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Preface. The Tang Dynasty was an important dynasty in Chinese history, and its establishment marked a new era in Chinese history. Li Yuan, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, served as a ** of the Sui Dynasty before unifying China.
Taking advantage of the internal strife within the Sui Dynasty, he staged a mutiny, and finally succeeded in ascending the throne as emperor soon after, establishing the Tang Dynasty. And the Tang Dynasty was also a glorious dynasty in Chinese history.
During its reign, the Tang Dynasty gradually expanded its territory
The conquest of the northern peoples at that time made China's territory unprecedentedly vast.
In addition, the Tang Dynasty also absorbed foreign cultures through contacts and exchanges with various neighboring countries and ethnic groups, making the Tang Dynasty a multicultural country.
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The Tang Dynasty's contact and influence with the surrounding ethnic groups.
The contact and influence of the Tang Dynasty with various surrounding ethnic groups was one of the important backgrounds of the complex ethnic relations with various ethnic minorities in the early Tang Dynasty. Under the rule of the Tang Dynasty, the ties between the Tang Dynasty and various ethnic groups were constantly strengthened, which made cultural exchanges between various ethnic groups more frequent, which had a profound impact on the development and prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.
In addition, the rule of the Tang Dynasty was also influenced by the surrounding ethnic groups, and these influences were also one of the factors to be considered in the relationship with various ethnic minorities in the early Tang Dynasty.
Relations with various ethnic minorities in the early Tang Dynasty.
Northern peoples. In the early Tang Dynasty, the northern ethnic groups mainly consisted of Turkic and Khitan.
In the process of expanding its territory, the Tang Dynasty conquered the Turks and the Khitans, making them vassal states of the Tang Dynasty.
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Under the rule of the Tang Dynasty, in addition to being required to pay tribute and pay taxes to the Tang Dynasty, these ethnic minorities also needed to provide troops for the Tang Dynasty and assist the Tang Dynasty in maintaining the security of the frontier.
The Tang Dynasty also promoted exchanges and integration between the Han Chinese and the northern peoples through various means, including political and cultural ones.
Ethnic groups of the Southwest. In the early Tang Dynasty, the southwest region was mainly controlled by various ethnic minorities.
The relationship between these ethnic groups and the Tang Dynasty was more complex, with some ethnic minorities living in areas under Tang rule and others being relatively independent.
The Tang Dynasty mainly adopted the "surname" in the southwest
Zhizhou" and other policies to strengthen the rule over these ethnic groups.
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In addition, the Tang Dynasty also adopted a strategy of combining deterrence and pacification, and conducted a series of exchanges and consultations with ethnic minorities in the southwest.
Southern peoples. In the early Tang Dynasty, the southern ethnic groups were mainly distributed in today's Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan and other regions. The relationship between these ethnic groups and the Tang Dynasty was more complicated, with some ethnic minorities being more independent under Tang rule, while others lived in Tang dependencies.
The Tang Dynasty mainly adopted policies such as "separation of military and civilian rule" and "giving surnames" in the southern region to strengthen its rule over these ethnic groups. In addition, the Tang Dynasty also carried out a series of exchanges and consultations with the southern ethnic groups through means such as conferring titles and marriages.
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The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and various ethnic minorities.
During the Tang Dynasty, ethnic minorities in China were mainly located in the northwest, southwest, and south. The Tang Dynasty** adopted different policies and measures towards various ethnic minorities.
In order to maintain the unity of the country and the security of the frontiers.
At the same time, there are also continuous exchanges and interactions between the Han and ethnic minorities, forming a situation of multicultural and ethnic integration.
Relations with ethnic minorities in the Northwest.
Turkic. In the early Tang Dynasty, the Turks were important foreign relations objects of the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, both the western and southern parts of the Turks were the frontiers of the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty needed to maintain friendly relations with the Turks in order to maintain the security of the frontier. The Tang Dynasty adopted a series of policies and measures to maintain relations with the Turks.
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For example, the Tang Dynasty and the Turks established a marriage system, gave each other valuable gifts, and carried out many ** and military cooperation.
However, the intensifying political and economic contradictions within the Turks led to Turkic turmoil. The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the Turks also changed as a result.
For example, during the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, the western part of the Turkic region was occupied by the Anshi Rebellion, and the Turkic ruler Saifuding defected to the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty took a series of measures to maintain the relationship with Saifuding, such as giving gold and silver property, and conferring titles.
Other Turkic peoples.
In addition to the Turks, there are also some Turkic ethnic groups, such as the Khitan and Xianbei, which also have a certain relationship with the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty carried out a certain degree of exchanges and cooperation with these ethnic groups, for example, the Tang Dynasty carried out many ** and military cooperation with the Khitan, and the Tang Dynasty also sent ** to communicate with various tribes of Xianbei.
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Uighur. The Uighurs were a nomadic people during the Tang Dynasty
The territory of the Uighurs was located approximately in the area of present-day Kazakhstan.
The Uighurs had a certain relationship with the Tang Dynasty, for example, the Tang Dynasty established a marriage system with the Uighurs, gave each other valuable gifts, and carried out many ** and military cooperation. The Tang Dynasty also established the Anxi Protectorate within the Uighurs to administer the Western Regions.
During the Anshi Rebellion, the Uighurs also played an important role. After the outbreak of the An Lushan Rebellion, the Uighur king Yivodur defected to the Tang Dynasty and, with the support of the Tang Dynasty, raised an army to suppress An Lushan.
This move also led to a rebellion within the Uighurs, but it also helped the Tang Dynasty to quell the Anshi Rebellion.
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Sogdia. The Sogdians were an ancient people, during the Tang Dynasty
The Sogdians were mainly found in the area of present-day Central Asia. There was also a certain degree of exchange and cooperation between the Tang Dynasty and the Sogdians. For example, the Tang Dynasty cooperated with Sogdia many times and militarily, and the Tang Dynasty also established the Shi State in the Sogdian region to manage local affairs.
Other ethnic minorities in the Western Regions.
In addition to the above-mentioned ethnic groups, there are some other ethnic minorities in the Western Regions, such as Tubo, Huibu, Shule, etc., which also have a certain relationship with the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty carried out a certain degree of exchanges and cooperation with these ethnic groups, for example, the Tang Dynasty carried out many ** and military cooperation with Tibet, and the Tang Dynasty also set up a number of imperial protectorates in the Western Regions to manage local affairs.
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Relations with ethnic minorities in the Southwest.
Development and domination of the Southwestern Frontier.
During the Tang Dynasty, the southwest region was a mountainous and hilly region with diverse climates and numerous ethnic groups. The Tang Dynasty took a series of measures to develop and dominate the southwestern frontier.
For example, the Tang Dynasty implemented the military household system, placing Han immigrants and ethnic minority soldiers in the southwest region to maintain border security.
At the same time, the Tang Dynasty also implemented a land system and a tax system to strengthen its rule over the southwest region.
Tibetan. During the Tang Dynasty, Tibetans were mainly distributed in today's ** region.
There was also a certain degree of exchange and cooperation between the Tang Dynasty and the Tibetans. For example, the Tang Dynasty carried out many ** and military cooperation with the Tibetan (Tibetan regime), and the Tang Dynasty also set up the Annam Protectorate in the ** region to manage local affairs.
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Naxi people. The Naxi are a mixed Sino-Tibetan ethnic group, and during the Tang Dynasty, the Naxi were mainly distributed in today's Yunnan region. The Tang Dynasty imposed a series of measures on the Naxi people, such as the establishment of prefectures and counties and supervision agencies in the local area
to strengthen local management and supervision.
Yi. The Yi are a widely distributed ethnic group, mainly in present-day Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan during the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty adopted a series of measures to strengthen its rule over the Yi region, such as the establishment of the governor's office, prefecture and county institutions in the Yi area, the implementation of the land system and taxation system, etc., to strengthen the management and rule of the local area.
Relations with ethnic minorities in the South.
Nanzhao. Nanzhao was a regime that was distributed in present-day Yunnan during the Tang Dynasty, and there was also a certain degree of exchange and cooperation between Nanzhao and the Tang Dynasty.
For example, Nanzhao paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty also sent envoys to Nanzhao.
Nanzhao also carried out many ** and military cooperation with the Tang Dynasty. However, Nanzhao also rebelled against Tang rule and carried out many rebellions.
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Yong pipe. Yongguan was a local government distributed in the present-day Guangxi region during the Tang Dynasty, and there was also a certain degree of exchange and cooperation between Yongguan and the Tang Dynasty.
For example, Yongguan paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty also sent envoys to Yongguan.
Yongguan also carried out many ** and military cooperation with the Tang Dynasty.
Angkor. During the Tang Dynasty, there was also a small state in the south, the Nanzhao, which was mainly founded by the Magadha, Sinhalese and other southern peoples. The establishment of Nanzhao can be traced back to the Wude period of the Tang Dynasty, around 618 AD, after the founding of the Nanzhao mainly developed in present-day Yunnan.
The establishment of the Nanzhao State had a certain impact on the management of the southwest frontier of the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty had certain economic and cultural exchanges with the Nanzhao, and at the same time, the Tang Dynasty also exercised a certain control over the Nanzhao to ensure the stability of its rule in the southwest frontier. During the reign of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Nanzhao paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty to show its belonging to the Tang Dynasty.
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In the southern region, there is another state, Yongguan, whose establishment dates back to the early years of the Tang Dynasty, around 618 AD. Yongguan is formed by a large number of ethnic minorities.
The Zhuang nationality has the largest population in China, and there are also Yao and Miao ethnic groups.
Yongguan has maintained a certain independence under the rule of the Tang Dynasty, but under the direct management of the Tang Dynasty's Annan Jiedu envoys, Yongguan also gradually became part of the Tang Dynasty.
In addition to Nanzhao and Yongguan, the Tang Dynasty also established certain ties with other ethnic minorities in the south.
In the southern region, there were some independent ethnic minority tribes, such as the Yuyang tribe, the Longxing tribe, the Guiyang tribe, etc., and there were also certain economic and cultural exchanges between them and the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty also took advantage of the geographical advantages of the ethnic minorities in the south to conduct commerce in the southern region
military defense and other activities.
To sum up, the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and various ethnic minorities was complex and diverse, and the relationship between different ethnic minorities and the Tang Dynasty was also different.
But in general, the Tang Dynasty adopted an attitude of unification and stability as the goal when dealing with ethnic minorities.
The Tang Dynasty's success in dealing with ethnic minorities not only brought economic and cultural prosperity, but also provided important historical evidence of the multiculturalism in Chinese history.
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Author's point of view. In the early Tang Dynasty, the relationship between ethnic minorities and Han Chinese was complex and diverse.
The Tang Dynasty adopted a variety of strategies, including military conquest, political co-ordination, and the granting of surnames and prefectures, to ensure the stability and unity of ethnic minority areas.
At the same time, the Tang Dynasty also adopted a series of pacification measures, including conferring feuds and marriages, to strengthen its control over ethnic minorities. Although these policies and measures have eased the contradictions between the Han and ethnic minorities to a certain extent, there are still certain problems and hidden dangers.
The relationship between ethnic minorities and the Han nationality in the early Tang Dynasty not only reflected the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural characteristics of ancient China, but also had a profound impact on the development of Chinese history and culture.
The policies and measures of the Tang Dynasty laid the foundation for ethnic integration and multicultural coexistence in Chinese history.
At the same time, the policies and measures of this period also provide important reference and enlightenment for the diversified development and ethnic integration of today's Chinese society.
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However, we should also note that in the early Tang Dynasty, despite a series of policies and measures, contradictions and conflicts between the Han and ethnic minorities still existed.
Especially in the later period, with the gradual decline of Tang Dynasty politics and society, the rebellion and ** problems in minority areas became more and more serious, which eventually led to the demise of the Tang Dynasty.
Therefore, we should draw lessons from history and realize that national integration and multicultural coexistence require long-term and unremitting efforts, and need to be jointly promoted by the first and the people.
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