"Big waves and sands" have been handed down through the ages are all high-quality products (2).
——*The emphasis and achievements of the four major literary genres in ancient times in different historical periods
Wen Lu Gong
Inscription: Recently, I would like to try to take the main dynasties of Chinese history from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qing Dynasty as the "warp", and the main outstanding achievements of the four major literary genres of ancient Chinese literature, such as prose, poetry, and drama, as the "weft", to weave a practical literary "tapestry" that combines literature and history, sets off each other, and integrates historical, literary, intellectual, and interesting. This looks clear at a glance, is easier to learn and understand, and is also easy to remember and perceive ......
2. Tang poetry is the most brilliant leader of ancient Chinese poetry
After talking about prose, let's talk about another major genre of poetry (words), although the "Book of Songs" appeared about 1,300 years earlier than the Tang Dynasty, it is indisputable that Tang and Song poetry are the most brilliant essence of ancient Chinese poetry. Let's talk about Tang poetry first, Tang poetry is a glorious pearl in the history of ancient Chinese literature. Because the Tang Dynasty was the most prosperous and powerful era in Chinese history, there were so many excellent poets and excellent works that readers were a little confused about what to do for a while. Don't worry, we divide Tang poetry into four stages to introduce, which are the early Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the middle Tang Dynasty and the late Tang Dynasty, so that it is easy for readers to distinguish, understand and remember.
Let's talk about the early Tang Dynasty (618-713 AD, about 100 years in total) broke through the content of "palace style poetry" and established a new form of rhythmic poetry, which opened up the road for the healthy development of Tang poetry. The representative figures are the "Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty" and Chen Ziang. The "four masters" are Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin and Luo Bin Wang, also known as "Wang Yang Lu Luo", all of whom are "young and talented, small and famous." (Hear a lot of words). Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan" said: "The city pays three Qin, and the wind and smoke look at Wujin." Parting with the king, and at the same time eunuchs. There are confidants in the sea, if the end of the world is next to each other, inaction is in the wrong way, and the children are stained with scarves. Although about 1,500 years have passed, it is still a good sentence that has been passed down through the ages, and is often quoted. There is also his "Preface to the Pavilion of King Teng", although it is a style of writing, it has also become a popular classic work, such as "Luoxia and lonely birds fly together, autumn water and long sky are the same color."
The fishing boat sings at night, ringing on the shore of the poor Peng Li; "It has always been praised by people and has become a classic. Therefore, it is listed as the first of the "Four Heroes". The last two sentences of Yang Jiong's "From the Army" "Rather be a centurion than a scholar." "It means that the enemy is about to invade, and the strong man can't be calm in his heart, and it is better to be a junior officer to go into battle to kill the enemy than to be a scholar. Lu Zhaolin is good at seven words and songs, and his "Ancient Memories of Chang'an" reflects the passionate pursuit of love among the people of Chang'an, "If you have to become a star, you will not be an immortal, and you are willing to be a mandarin duck and not an immortal." The metaphor is a confession of unswerving love and never separation. Luo Bing Wang's masterpiece is actually "Chanting the Cicada in Prison", which was well known to everyone in the early Tang Dynasty.
But when he was seven years old, he wrote, "Goose goose goose, song to the sky with bent neck, white hair floating in green water, red anthurium plucking clear waves." However, it has spread more widely and is a household name, and has become a poem often chanted by preschool children, and it is said that it is also the content of the "young to primary" exam. Finally, Chen Ziang, in fact, both the "Four Heroes" and Chen Ziang were dissatisfied with the palace style poems at that time, and the method of the "Four Heroes" was to transform it, while Chen Ziang abandoned it at all. Chen Ziang has 120 poems, 38 of which are representative works, and his "Song of Dengyouzhou" is a well-known masterpiece: "I don't see the ancients before, and I don't see the comers after." Thinking of the world and the world, I am alone and crying! The first two sentences write about one's loneliness, and the last two sentences write about the limitations of life, and the feelings are deep and deep.
Speaking of the Tang Dynasty, poetry reached the peak of its prosperity (713-766 AD, about 50 AD). The heroic spirit and patriotism of pursuing progressive political ideals, making contributions to the country, and the spirit of resisting the powerful in the poems of the Tang Dynasty are all reflected in the poems. Li Bai and Du Fu are the two representative figures of romantic and realist poets respectively. Let's talk about Li Bai first, he has been talented and uninhibited all his life, and he mostly uses the style of songs, his "Shu Dao Difficult", "Guan Shanyue", "Will Enter the Wine", "Early White Emperor City", etc., are bold and emotional, which makes people feel excited after reading; His "Midnight Wu Song": "Chang'an is a month, and thousands of households pound clothes." The autumn wind blows inexhaustibly, it is always the jade guanqing, He Riping is captive, and the beloved person goes on an expedition". In simple, natural, bold and powerful language, he expressed his deep feelings for the desire to end the war at an early date.
The three poems of his "Difficult to Walk" most intensively express his pursuit and disillusionment of not wanting to be in the same stream with the powerful and the small, such as "One": "It is difficult to walk, it is difficult to walk, there are many divergent roads, where is it today?" There will be times when you will ride the wind and waves, and you will sail straight to the sea"; In "No. 2": "The avenue is like a blue sky, I can't go out alone". There is also "Xuanzhou Xie Wei Farewell School Calligraphy Cloud" said: "Those who abandon me cannot stay yesterday, and those who disturb my heart are troubled by today's affairs......Draw the knife and cut off the water, the water is more flowing, and the glass is more sorrowful. "All are called good sentences in poetry; Especially in his "Sleepwalking in the Sky and Don't Leave a Groan": "An Neng broke his eyebrows and bent his waist to deal with the powerful, which made me unhappy." Showing a kind of arrogant and unyielding nature of disdain for the powerful has become a distinctive feature of Li Bai's poetry. Li Bai also wrote very beautiful love poems, the poem "Long Trunk Xing" said: "The concubine is covered at the beginning, and the flowers are folded in front of the door." Lang rode a bamboo horse and went around the bed to make green plums. (Note: This sentence means to go around the outer fence of the well platform in the courtyard, throwing half-lived plums to play) live together in the long trunk, and the two are not suspicious ......”
The poem "Lang Rides a Bamboo Horse" brings back our generation or older older men.
When I was a child at the age of six or seven, who never played with a broom pole between my legs, grabbed the head of the pole with my left hand, and made a "whip" with my right hand, and jumped up and down as a "horseback"? Although the ladies don't play this, they must have seen ...... itWhen people see this poem, they can't help but feel a sense of intimacy and nostalgia in their hearts. There is also a poem "childhood sweethearts, two little no guesses" has long become a special idiom to describe this kind of love that has known each other since childhood, which shows the great contribution. From the poems of the great poets, we not only see a talented and cynical Li Bai, but also a sentient, interesting and naïve Li Bai. Speaking of Du Fu, he and Li Bai are the "Geminis" of the poets of the entire Tang Dynasty, and they are also a pair of friends. Du Fu is a realist poet, he worries about the country and the people, reflects the life and suffering of the working people, and often uses the style of poetry. Du Fu admired Li Bai and regarded him as a close friend. Intimate to "drunk sleep autumn quilt, hand in hand with the day." ".
Du Fu came to Chang'an at the age of 35, full of hope, and wrote "Read more than 10,000 volumes, and write like a god." "And" is a good sentence for human fetish, and the words are not shocking and endless. Verses. But under the cold reception of those in power, he gradually sobered up. His "Soldier's Chariot Journey" writes about the heavy military service and the hardships of war; "Beauty Walk" satirizes the extravagant life of the Yang sisters. After the Anshi Rebellion (755-763), he fled all the way from Luoyang to Sichuan, and wrote the famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" (Xin'an Officials, Stone Trench Officials, and Tongguan Officials) along the way. This group of poems profoundly reflects the actual situation of the decline of the Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion. During his few years in Chengdu, his life was a little more stable, and he wrote "The Song of the Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind" and "Wen Guanjun Recovered Henan and Hebei", reflecting his feelings of caring for the people and the country. Especially in Chengdu's "Wuhou Temple", he wrote "Shu Xiang"; "Three times to worry about the world, two dynasties to help the old ministers. He died before he left the school, which made the hero cry. praised Zhuge Liang's spiritual feelings of "doing his best and dying".
It has become a powerful portrayal of people's anxiety after visiting the "Wuhou Temple". After talking about Li Bai and Du Fu, Wang Wei is also a heavyweight who must be described in the poetry of the Tang Dynasty. His artistic accomplishment is very high, and he has deep attainments in painting and calligraphy. The subject matter of the poem is quite extensive, including side stops, farewells, landscapes and pastorals, and there are many good sentences that have been handed down. His "Journey to the West of Longxi" said: "Ten miles of a horse, five miles of a whip." All the guards are booked to, and the Huns surround Jiuquan. The snow is flying in Guanshan, and the beacon fire is smokeless. "Reflecting the sense of urgency to fight the Huns; In his two well-known sentences in "Make it to the Stopper", "The desert is lonely and the smoke is straight, and the sun sets on the long river." The famous sentence that was sighed by later generations as a wonder of the Western Regions has been widely praised so far; The famous article "Autumn Dusk in the Mountain House" describes the landscape: "After the new rain in the empty mountain, the weather is late in autumn. The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring stone ......In particular, the farewell poem "Sending Yuan Er Envoy Anxi": "Weicheng is light and dusty, the guest house is green and willow-colored, and the gentleman is persuaded to have a glass of wine, and there is no one in Yangguan in the west." "And so on are all famous articles, mostly good sentences, which have been handed down to this day, and they are really Tang poetry.
Famous poets in the Tang Dynasty also include Wang Zhilian, Wang Changling, Cui Hao, and the poets Gao Shi and Cen Shen. Wang Zhilian's "Climbing the Stork Tower": "At the end of the day, the Yellow River flows into the sea. If you want to be poor, go to the next level". I have also climbed the "Stork Tower" on the east bank of the Yellow River in Yongji City, Shanxi Province, and I have indeed experienced the scene that the poet said, every time I climb a floor, the field of vision is obviously wider and broader......Wang Changling's "Out of the Stopper": "In the Qin period, the bright moon and the Han period, the Long March has not been returned. But let the dragon city fly in, not make Humadu Yin Mountain". Cui Hao's "Yellow Crane Tower": "In the past, people have taken the yellow crane to go, and the yellow crane tower is vacant here. The yellow crane is gone, and the white clouds are empty for thousands ......”
There is also the famous poem "Yan Ge Xing" by the poet Gao Shi of the Border Fortress, which recites the hardships of the soldiers of the Border Fortress, especially the last two sentences of "......You don't see the hardships of the battlefield, and you still remember General Li" (General Li is Li Guang, a famous general of the Western Han Dynasty who resisted the Huns). Cen Shen's "Bai Xue Ge Sends the Military Judge to Beijing" writes Feixue as "flowers bloom", and suddenly like a night of spring breeze, thousands of trees and pear blossoms bloom. To this day, these two sentences are often used as descriptions of the beauty after the snow, which makes people admire and admire.
The Middle Tang Dynasty (766-835, about 70 years) experienced the "Anshi Rebellion", which became the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from strength to decline, and the creation of poetry was not as prosperous and heroic as the Tang Dynasty. Fortunately, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Liu Changqing, Wei Yingwu, Liu Yuxi, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Li He and others have tried their best to reverse the decline. The main hero of this is Bai Juyi, especially his two famous narrative poems, which I personally like very much, and I can still recite them when I am young. "Song of Long Hatred" is a love story between Li Longji and Yang Yuhuan, and because it is an earlier narrative poem, many scholars in later generations have judged this poem as a real historical event. Bai Juyi was originally "punishing stunners and suffocating chaos", but in the specific description, the element of praising Li Yang's love occupies a dominant position. As a result, there are many ** and dramas based on Li Yang's love in later generations.
Another long narrative poem, "Pipa Xing", is written about his encounter with a "boss married to a businesswoman" pipa girl after he was demoted to Jiangzhou, as well as the playing of the pipa girl and the respective life experiences of the two. said, "The same is the end of the world, why should we have known each other." Such profound words. These two long narrative poems established Bai Juyi's important position in the field of poetry in the Middle and Tang dynasties, and caused a great sensation at that time, and there were poems in the society that "the boy interprets the song of long hatred, and Hu'er can sing the pipa" is widely circulated, which means that people in the society of the Tang Dynasty can interpret the "Song of Long Hatred", and even the young people of the Xiongnu can sing "Pipa Xing". Bai Juyi also has famous articles such as "Charcoal Seller", "Guanjiamai" and "Light Fertilizer", especially "Zhu Fujie is a doctor, and the purple ribbon is a general...... in "Light Fertilizer".It's a year of drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and Quzhou people cannibalism!", made a sharp contrast between the arrogant and luxurious life of the official eunuch and the miserable situation of the people, and the anger was overflowing, as well as his famous article "Remembering Jiangnan": "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is old and familiar." The sunrise river flowers are red, and the river water is as green as blue in spring, so you can not remember the south of the Yangtze River. It has become an eternal sentence that people are still chanting about Jiangnan and Hangzhou today.
Other Tang Dynasty poet Yuan Zhen's palace grievance poem "Xinggong": "The ancient palace is sparse, and the palace flowers are lonely and red. The white-headed palace maid is here, sitting idle and talking about Xuanzong. ”；Han Yu's poem "Outside Zhang Eighteen Members of the Water Department in Early Spring" said: "The light rain in the heavenly street is as moist as a crisp, and the grass color is close but there is nothing. It is the most beneficial spring of the year, and it is absolutely better than the smoke and willows in the imperial capital. ”；Liu Zongyuan's "Jiang Xue": "Thousands of mountains and birds fly away, and thousands of people disappear." Lonely boat, fishing alone in the cold river and snow. ”；Wei Yingwu's "Chuzhou West": "Lonely and secluded grass grows on the edge of the stream, and there are yellow orioles singing deep trees. The spring tide brings rain and comes in a hurry, and the wild ferry is unmanned and self-controlled. ”；Liu Yuxi's "Wuyi Lane": "Wild grass and flowers by the Vermilion Bird Bridge, the sunset at the mouth of Wuyi Lane. In the old days, Wang Xie Tang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people. ”；Li He's "Yanmen Tai Shou Xing" said: "The black clouds overwhelm the city and want to destroy it, and the light of the armor opens to the sun and Jinling." The sound of horns fills the sky with the sound of autumn colors, and the swallow fat is stuffed with night purple. And so on are some good poems that have been handed down, but the achievements are strictly speaking still not as good as Bai Juyi and the excellent works of the Tang Dynasty.
It should also be said that in the Middle and Tang dynasties, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and others also launched the "Ancient Literature Movement", hoping that through the spontaneous efforts of a group of literati who loved prose, the literature at that time, especially prose, could learn from the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, although Han Liu and other poets of the Tang Dynasty also wrote some very famous excellent prose, such as Han Yu's "Shi Shuo" and "Sacrifice of the Twelve Lang Wen"; Liu Zongyuan's "The Snake Catcher Says" and "The Story of the West Hill of Cobalt Pond" are all famous prose works of the Tang Dynasty, but their achievements have not surpassed the prose of the early pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and the final "retro" movement will not be over.
Finally, let's talk about the late Tang Dynasty, (835-906, about 70 years) The famous poetry of the late Tang Dynasty is "Xiao Li Du", that is, Li Shangyin and Du Mu. Du Mu's poems satirize the absurdity and misconduct of Emperor Tang Ming, which is his representative work, such as "A ride on the red dust concubine laughs, and no one knows that it is a lychee". There is "Park Qinhuai": "The smoke cage is cold and the moon is long and sandy, and the night park Qinhuai is close to the restaurant." The merchant girl doesn't know the hatred of the country, and she still sings the flowers in the backyard across the river." There is also his "Mountain Walk": "Far up the cold mountain stone path slopes, there are people in Baiyunsheng. Parking sits in love with the maple forest in the evening, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers. "They are all popular seven-law poems.
Li Shangyin's love poems mostly write about sincere feelings and the pain of lovesickness. For example, "Night Rain Sends North": "The return date of the gentleman is not scheduled, and the night rain in Bashan rises in the autumn pool." He cut the candles in the west window together, but when it rained at night in Bashan. Write how he misses his separated wife, and when they meet, he will tell her about his lovesickness. There is also his "body without colorful phoenix wings, and his heart is a little clear." ", the spring silkworm is dead to the end, and the wax torch turns to ash and tears begin to dry." It is also a commonly used famous sentence by people. In addition, there is a song "Dengle Garden": "Feeling uncomfortable at night, drive to the ancient plains." The sunset is infinitely better, just near dusk. "It's all first-class good poetry. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty, it is enough to know "Xiao Li Du".
To be continued) Editor-in-charge: Yang Chunlin].