Abu Hamid Ghanati revealed an important discovery in the city of Saksins: "They used tin as a medium of exchange, and eight Baghdad manna dews were equivalent to one dinar, which could be used to buy the fruits, bread and meat they needed.
Tin bars are considered equivalent to monetary units, but this does not mean that there are developed coins in circulation in Saxony, but because they are based on the same value equivalents. In our study of the Samosdel settlement, we have found a large number of lead products, both in excavated cultural deposits and as lifting material.
A large amount of lead was reflected on the territory of this settlement, so during the study of the monument in 1990, a pile of lead ingots weighing about 70 kg was found in the coastal cliff cuts in the area of the ferry.
Information about the characteristics of the city of Saksin ** is available in Da.Khvolson also found support in his commentary on the work of Ibn Rust: "In the city's **, lead was used as a medium of exchange, and one Baghdad lead mine was equal to one dinar. ”
However, the reading of ** is different, some translations talk about lead, others talk about tin. There are also discrepancies in estimates of the Sinidinar, with some considering it to be three minna or manna and others to eight.
This mistake can easily occur due to the similar spelling of the numbers "3" and "8" in Arabic numerals. Other reasons make it difficult to explain these differences.
With regard to lead and tin, we need to make a special explanation. Historically, lead and tin were used to be called "lead", but later the name "lead" was used only to refer to lead, while "white tin" was given the name "Steinham".
The origin of these two names can be found in the name of tin-lead**. Although in the Middle Ages people were able to distinguish between lead and tin, we are more likely to use lead because of their similarity.
During an excavation in 2005, a semi-bomb shelter was discovered, which contained 412,328 kilograms of lead ingots. These lead ingots were used for a variety of purposes, with one pit being hidden, which is further evidence of the ** value of lead and its use as an exchange equivalent.
Studies have shown that the weight of the hoarded ingots is consistent with the Muslim Eastern measure of weight, and some of them may correspond to the Eastern unit of weight, the man or the miskal. The total weight of these ingots is almost equal to 4 Khwarazm Harvard, a medieval measure of weight, meaning that the "donkey baggage" weighed 103125 kg.
In addition, lead ingots can be used as a monetary equivalent for the settlement of Samosdel. The value of 6,500 grams of lead is equivalent to one dinar, about 43333 grams of lead is equal to one silver dirham.
The total value of the hoarding in Building 23 is about AED 951,526, which is quite a considerable amount of wealth. For one dirham in the first century, you can buy 4 manna meat, 5 kilograms of wheat, 7 to 12 kilograms of barley, and about 40 kilograms of dates.
A pot costs 05 dirhams, a metre of canvas costs 2 dirhams. A married couple's modest living expenses are 300 dirhams per year, and the cost of a lozenge weighing 2 to 8 grams is enough for a daily exchange.
Both during the excavation and outside the excavation, regular-shaped ingots were found, which were cast in multiple layers in an uneven soil matrix to obtain the most accurate shape possible (the molds were filled with molten lead in a variety of ways).
On the coastal edge of the hill fort, an ingot weighing 4200 grams was found, a weight weight based on the weight of the emiskal (about 4 grams), as well as multiples of the weight standard of 150-160 Miskal and 1000 Miskal.
The rest of the ingots, although smaller in size, are of the same shape, and they weigh 658 grams and 36 grams, respectively. In addition, the weight of a large strip is approximately equal to the lead equivalent of the silver dirham we calculated, so ingots in multiples of these weights can also be considered monetary equivalents.
The weighting relationship between ingots is also interesting, with a correlation of about 1:6 for large and medium ingots, 1:18 for medium and small ingots, and 1:120 for large and small ingots.
Of particular interest is the 390g ingot, which is equivalent to about one lat (about 400 grams), or about one-tenth of the value of a silver dirham (see Figure 2).
This product is an elongated diamond-shaped plate with an obie that extends towards the middle. Length - 155 cm, width on one side - 27 cm, the width of the other edge - 23 cm, middle width - 3 cm, the thickness of the board is about 1 cm.
The narrow ends are rounded, the edges protrude to the top, and on the surface of the plate there is an ornament with dotted grooves. In the center of the ingot is a circle with a depression in the middle, made in the form of two concentric circles with dots.
Two similar circles are located on the left and right, at a distance from the center. Between the side circle and the ** circle, the ornament is made in the form of four intersecting straight lines, forming two pairs of intersecting crosses - a straight cross and an oblique cross.
At the end of the plate there are symmetrical ornaments, in the form of oblique triangles facing the ends of ingots with sharp corners. The inside of the triangle is separated by the median, and lines are drawn from the bottom corner to the middle of the median.
A completely new text that retains the idea of the original: this unique metal ingot, which is close in shape to a boat-shaped hryvnia or money bar, is certainly an original, analogue treasure.
It was found in 2011 on the surface of the hill fort near the northwest corner of excavation 2, and the lead ingots weighing 15,900 grams were semicircular castings and superround castings. From the semi-circular and cross-cut marks of the ingot, we can see that it is only a semi-circular ingot weighing about 32 kg.
Probably, this ingot was minted in Russian times, when a fish factory existed on the territory of the settlement. Then, for example, this ingot can be used as a curvature when curing fish, while this ingot may be medieval.
In this case, it is half a whole ingot with a weight of 20 manna, so a full ingot weighs about 40 man. The statistical observations we have made, as well as the review of the main products, have allowed us to draw the following preliminary conclusions.
On the hoarding material of lead products in the structure of excavation 23 1, some approximate correspondence of some ingots with gravimetric measurements common in the Middle Ages can be traced. Geometrically correct ingots can be conditionally considered as exchange equivalents, and small invisible ingots can also be used as a means of exchange.
For the original product, the weight and value correspondence is relatively accurate - hryvnia ingot trapezoidal weights. The reason for the appearance of large quantities of lead ingots in the settlement of Samosdel can probably be explained by their use in exchange in exchange under the conditions of the economic crisis in the East and the "silver famine" that stopped minting dirhams.
For some time before the crisis of the issuer, the reserves of this metal were proportional to the reserves of the silver coin-dirham outside the issuer, mainly in Eastern Europe, and its exporters. (The ** of the export settled there and did not return to the army: by this time, many coin hoardings were found on the territory of Russia, Scandinavia, the countries of Western Europe, sometimes very impressive).
With the rapid development of cities and the expansion of commodity production, the demand for means of circulation in the internal market of the caliphate surged, so the amount of money in circulation continued to increase.
During this period, the damage of the coin caused the proportion of silver in the alloy to gradually decline, and eventually it was completely replaced by copper. In order to meet the needs of the domestic Saxon market, the main ingots of the settlement of Samosdel were an adequate response to the shortage of *** and coins.
By analyzing the number of gold bars found in the settlement of Samosdel, and assuming that most of these bars were substitutes for silver coins, we can estimate that the domestic ** volume of Saxin is very large.
In addition, Al-Garnati had a deep interest in fish, mentioning in the ITIL where there are cat meows, and mentioning huge fish that can only be carried away by camels, as well as methods of cooking boneless fish.
It is also said that among travelers there are also accounts of woks: ".When the pagan caravan came, there was a ram, and in the middle of the day there was a ram, and Tasuji had a lamb.
Here, in addition to information about the cheapness of fish and meat, we also see information that the population of the city buys meat and fish mainly in the market. Since 2005, the remains of bones of animals have been collected and studied during excavations in the settlement of Samosdel.
However, for a long time, questions remained about the proportion of fish in the diet of the settlement population and the taxonomic composition of fish. According to Lv.According to Y**Orskaya, in the strata of the Saxon period (the first half of the XI-XIII centuries), fish bones accounted for 20 of the total samples of bone material65%。
Since the proportion of fish bones in a single layer (VIII-IX centuries) is as high as 20%, it can be assumed that both fish and domestic animal meat are important foodstuffs.
The remains of fish in the layer of the settlement of Samosdel are represented by bones and scales, according to mv.Lozovskaya and Av.Mattveev's observations of bone material samples found during excavation 2 in 2009 showed that the proportion of bone remains of sturgeons was 436% and carp remains were 267%, the proportion of catfish bones reaches 55%。