The 2024 National Two Sessions decode China's power source.
Strengthen the promotion of youth employment and ensure that the implementation of policies is detailed
Employment is the most basic livelihood of the people. Employment is mentioned 25 times in this year's ** work report. Among them, the employment of college graduates has always been the focus of attention of the whole society.
*The work report pointed out that it is expected that more than 11.7 million college graduates will be graduates this year, and it is necessary to strengthen policies and measures to promote youth employment and optimize employment and entrepreneurship guidance services.
How to broaden employment channels and support young people to start their own businesses and find employment? How to implement the employment policy? How to promote a new model of talent training? During the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress, a reporter from Beijing Youth Daily interviewed a number of deputies and members to offer suggestions and suggestions on employment issues.
Fang Fuquan, a deputy to the National People's Congress.
Establish a more tolerant and long-term education evaluation system.
Under the severe employment situation, as a university, how to create conditions for the smooth employment of fresh graduates? How to deepen the education evaluation system and make colleges and universities a fertile ground for cultivating talents for modernization? Fang Fuquan, deputy to the National People's Congress, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and president of Capital Normal University, established a more tolerant and long-term education evaluation system.
Disciplines. For majors with low employment rates, fewer recruits will be suspended.
The employment of college graduates is a major concern for Fang Fuquan, who is the president of the university. It is expected that more than 11.7 million college graduates will graduate this year. Fang Fuquan told the reporter of Beijing Youth Daily that the Ministry of Education launched a special action for the secretaries and presidents of colleges and universities to visit enterprises to expand their posts and promote employment, and in the Capital Normal University, each school leader visited at least 10 enterprises to recommend students from the school to enterprises and broaden employment channels for fresh graduates.
Every time the college entrance examination major is filled, which majors are good for employment and which majors are "Tiankeng majors", which often causes heated discussions. How to solve the employment problem from the perspective of professional admissions? Fang Fuquan introduced that Beijing has established a "gray list" system for disciplines and majors, and disciplines with an implementation rate of less than 60% will enter the "gray list".
I think this is a good exploration, for such a low employment rate of majors, it may be necessary to reduce the recruitment and stop recruitment, and adjust the training direction of students from the source. Fang Fuquan said.
Evaluation system. Less ranking, less evaluation.
Fang Fuquan has repeatedly proposed that university education should be "patient" and "calm", and to make university education more "patient", it is inseparable from the reform of the educational evaluation system. Fang Fuquan told a reporter from Beiqing Daily that in recent years, the evaluation of teachers in colleges and universities has changed from the original "quantity" to the current more "quality" to evaluate their representative achievements, and it can be said that China's educational evaluation system is gradually reforming.
On the other hand, Fang Fuquan believes that education is a broad concept, and the evaluation of education should not only be aimed at education itself, but a social evaluation, that is, how to evaluate a person, what kind of school he attends, what kind of work he does, and what kind of development he has can be defined as success. Fang Fuquan believes that this kind of "birth-only theory" should be broken, and the evaluation of students, colleges and universities, and various professions should be more tolerant and diverse. For education policymakers, universities should be given as much autonomy as possible, "less rankings, less evaluations, and a longer time horizon and a broader perspective." Fang Fuquan believes that the best way to evaluate the effectiveness of a university is to look at its alumni, how many scientists, how many entrepreneurs, and how many politicians a university has cultivated in its history, rather than short-term rankings.
Accelerate cultivation. Beijing's "bee-like talent" shortage is 80%.
* The work report proposes to vigorously promote the construction of a modern industrial system and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces. Fang Fuquan believes that the key to new quality productivity lies in innovation, and the driving force of innovation lies in talents, who are the main body to achieve productivity. At this stage, from scientific and technological innovation to the development of new quality productivity, China still has a lot of room for improvement in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and the key to this is the lack of talents.
We need a large number of 'bee-like talents' who understand both technology and the market, and who can transform the R&D results of university research institutes into products and bring them to market. However, Fang Fuquan said, such talents are still relatively scarce, according to Silicon Valley comparative data, Beijing alone, the shortage of this group of people is as high as 80%.
How to cultivate and tap "bee-like talents" and accelerate the transformation of scientific research achievements? Fang Fuquan believes that such talents need to have a technical background, as well as corporate and market experience. From the first level, he believes that investment should be set up to provide more opportunities for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and also to give "bee-like talents" room to play. Text: Reporter Zhang Yuehao.
Yang Jinlong, deputy to the National People's Congress.
It is suggested that vocational education should promote the order-based training model.
Yang Jinlong, deputy to the National People's Congress, member of the Youth Working Committee of the Democratic Progressive People's Republic of China, and vice president of the School of Plastic Surgery and Design of Hangzhou Technician College, has always been concerned about the cultivation of high-skilled talents in vocational colleges. This year, he brought the "Suggestions on the Deep Integration of Vocational Education and Industry" to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress.
Yang Jinlong said that to cultivate more high-quality technical and skilled talents and craftsmen of great countries, it is necessary to promote the integration of industry and education. Among them, it is necessary to solve three major problems: to alleviate the blockages of localized training of skilled talents, to solve the difficulties of enterprises to deeply participate in talent training, and to eliminate the pain points of social treatment of skilled talents.
Overall increase. Financial investment in vocational education.
In the new era, the job market has put forward new requirements for skilled workers, Yang Jinlong has deep feelings, "the current skilled workers, skilled personnel are no longer simple operators, they must not only be able to complete the work in the post, but also have a certain ability to innovate, and be able to continuously improve the process and improve product quality." Nowadays, many of the equipment is in English, which requires students to have a higher level of literacy. ”
Comprehensive and scientific vocational education is the key to cultivating high-quality skilled talents. He said.
Yang Jinlong said that in the context of the country's advocacy of the coordinated development of general vocational and high schools, the ratio of general jobs in some areas of China has reached 7:3, or even 8:2. "On the road from a manufacturing country to a manufacturing power in China, technical education undertakes the important task of providing high-quality skilled talents for economic and social development. He believes that if the scale of general high school education in a region accounts for a large proportion, it will not only cause the superposition of the policy, finance, manpower, time and many other costs required for the diversification of ordinary high school education, but also cause a "squeeze" on the development space of vocational education (technical education) and further exacerbate the structural contradiction of employment.
Yang Jinlong suggested that support for vocational colleges (technical schools) should be increased, and the enrollment scale of vocational colleges (technical schools) should be consolidated and expanded. In addition, funds and personnel are also important aspects to ensure the healthy development of vocational education.
In recent years, although the financial guarantee of vocational education has been increased, it is still far from the standard of per capita funding for general education, and many policy vocational colleges cannot enjoy or have differentiated treatment.
Yang Jinlong suggested that it is necessary to increase the financial investment in vocational education as a whole, and according to multiple factors such as regional economic growth and residents' income needs, scientifically determine the proportion of investment in vocational education, per capita funding and other standards in different regions, give more support policies in terms of personnel allocation, and actively improve the conditions for running vocational colleges.
Promote it vigorously. Entrustment, order and other training modes.
How can vocational college graduates break through the difficulty of employment? Yang Jinlong believes that this problem should be solved from the "beginning" - to establish a more scientific talent training model and talent delivery path.
He suggested that we should vigorously promote new talent training models such as "entrustment, order and apprenticeship with Chinese characteristics", and deepen the integration of industry and education and school-enterprise cooperation to serve the needs of enterprises and improve vocational ability. For example, we should enhance the cooperation between vocational colleges and local governments, focus on key industries and characteristic industries, take the initiative to meet the needs of local enterprises, and improve the matching rate of skilled talents and the proportion of talent retention.
Steady improvement. Economic treatment of skilled personnel.
Yang Jinlong found through research that the current income gap between China's industrial skilled workers and general management personnel is still large, "at present, my country is 40The average monthly wage of 8% of manufacturing workers is still below 5,000 yuan."
He suggested that starting from state-owned enterprises, take the lead in implementing the corresponding salary treatment for skilled talents who have passed the corresponding skill level, guide enterprises to reflect the skill value orientation in salary distribution, and open up the common wealth chain of "employee enhancement, enterprise efficiency, and employee income". In addition, actively carry out the benchmarking of skilled and technical talents, so that skilled talents can enjoy the treatment of corresponding technical talents, truly realize that technicians and senior graduates enjoy the same treatment as undergraduates and college students, effectively improve the economic treatment, development environment and social status of skilled talents, and attract more parents and students to choose vocational education.
Text: Reporter Xiong Yingqi.
Liu Lin, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
It is recommended to optimize social security for new occupations such as live streaming.
According to the survey results of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, 67% of college graduates reported that it was difficult to find a job, 233% of employers said that their recruitment plans were relatively tight, and that "difficulty in finding employment" and "difficulty in recruiting" coexisted.
Liu Lin, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and dean of Beijing City College, suggested that the accuracy of employment services should be improved and multiple channels for the development of college graduates should be opened.
Contradiction between supply and demand. It makes it difficult for college graduates to find employment.
According to official statistics, in 2024, there will be 11.79 million graduates of colleges and universities across the country, an increase of 210,000 over last year.
Why is it difficult for college graduates to find employment? Liu Lin pointed out two reasons: on the one hand, the contradiction between supply and demand between the weakening demand for recruitment in the market and the growth of employment demand for graduates is prominent. "We can see that at the current high school and college level, the number of students is still growing, and according to **, this situation will continue until about 2035. This will lead to the contradiction between the demand for social jobs and the supply and demand of graduates. "On the other hand, there is a contradiction between the discipline and major settings of colleges and universities, the cultivation of students' abilities and the market demand. "The training model of colleges and universities cannot fully meet the needs of the market, which is also an old problem. However, higher education has its own laws of development, including lag. The setting of majors needs to wait until an industry is relatively mature, plus four years of training, when students become graduates, it is difficult to fully meet the market demand. Liu Lin said.
Job security. Inclusion of new occupations in the social insurance system.
Liu Lin believes that nowadays, with the rise of freelance professions such as live streaming and online creation, "more flexible employment methods are sought after by young people, and should also be included in career and employment statistics." ”
Liu Lin also added that in order to make the new profession look more "stable", we should establish a corresponding identity and social insurance system. "I suggest that the corresponding professional status should be established in the national vocational qualification catalogue, and these new occupations should be included in the social insurance system in a timely manner, so that individuals can pay insurance and have a more stable guarantee for career development. ”
Optimize policies. Multi-channel relief for college graduates.
The end point of solving the employment problem of college graduates is to find a suitable way out for them.
Liu Lin's suggestions include several ways: First, broaden the channels for further education, including both domestic and international study abroad. For example, expanding graduate student enrollment; Expand the scope and scale of the national study abroad funding**, recommend more study abroad opportunities, provide public welfare or inclusive study abroad guidance services, and reduce the financial burden of students' families.
Second, precise recruitment. Through research, Liu Lin found that the current problems such as waste of recruitment information and mismatch of majors due to information asymmetry are still severe. He suggested the establishment of a national big data platform, support the long-term cooperation between the social recruitment service platform and the school, encourage high-quality, honest recruitment platform to settle in the campus to provide professional services, and at the same time the relevant departments should take the lead in setting up a college graduate employment recruitment information exchange platform to achieve national recruitment information resource sharing, expand effective positions, and improve service quality.
In addition, Liu Lin also suggested that the problem of graduate employment difficulties should be solved through special vocational skills training to carry out precise supplementary training of talents, further clean up all kinds of hidden employment discrimination, and optimize the measures for graduates in difficulty. Text: Reporter Xiong Yingqi.
Sun Jie, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Support young people to start businesses and find employment through e-commerce platforms.
Entrepreneurship is the endogenous driving force for sustainable economic and social development, and plays an important role in stimulating market vitality and unleashing development potential.
Sun Jie, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and deputy dean of the School of Insurance of the University of International Economics, said that e-commerce platform entrepreneurship has the advantages of low capital cost, low investment risk, mature operating conditions, and gathering of young consumer groups, which can open up new space for young people to start a business and find employment.
Entrepreneurial groups. Young people are an important category.
According to Sun Jie, data from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security show that in 2023, all levels of ** funds will directly support employment and entrepreneurship of more than 300 billion yuan. Among entrepreneurs, young people, including college graduates, are an important group of entrepreneurs, and they are also the top priority of the national entrepreneurship and employment policy.
Emerging Jobs. E-commerce expands the space for youth entrepreneurship and employment.
E-commerce platforms have greatly expanded the space for youth entrepreneurship and employment, created a large number of new jobs, and injected strong impetus into employment growth.
In Sun Jie's view, there are rich product categories on e-commerce platforms, representing broad entrepreneurial employment opportunities. It provides a "long-tail market" for niche hobby groups, so that consumer demand with the same interests and hobbies but scattered in different regions can be gathered on the platform, thus creating a niche market for entrepreneurs that can generate scale benefits, for example, young people who are keen on emotional value have given birth to a new commodity form "healing economy" unique industry, such as "emotional tree hole", "good luck spray", "scolding love brain", "virtual mosquito", "Einstein's brain", etc., which cost a few cents, There are more and more emotional products that can be purchased for a few yuan, and it has become a new direction for young people to start a business and find employment.
School-enterprise cooperation. Multi-party cooperation and integration of industry and education.
Sun Jie suggested that the development of start-ups should be supported by promoting consumption and tax incentives. Policies and measures to encourage and support online consumption have been introduced, and the space for entrepreneurship has been continuously opened. The financial sector provides low-interest loans, tax incentives and other support measures to small and micro enterprises on the platform. Encourage school-enterprise cooperation, explore effective cooperation models between e-commerce platforms and youth entrepreneurship, and promote replication according to local conditions. Promote the model of "industrial cluster + platform + university", and improve the success rate of entrepreneurship through "workplace-based education". Encourage colleges and universities to cooperate with e-commerce platforms and industrial clusters to integrate production and education, give full play to the advantages of university talents, platform resources, and industrial clusters, and guide college students to go from campus to practice and truly apply what they have learned.
Propaganda typical. Guide young people to change their concept of employment.
In addition, it is necessary to increase the publicity of typical cases of entrepreneurship and employment on youth e-commerce platforms, and take a correct view of entrepreneurship and employment on e-commerce platforms. Further excavate typical cases of youth entrepreneurship and employment on e-commerce platforms, and cultivate new forms, new occupations, and new positions for entrepreneurship and employment on platforms. Actively guide young people to change their concept of employment, and cultivate a new concept of career choice and employment for young people in the era of digital economy.
Text: Reporter Dong Xin