1. Technical points of spring fungus rod germination management
In the spring, the edible mushroom base enterprises such as Xiuzhen mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, and tea tree mushrooms mainly manage the hygiene, temperature, humidity and other conditions of the mushroom package and fungus environment. In addition to cleaning and disinfection of the production site, special attention needs to be paid to controlling the temperature conditions of the germ environment.
The suitable growth temperature of the mycelium of edible fungi is generally 20 25, and the mycelium germinates and colonizes quickly in this temperature range, which can effectively improve the survival rate and yield rate of the fungus stick. After inoculation of the mushroom sticks produced in the low temperature season of winter and spring, measures such as heating and film insulation should be taken to increase the temperature of the culture environment and maintain the normal mycelial growth temperature for about 10 days. During the period of mulching and thermal insulation culture, it is regularly observed that the humidity is too large and there are many water droplets in the membrane, so it is necessary to ventilate and drain the humidity when the temperature is high to prevent the occurrence and outbreak of miscellaneous bacteria caused by the stuffy environment. After the mycelium "touches the circle", it should be scattered in time, and at the same time, it should be punctured and oxygenated in time to reduce the stacking density and increase the frequency of air exchange, so as to prevent the phenomenon of hypoxia and high temperature burning rod burning of mycelium. Regularly turn over the pile, the mushroom stick can be 10 15 days once, and when the pile is turned over, the contaminated mushroom stick is picked out in time for separate treatment.
Second, the key points of spring mushroom management technology
(1) Key points of the management technology of spring hydration and mushroom production of shiitake mushroom sticks
When the temperature rises above 10 in spring, although the temperature is suitable for mushroom production, due to the serious water loss of mushroom sticks after a number of tide mushrooms, the mushroom production is often affected by water shortage. The temperature can be controlled at 22 24, the relative humidity of the air can be controlled at 75% 85%, the water content of the fungus stick is about 50%, and the temperature can be properly ventilated every day. After 7d and 10d, when white hyphae grow in the hole hole of the fungus stick and there is light brown secretion, the fungus is finished, and it enters the stage of hydration and bud promotion, and a new mushroom tide management begins.
When replenishing the mushroom stick, the following points should be noted: first, the amount of water supplemented, after the first mushroom is harvested, the culture material is still rich in nutrients, the water content is also higher, and the water replenishment should be less; After the second stubble mushroom is produced, the nutrition of the culture material is reduced, the water content is reduced, and the water can be replenished more. Second, clean stream water or groundwater should be used, and pond water and ditch water should not be used to prevent miscellaneous bacteria and pests from being brought into the fungus sticks through water replenishment, causing pests and diseases. The third is to pay attention to temperature changes when replenishing water, when the temperature is higher than 20, the amount of water replenishment should be less or watering watering, when the temperature is lower than 20, the amount of water replenishment can be appropriately increased.
(2) Management measures for warming up and keeping mushrooms warm in low temperature seasons
According to the medium and long-term weather forecast management, in case of continuous low temperature, the mushroom shed that is producing mushrooms should take thermal insulation or warming measures to maintain the temperature of the mushroom shed above 8 10. The main thermal insulation and warming measures include: thickening the roof cover at night; Hang velvet carpets and other curtains on the door, and close the doors and windows in the morning and evening; On sunny days, open doors and windows around noon for ventilation; In rainy and snowy weather, only open the leeward vent for short-term ventilation, and close the doors, windows and vents in cold or windy weather to prevent cold air from attacking; When the weather is sunny, open the cover to increase the light and temperature, and when the light is strong, it is best to add a layer of shade net under the greenhouse film and above the fungus stick to play the role of shading and heat preservation. If there are heating facilities such as hot blast stoves, the temperature of the mushroom shed can be heated to increase, but attention must be paid to prevent the flue gas from being discharged into the shed and causing poisoning. In addition, the ditch cleaning and drainage work of the mushroom shed should also be done well to reduce the humidity in the shed in the rainy season and improve the quality of the mushroom.
(3) Key points of spring management of Gypsum globulus mushroom and morel mushroom
If the spring temperature is early and the temperature rises quickly, it is necessary to cover the sunshade net outside the greenhouse film as soon as possible, or replace it with a green and white film that has suitable light and can also reduce the temperature in the shed, so as to maintain the stability of the temperature in the shed and prevent the phenomenon of hard open umbrella and dead mushrooms caused by violent fluctuations in temperature, which is conducive to ensuring yield and quality. The management measures to prevent rapid temperature rise and large temperature fluctuations in spring are particularly important for mushroom species that are sensitive to temperature and have high quality requirements, such as Globulus globulus and morel.
(4) Key points for the management of black fungus spring anti-flow ears and rotten sticks
In some areas, spring is often rainy and continuous, it is necessary to keep the drainage ditch smooth, the ear field is not waterlogged, and the conditions can be built to build a film rain shelter to avoid the ear rod from raining for a long time, and at the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to keeping the shed well ventilated, to prevent the black fungus from flowing ears and rotten sticks in spring.
At the same time, in the management of black fungus in spring, it is necessary to do a good job in removing weeds in the ear field, keeping the site and surrounding environment clean, cleaning up the sick sticks in a timely manner, etc., to prevent the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria and pests, causing ear flow and rotten sticks.
Do a good job in harvest management, harvest in a timely manner, so that the big ones are picked and the small ones are left, the weak ones are left to be strong, the ears are not missed, the ear roots are not left, and the ear buds are not touched, so as not to cause rotten ears caused by diseases and pests. Especially under the conditions of rising temperature and continuous rainy weather, the ear pieces must be harvested when they are ripe, and they can be harvested at the same time to avoid excessive ripening and causing ear flow. The black fungus harvested in rainy days can be spread out on the drying rack in the ventilation greenhouse, or it can be temporarily stored in the cold storage after being basketed and dried after the weather is clear.
(5) Key points of management of spring mushrooms of bisporus mushrooms
After the rainy season, the temperature gradually rises, through the scientific management of the mushroom beds that have been continuously produced in the autumn and winter of the previous year, improve and ensure the yield of spring mushroom bisporus, if properly managed, the yield of spring mushroom can reach more than 30 of the total output.
When the temperature rises above 10, it is necessary to loosen and fill the soil in time. This is not only conducive to the elimination of waste gas in the culture material, but also conducive to promoting the rupture of old mycelium, promoting the growth of new mycelium, forming a strong mycelium, and laying the foundation for improving the yield of spring mushrooms. The loose material should be determined according to the actual situation of the bacterial bed culture material, and the bacterial bed with vigorous mycelial growth in the material and the mycelial plate in the soil layer can increase the strength of the loose soil. Use a bamboo skewer obliquely inserted into the bottom of the soil layer to pry the soil layer, pick out the shriveled old mycelium, and then fill the soil with fine soil and pave it. For the fungus bed where the mycelium of the soil layer is not vigorous, medium pine or small pine should be used. When loosening the soil, pry the pelagic soil with a bamboo skewer, and then pave it with fine soil.
After loosening the soil and filling the soil, carry out water replenishment and bud promotion. When replenishing water in spring, spray lime water supernatant with pH8-9 first, spray water once every 1-2 days, and spray 025 kg, so that the soil moisture content up to 18. When the temperature reaches 15-25 in April, it is the period when a large number of spring mushrooms occur, and the amount of spraying should be increased. The temperature in May is often above 25, the water evaporation is large, the spring mushroom is about to end, the soil moisture content can be raised to the highest limit, and the water spray per square meter of mushroom bed is about 05 kg to gain time to manage the harvest of the last batch of mushrooms. The principle of water spray management of spring mushroom is as follows: stable in March, accurate in April, and ruthless in May. In spring, the temperature fluctuates greatly, and when spraying water and ventilation, attention should be paid to avoiding the large temperature fluctuations caused by cold snaps and hot dry winds, resulting in a large number of dead mushrooms.
Pay attention to ventilation in time after spraying water. When the temperature is low in early spring, the ventilation and water transfer of the mushroom room should be carried out at noon, and the insulation should still be strengthened in the morning and evening and at night. With the rise of temperature, the middle and late stages of spring mushrooms should focus on preventing high temperatures, close doors and windows during the day, and ventilation should be carried out at night or early in the morning to avoid excessive temperature rise in the mushroom room and cause dead or diseased mushrooms.
*: Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences).