vast and sparsely populated Northeast, and then Japan rose through the "Meiji Restoration" and prepared to seize the Northeast with the Korean Peninsula as a springboard.
Under the siege of Japan and Russia, the Qing Dynasty's northeast policy could not be sustained, and if the restrictions on immigration were not lifted, the northeast would be completely lost, and then the Japanese and Russian troops would be directed at Beijing, and the Qing Dynasty emperor might repeat the story of Zhu Qizhen, and the family business of the banner people would also be looted.
Whether to retreat or look at the present, it is easy for the Qing Dynasty monarchs and ministers to make a choice.
Therefore, since 1860, the Qing Dynasty abandoned the ancestral system and opened up the Northeast step by step, allowing the Han people from the 18 provinces of the Han Dynasty to go to the Northeast to hunt and fend for themselves.
At that time, the population of the entire Northeast was less than 3 million, but during the First Sino-Japanese War, the population of the Northeast exceeded 5 million, and when the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911, the population of the Northeast reached 18 million, and 100 million acres of cultivated land were reclaimed.
By the late 1920s, Han Chinese were immigrating to the Northeast at a rate of one million a year, and the population of the Northeast soon exceeded 30 million.
In just 70 years, the Northeast has changed from a vast and sparsely populated no-man's land to a dense fertile land outside the Guankou.
Chinese have always relocated to their homeland, why are they willing to leave their homeland and migrate to the northeast?
Actually, it's becauseThere was no way to live in their hometown, so they left their hometown and went to the Northeast to make a living.
Since the Qin and Han dynasties, North China has been China's population highland, but after the Tang and Song dynasties, the economic center of gravity shifted southward, and the ceramics and silk industries in North China also moved to the south of the Yangtze River, resulting in the extremely backward economy of North China, most of the population lived on farming, and no other industry could accommodate the surplus population.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the per capita arable land in North China was only about 4 mu, coupled with high land rents and exorbitant taxes, most of the population was struggling to survive.
After entering the **, the warlords began to divide all parts of North China.
In the absence of overall planning, no one in North China has maintained water conservancy facilities, no one is responsible for grassroots security, no one has rescued drought and plague, and North China has become a plate of scattered sand.
In order to raise military spending, the warlords continued to raise the field tax, and levied harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes under different names, such as Zhang Zongchang's three-year occupation of Shandong, promulgated 51 kinds of harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes, a total of 3500 million yuan. When Han Fuju ruled Shandong, he not only inherited Zhang Zongchang's harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes, but also increased the total amount of land taxes from 8.17 million yuan to 15.16 million yuan, nearly doubling.
Under the devastation of natural and man-made disasters, the people in North China are in dire straits.
Since there was no way to live in North China, some of them rushed to the Northeast.
Despite the growing population of Northeast China, there is still a large amount of uncultivated land that can be cultivated on the endless black soil as long as you cross the Shanhai Pass.
Even if you don't want to farm, the average salary in Northeast China is much higher than in North China, for example, the monthly salary of short-term workers in Shandong is 013 yuan, Shanxi is 014 yuan, Fengtian's monthly salary for short-term workers can be given to 042 yuan, a full triple.
After Zhang Zuolin seized the Northeast, except for entering the customs and fighting for hegemony, there were almost no large-scale wars in the territory, creating a relatively peaceful environment for the Northeast.
Compared with the provinces of North China, the Northeast is simply a paradise, so people in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China had a Northeast dream.
Immigrating to the Northeast is the realization of the Northeast dream.
At the beginning, most of the immigrants to the Northeast were young and strong men, who cultivated a piece of land on the black soil in the spring, or worked part-time to earn a salary, and returned to their hometown with a year's income, spring and winter, year after year.
After going back and forth for a few years, as life in the Northeast gradually stabilized, these young men either married wives and had children in the Northeast, or brought their wives and children from their hometowns to the Northeast to start a new life with their families.
In this context, Shanhaiguan, as the intersection of North China and Northeast China, has a special significanceAfter passing the Shanhaiguan, there is hope for life, and there is food for his wife, children, and parents.
From this point of view, the invasion of the eastern part of the country at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China is equivalent to the westward expansion of the United States.
According to relevant statistics, 70% of the immigrants from Northeast China come from Shandong, mainly from land reclamation and farming, and the other 30% come from Hebei and Shanxi.
Agriculture was the pillar economy of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and Shandong people were the mainstream of immigrants from Northeast China.
Such a proportion of the population and the industrial structure imply that,The Northeast is nothing more than the large Shandong.
Originally, Shandong had a strong provincial identity, and the Northeast was an endless black soil plain, and there were no mountains and rivers to prevent people from communicating and migrating, so it was naturally easy for Northeast immigrants, mainly Shandong people, to construct a regional identity of "Northeast".
We Shandong people have become our Northeast people.
At that time, children in the Northeast fought, and there were often children who had settled in the Northeast for two or three generations, scolding the children who had just immigrated to the Northeast for "Shandong sticks", and the parents ran over and scolded when they heard it
Your grandmother is a bear, and your grandfather is also from Shandong. ”
It is precisely because everyone comes from the same homeland and comes for the same goal that thousands of Northeast immigrants have formed a unique Northeast temperament.
"After passing the Shanhaiguan Pass, you will go home" is not only the ideological and emotional expression of modern Northeast children, but also a tragic journey of the predecessors to pursue a better life.
A large number of immigrants have entered the eastern part of the country, which has had a far-reaching impact on the northeast.
From the Qin and Han dynasties to the Song and Ming dynasties, the actual control of the Northeast by the Chinese Dynasty was very short, and the fundamental reason was that there were too few Han people to settle in the Northeast, and the army could not hold it after defeat.
The Qing Dynasty entered the customs from the northeast, but it was able to actually control the northeast, but after the rise of Japan and Russia, with the ancestral system of the Qing Dynasty, the probability of guarding the northeast was very low.
It is precisely because of the vigorous invasion of the eastern part of the country and the turning of the Aixinjue Luo's self-reserved land into a settlement area for the Han people that it is possible for China to continue to control the northeast.
The Northeast is no longer a Saiwai that can be given up at any time, but a territory of China since ancient times.
The immigrants from the Northeast not only deprived Aixinjue Luo of their living space, but also reshaped the culture of the Northeast.
Before the Han people immigrated to the Northeast, the fishing and hunting tribes and nomadic tribes who remained in the Northeast had little cultural cultivation and preferred force when solving problems, but the Han immigrants changed all this.
As early as the Kangxi period, the literati who were exiled to the Northeast due to political struggles began to spread culture.
Chen Menglei, the editor of the Hanlin Academy, founded the largest private school in Shenyang, known in history as "more than ten years outside the Saiwai, the children of the Gongqing are employed", Wu Zhaoqian, who was exiled to Ningguta, made a living by teaching the children of the people in armor, and the result was "the hometown of the iceberg and the snow cellar, and the country of the poetry of the Emperor." ”
These frustrated literati initially laid the foundation for the culture and education of Northeast China.
Later, with the large-scale immigration of Han Chinese to Northeast China, the culture and customs of North China were completely copied from the past, so the Manchu language, which belongs to the Altaic language family-Tungusic language family, was replaced by Chinese, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, and Northeast China also had formal schools, lawsuits, merchant gangs, provincial capitals and county seats, and most importantly, the concept of "China".
In addition to substitution, there is, of course, fusion, which is most evident in the diet.
The Qing Dynasty Wild History Grand View recorded: "Manchu people love noodles, do not often love rice, there are many kinds, there are fried, steamed, fried, or made with sugar, or with pepper and salt, or made into dragon xing, butterfly shape and flower shape."
The pasta made in this way is more or less sticky, because sticky pasta is not easy to digest, carry hunger, and is convenient to carry when you go out fishing, hunting and grazing.
After the Han people immigrated to the Northeast, in order to adapt to the cold environment, they accepted sticky pasta dishes such as sticky bean buns that were popular with the Manchurians.
Every time the Manchu people kill a pig, they must clean the pig's intestines, then pour in fresh pig blood, put it in a boiling pot and cook it and eat it slowly, and the Manchu people call this food blood sausage.
Zheng Xingwen, a chef in Harbin, integrated Shandong cuisine techniques, Northeast meat, and sticky pasta to develop a new dish, named Pot Wrapped Meat.
Now sticky bean buns, blood sausages, and pot buns are all must-order dishes in Northeastern-style restaurants.
In modern times, the Northeast is in fact a unique product of the integration of agriculture, fishing, hunting and nomadism, and the integration of the old and the newIt's hard to describe what the temperament of the Northeast is in words, but when you set foot on the land of the Northeast, you can clearly feel that it is different from other provinces.
Now when it comes to the Northeast, there is always a saying that "investment is not enough in Shanhaiguan", but as we said in "The Rise and Decline of the Northeast", this is not a problem of the Northeast, but a problem of the whole of Northeast Asia.
In modern times, the Northeast can become China's economic center of gravity, and the most important thing is that Japan and Russia have invested heavily for nearly half a century to seize the Northeast, creating a large circle with the Northeast as the center and radiating Japan, North Korea, and Mongolia.
On this basis, New China continued to invest vigorously, and the Northeast relied on the country's resources to maintain its glory for another 30 years.
However, after the reform and opening up, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta gradually replaced the economic center of gravity in the Northeast by virtue of the foundation of the market economy, coupled with very convenient shipping channels and sea outlets. However, the Northeast has no good access to the sea, and it has lost the big ** circle of Northeast Asia, and it has lost its former glory.
As for the young people in the Northeast who are moving to the south in batches, they are reluctant to return to the Northeast, which is actually quite normal.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the Han people immigrated to the Northeast because they saw hope in the Northeast and wanted to pursue a better life, while the young people in the Northeast now see hope in the South, and like their ancestors, they also want to pursue a better life.
One hundred and sixty years, several generations, have completed a journey from south to north.