Genghis Khan, I ruled the Mongols, Tatars, Warats, Jurchens
Since the fall of the Tang Dynasty in 907 AD, the control of the Central Plains by the northern ethnic minorities has become more and more frequent. Especially during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, except for the Later Liang, which was established by Zhu Wen's Han group, the other four dynasties (Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou) were all differentiated from the Shatuo group.
By the time of the Song Dynasty, the northern region was occupied by the Khitan Daliao and the Jurchen Dajin, and even included most of the territory north of Huaishui. Not to mention the Yuan Dynasty, where the Mongols' iron hooves advanced from north to south all the way to Hainan Island, bringing the entire region of China under their rule.
The Ming Dynasty restored Han rule, but the Northern Yuan in the north were still very active, and they held out until the end of the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the Central Plains was occupied by the Manchus, and the predecessor of the Manchus was the Jurchens.
So the question is, what is the relationship between the Mongols, Tatars, Warats, Jurchens and other ethnic minorities in the north?
The rise of the Jurchens attracted the Mongol tribes to follow, while the Khitans often bullied the Jurchens in the Changbai Mountains. However, the Jurchens did not want to be bullied all the time, so Wanyan Aguta led the Jurchens to rebel against Khitan rule and received the support of the Northern Song Dynasty.
In the end, the Jurchens and the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Great Liao and returned the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun to the Northern Song Dynasty. Although the Northern Song Dynasty succeeded in gaining a portion of the territory, the Jin State was not satisfied, and they recaptured all of the sixteen states of Yanyun in a short time.
The Jin State not only robbed the sixteen states of Yanyun, but also destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, capturing Song Huizong, Song Qinzong, and thousands of imperial relatives, courtiers and their families. The Jin state became the most powerful political group in the Chinese land, and adopted a policy of subservience to other regimes such as Western Xia and Goryeo.
At the same time, the state of Jin also noticed the potential threat of the Mongols. Due to the fragmentation of Mongolia at that time, the Jin State adopted a policy of division to prevent them from uniting.
Although the Mongols were scattered, they were still no match for the Jin State. Therefore, Mongolia at that time became a complete vassal of the Jin state.
Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire conquered the Jurchen kingdom of Jin. However, there are many theories about the formation process of the Mongol tribes. Since the Mongols were not good at recording history, the Central Plains Dynasty was responsible for recording their history, resulting in a lot of ambiguity.
According to the Historical Records, the Mongols lived in the west and the Donghu people lived in the east, so they were called Donghu. The Donghu people are typical nomadic people, their livelihood depends on finding grassland, so they do not have a fixed place to live.
Around the 4th century AD, one of the Xianbei people called themselves "Khitan" and lived in the Hulunbuir area, known as "Murwei". The Book of Wei records that the Murwei and the Khitan have a common origin and use the Xing'an Mountains as the dividing line.
To the south of the Xing'an Mountains is the Khitan, and to the north is the Murwei. In the 6th century AD, the Murwei people began to flourish and gradually formed five main tribes: the Southern Murwei, the Northern Murwei, the Bomurowei, the Shenmo Hengmurowei, and the Great Murowei.
Before that, there was no name "Mongolia". The Murwe tribes were collectively known as "Tatars", but the Mongol tribes gradually replaced the Tatar name due to their strong power.
In the ancient document "Old Tang Book", a people in this period was called "Mengwu Murwei", which is also the origin of the name "Mongolia". During that period, the Mongol tribes were very numerous, including the Qiyan tribe, the Zataran tribe, the Taichiwu tribe, the Hongjira tribe, and the Uliangha tribe.
In addition, the Mongolian language family is also spoken by the Tatar tribe, the Mir beggar tribe, the Wooyira tribe, the Kereh tribe, the Naiman tribe, the Wangu tribe, etc. Therefore, "Mongolia" is just a general term, indicating that before unification, the Central Plains Dynasty called them as such.
Although they were divided into factions, the appearance of Temujin, a fierce man, changed the situation. His father was the head of the Qiyan tribe, and his mother was Khaelun of the Hongji tribe.
In 1206 AD, Temujin annexed the major tribes through war, established a unified Mongol regime - the Great Mongolian State, and honored him as Genghis Khan, which was the first unification of the major tribes of Mongolia.
Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Great Mongol Kingdom conquered the Western Xia and the Great Jin Kingdom. However, Genghis Khan did not see the day of the destruction of the Dajin Kingdom. In 1234 AD, the Mongol army wiped out the Dajin Kingdom and annexed the Jurchen tribe.
After that, the Jurchens began to follow the Mongols in the melee.
1.From the Murwei tribes to the "Tatars": the inner part of Mongolia was divided into the Tatars and the Warats. The various tribes of Murwei were collectively called "Tatars", and Genghis Khan's Great Mongol State established several khanates during his western expeditions, making the name "Tatar" spread throughout the West.
2.** of the Great Mongolian State: The Great Mongolian State destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and established the Great Yuan Dynasty under the efforts of Kublai Khan, but because Kublai Khan did not have the support of the majority of the Mongolian nobles, he was unable to govern the four khanates, which eventually led to the ** of the Great Mongolian State.
3.** within Mongolia: After the Yuan Dynasty ruled the Central Plains for 98 years, it was driven out of the capital by Zhu Yuanzhang and returned to the northern Mongolian region, known as the Northern Yuan. At this time, two major powers emerged within Mongolia: the Tatars and the Warats, ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan and the Mongol tribes to the west, respectively.
4.The difference between Tatar and Warat: Tatar is a place ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan, also known as Eastern Mongolia. Warat is a collective name for the various Mongolian tribes living in the west, so it is also called Western Mongolia.
The struggle between the Tatars and the Warat has been going on. At first, the ** family was still influential in the Northern Yuan. But as time went on, the Warat people controlled the real power of the Northern Yuan, especially when they also served as Taishi first, and even had the right to kill the Mongol Great Khan.
Subsequently, he also replaced the ** family and became the Great Khan of Mongolia. In order to eliminate the potential threat, most of the descendants of the family were also brutalized first. Obviously, at this time Varat had the upper hand in the confrontation with the Tatars.
However, Yexian's victory did not last long, and he was soon killed by his men. After that, Mongolia was once again in chaos. It was not until the appearance of Dayan Khan, a descendant of the ** family, that the Mongolian tribes were unified again.
At this time, Tatar and Warat can be roughly divided into six and four parts: Khalkha, Uliangha, Ordos, Tumut, Chahar and Karaqin belong to Tatar; The Dzungar tribe (also the first of the Juros division), the Dulbert division, the Turghut division, and the Heshute division belonged to the Warat.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Mongolian tribes were redivided according to the Gobi Desert, roughly divided into Southern Mongolia, Northern Mongolia and Western Mongolia.
During the Qing Dynasty, the Jurchens once again ruled Mongolia. Do you think that the Jurchens just followed the Mongols and did not think about a plan to restore the great cause? Actually, they have always cherished this dream.
However, the oppression of the Yuan Dynasty was so severe that they did not have the opportunity to realize this dream. For example, the Yuan Dynasty had strict restrictions on their metal smelting industry, so that the Jurchens did not have suitable weapons for a long time.
They are a fishing and hunting people, but the Yuan Dynasty actually forbade them to use bows and arrows, which is really speechless. By the time of the Ming Dynasty, Allah was divided into Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Donghai Jurchen, etc.
During the period of Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di, the Jurchens sincerely submitted to the Ming Dynasty, after all, they couldn't live a good life in the Yuan Dynasty, and they couldn't be worse here in the Ming Dynasty, right? The Ming Dynasty also established various official positions in the places where the Jurchens lived, which were held by the Jurchens.
However, after Zhu Qizhen of Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty was also captured by the leader of Wara, the status of the Ming Dynasty in the eyes of the Jurchens plummeted. Who would have thought that the dignified Central Plains Dynasty would be so bad?
Therefore, the Jurchens began to rebel against the rule of the Ming Dynasty and even took the initiative to plunder Liaodong. The mid-to-late Ming Dynasty also realized the threat of the Jurchens, so they adopted a divisive approach, allowing them to fight within themselves first.
It's a pity that there is also a fierce man inside the Jurchens, and that is Nurhachi. Nurhachi obtained the first power of Liaodong and the Central Plains by bribing Li Chengliang, the general soldier of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, thus strengthening his own power and completing the unification of the major Jurchen tribes.
In 1616 AD, Nurhachi established the "Great Jin Kingdom", also known as the Later Jin, to express his determination to restore the Jin Kingdom established by the Wanyan clan in the past. In 1635, Huang Taiji changed his name to Manchuria, and then changed the name of the country from "Dajin" to "Daqing", and the Qing Dynasty was born.
During the period of Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, he actively wooed the Mongol tribes of Monan, married with Korqin Mongol, obtained its recognition, and defeated the head of the ** family, Lin Dan Khan, and began to rule Monan.
In 1644 AD, the Qing army entered the customs and occupied the Central Plains, and Monan Mongolia completely surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. However, the Dzungar Khanate, the representative of Moxi Mongolia, was dissatisfied with this.
Under the leadership of Galdan, the Dzungar Khanate unified Moxi Mongolia and Mobei Mongolia and fought against the Qing Dynasty. It was not until 1757, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, that the Dzungar Khanate was completely pacified.
From then on, the whole of Mongolia became the territory of the Qing Dynasty.